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Experiment No6

The document outlines the design and testing of an Astable Multivibrator to generate clock pulses at a specified frequency using components like resistors, capacitors, and transistors. It explains the theory behind the circuit's operation, including the continuous switching between two states without external triggering, and provides a detailed procedure for simulation using MultiSim. Results demonstrate the relationship between resistance, capacitance, and frequency, confirming the circuit's effectiveness as a waveform generator.

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sheenmayol23
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33 views5 pages

Experiment No6

The document outlines the design and testing of an Astable Multivibrator to generate clock pulses at a specified frequency using components like resistors, capacitors, and transistors. It explains the theory behind the circuit's operation, including the continuous switching between two states without external triggering, and provides a detailed procedure for simulation using MultiSim. Results demonstrate the relationship between resistance, capacitance, and frequency, confirming the circuit's effectiveness as a waveform generator.

Uploaded by

sheenmayol23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

6
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM : a) To design and test performance of an Astable Multivibrator to generate clock pulse for
a
given frequency.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

1. Resistors
2. Capacitors 0.1 mf - 2
3. Transistors 2N2369 – 2 = Alternate Transistor 2N2222A/BC547G
(Perform simulation using MultiSim)
APPARATUS :

1. CRO
2. Power supply 0-30V
3. Bread board
4. Connecting wires

THEORY:

An Astable multivibrator has two quasi-stable states, and it keeps on switching between
these two states, by itself, No external triggering signal is needed. The astable multivibrator
cannot remain indefinitely in any of these two states. The two amplifiers of an astable
multivibrator are regeneratively cross-coupled by capacitor.
Principle:
A collector-coupled astable multivibrator using n-p-n transistor in figure 1. The working
of an astable multivibrator can be studied with respect to the figure 1

Let it be assumed that the multivibrator is already in action and is oscillating i.e.,
switching between the two states. Let it be further assumed that at the instant considered, Q2 is
ON and Q1 is OFF.
i) Since Q2 is ON, capacitor C2 charges through resistor RC1. The voltage across C2 is VCC.
ii) Capacitor C1discharges through resistor R1, the voltage across C1 when it is about to start
discharging is VCC.(Capacitor C1 gets charged to VCC when Q1 is ON).

As capacitor C1 discharges more and more, the potential of point A becomes more and
more positive (or less and less negative), and eventually VA becomes equal to V, the cut in
voltage of Q1. For VA > V, transistor Q1 starts conducting. When Q1 is ON Q2 becomes OFF.
Similar operations repeat when Q1 becomes ON and Q2 becomes OFF.

Thus with Q1 ON and Q2 OFF, capacitor C1 charges through resistor RC2 and capacitor
C2 discharges through resistor R2. As capacitor C2 discharges more and more , it is seen that the
potential of point B becomes less and less negative (or more and more positive), and eventually
VB becomes equal to V, the cut in voltage of Q2. when VB > V, transistor Q2 starts conducting.
When Q2 becomes On, Q1 becomes OFF.

It is thus seen that the circuit keeps on switching continuously between the two
quasistable states and once in operation, no external triggering is needed. Square wave voltage
are generated at the collector terminals of Q1 and Q2 i.e., at points C and D.

DESIGN:
IC max = 5 mA ; VCC = 12 V; VCE (SAT) = 0.2V

RC = (VCC - VCE(SAT)) / IC MAX


Let C = 0.1 f and R= 10K minimum value for saturation) T

= 0.69 (R1C1+R2C2) = 0.69(2RC) ( R1=R2 ; C1=C2)

=TON +TOFF
PROCEDURE: ( Simulate using MultiSim)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. (Increase R if no pulse output)


2. Observe the waveforms at VBE1, VBE2, VCE1, VCE2 and find frequency.
3. Vary C from 0.01 to 0.001F and measure the frequency at each step.
4. Keep the DC- AC control of the Oscilloscope in DC mode.
5. Design the circuit for a 1Khz frequency square wave.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

R C Ton Toff T(T on + T off) F = 1/t


30K 0.1u 2.129 2.129 0.004258 234.85
60K 0.01u 427.419 419.355 0.000846774 1180.95
150K 0.001u 103.728 104.839 0.000208567 4794.62
100K 7.25n 510.535 516 0.001026664 974.03

Simulation Circuit:
0.1uF 0.01uF

0.001uF 1kHz

QUESTIONS:

1. What is a switching circuit?


- Switching circuit is an electronic system that controls the flow of current so that it acts
on the current as a switch. The circuit uses the transistors, diodes, or relays instead of
the mechanical switch to change its states very rapidly.

2. Justify that the Astable Multivibrator is a two stage RC coupled Amplifier


using negative feedback. How does it generate square wave.
- An Astable Multivibrator is a two-stage RC amplifier with regenerative feedback,
consisting of two transistors cross-coupled with resistors and capacitors. The first stage
amplifies and sends output to the second stage via an RC network, while the second
stage amplifies and feeds back to the first. This positive feedback reinforces the input,
causing it to oscillate continuously. The RC timing controls the duration of each
transistor's ON/OFF state, creating a square wave at the output.
3. What is the difference between a switching transistor and an ordinary transistor?
- Switching transistor, a fast electronic switch toggling between fully ON and fully OFF
states in nanoseconds, accepts digital signals. Due to switching delays and power loss,
the switching transistors are advantageous for circuit applications involving logic
gates, controllers, and power regulators. However, they are unsuitable for amplifying
analog signals as they emphasize clean switching transitions. An ordinary transistor,
however, is optimized for linear operation in the active region, boosting weak analog
signals without distortion. They are slow, so they're not used for rapid ON/OFF cycles,
but they excel in audio amplifiers and radio circuits.

Observation:
Mayol

The simulation illustrates the operation of an astable multivibrator circuit with two NPN transistors
(2N2222A), resistors, and capacitors producing a square wave output in continuous form. Resistors (R)
and capacitors (C), which form the timing devices, have direct effects on each transistor's ON (Ton) and
OFF (Toff) times, together forming the period and frequency of oscillation. As seen in
the outcome, ramping up the resistance or capacitance raises Ton and Toff, hence lowering the
frequency. For example, with R = 30kΩ and C = 0.1µF, the time period is approximately 4.258
ms, giving a frequency of 234.85 Hz. However, with smaller capacitance values such as 0.001µF
and corresponding resistance, considerably higher frequencies like 4794.62 Hz are obtained. The
oscilloscope screen shots validate these findings. The waveform is a clean square wave for various RC
combinations, with Ton and Toff almost equal, indicating symmetrical outputs. The circuit performs as
expected, with a stable waveform, and frequency increases as the RC time constant reduces.
This action verifies the theoretical operation of an astable multivibrator and its use as a
simple, dependable waveform generator or clock pulse source in digital and timing circuits.

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