ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

A Course under Centre of Excellence as Initiative of Department of Science and

Technology, Government of Bihar

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SAHARSA

Presenter:
Prof. Shubham
HoD(Computer Science and Engineering)
Todays Class
➢Machine Learning
➢Features of Machine Learning
➢Difference between AI and Machine Learning
➢Machine Learning Life Cycle
➢Types of Machine Learning
➢Applications of Machine Learning
 Machine Learning
Machine Learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that develops
algorithms by learning the hidden patterns of the datasets used it to
make predictions on new similar type data, without being explicitly
programmed for each task
Traditional Machine Learning combines data with statistical tools to
predict an output that can be used to make actionable insights.
Machine learning is used in many different applications, from image and
speech recognition to natural language processing, recommendation
systems, fraud detection, portfolio optimization, automated task, and so
on. Machine learning models are also used to power autonomous
vehicles, drones, and robots, making them more intelligent and
adaptable to changing environments.
→ A typical machine learning tasks are to provide a
recommendation. Recommender systems are a common
application of machine learning, and they use historical data to
provide personalized recommendations to users.
→ In the case of Netflix, the system uses a combination of
collaborative filtering and content-based filtering to
recommend movies and TV shows to users based on their
viewing history, ratings, and other factors such as genre
preferences.
→ Personalized recommendations based on machine learning
have become increasingly popular in many industries,
including e-commerce, social edia, and online advertising, as
they can provide a better user experience and increase
engagement with the platform or service.
Feature of Machine Learning
•Predictive modeling: Data is used by machine learning algorithms to create
models that forecast future events. These models can be used to determine the
risk of a loan default or the likelihood that a consumer would make a purchase,
among other things.
•Automation: Machine learning algorithms automate the process of finding
patterns in data, requiring less human involvement and enabling more precise
and effective analysis.
•Scalability: Machine learning techniques are well suited for processing big
data because they are made to handle massive amounts of data. As a result,
businesses can make decisions based on information gleaned from such data.
Feature of Machine Learning
•Generalization: Algorithms for machine learning are capable of discovering
broad patterns in data that can be used to analyze fresh, unexplored data. Even
though the data used to train the model may not be immediately applicable to
the task at hand, they are useful for forecasting future events.
•Adaptiveness: As new data becomes available, machine learning algorithms
are built to learn and adapt continuously. As a result, they can enhance their
performance over time, becoming more precise and efficient as more data is
made available to them
Machine Learning Life Cycle
The lifecycle of a machine learning project involves a series of steps that include:
1.Study the Problems: The first step is to study the problem. This step involves
understanding the business problem and defining the objectives of the model.
2.Data Collection: When the problem is well-defined, we can collect the relevant
data required for the model. The data could come from various sources such as
databases, APIs, or web scraping.
3.Data Preparation: When our problem-related data is collected. then it is a good
idea to check the data properly and make it in the desired format so that it can be
used by the model to find the hidden patterns. This can be done in the following
steps:
1. Data cleaning
2. Data Transformation
3. Explanatory Data Analysis and Feature Engineering
4. Split the dataset for training and testing.
Machine Learning Life Cycle
4.Model Selection: The next step is to select the appropriate machine learning algorithm that is
suitable for our problem. This step requires knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of
different algorithms. Sometimes we use multiple models and compare their results and select the
best model as per our requirements.
5.Model building and Training: After selecting the algorithm, we have to build the model.
1. In the case of traditional machine learning building mode is easy it is just a few hyperparameter tunings.
2. In the case of deep learning, we have to define layer-wise architecture along with input and output size,
number of nodes in each layer, loss function, gradient descent optimizer, etc.
3. After that model is trained using the preprocessed dataset.
6.Model Evaluation: Once the model is trained, it can be evaluated on the test dataset to
determine its accuracy and performance using different techniques like classification report, F1
score, precision, recall, ROC Curve, Mean Square error, absolute error, etc.
7.Model Tuning: Based on the evaluation results, the model may need to be tuned or optimized
to improve its performance. This involves tweaking the hyperparameters of the model.
8.Deployment: Once the model is trained and tuned, it can be deployed in a production
environment to make predictions on new data. This step requires integrating the model into an
existing software system or creating a new system for the model.
9.Monitoring and Maintenance: Finally, it is essential to monitor the model’s performance in the
production environment and perform maintenance tasks as required. This involves monitoring for
data drift, retraining the model as needed, and updating the model as new data becomes
available.
Need of Machine Learning
•Predictive modeling: Machine learning can be used to build predictive models that can help
businesses make better decisions. For example, machine learning can be used to predict which
customers are most likely to buy a particular product, or which patients are most likely to
develop a certain disease.
•Natural language processing: Machine learning is used to build systems that can understand
and interpret human language. This is important for applications such as voice recognition,
chatbots, and language translation.
•Computer vision: Machine learning is used to build systems that can recognize and interpret
images and videos. This is important for applications such as self-driving cars, surveillance
systems, and medical imaging.
•Fraud detection: Machine learning can be used to detect fraudulent behavior in financial
transactions, online advertising, and other areas.
•Recommendation systems: Machine learning can be used to build recommendation systems that
suggest products, services, or content to users based on their past behavior and preferences.
Difference Between AI and Machine Learning
Types of Machine Learning
•Supervised Machine Learning
•Unsupervised Machine Learning
•Reinforcement Machine Learning
Supervised Machine Learning:
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning in which the algorithm is
trained on the labeled dataset. It learns to map input features to targets based
on labeled training data. In supervised learning, the algorithm is provided with
input features and corresponding output labels, and it learns to generalize from
this data to make predictions on new, unseen data.
There are two main types of supervised learning:
•Regression: Regression is a type of supervised learning where the algorithm
learns to predict continuous values based on input features. The output labels in
regression are continuous values, such as stock prices, and housing prices. The
different regression algorithms in machine learning are: Linear Regression,
Polynomial Regression, Ridge Regression, Decision Tree Regression, Random
Forest Regression, Support Vector Regression, etc
•Classification: Classification is a type of supervised learning where the algorithm
learns to assign input data to a specific category or class based on input features.
The output labels in classification are discrete values. Classification algorithms can
be binary, where the output is one of two possible classes, or multiclass, where the
output can be one of several classes. The different Classification algorithms in
machine learning are: Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Support
Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), etc
Unsupervised Machine Learning:
Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm learns
to recognize patterns in data without being explicitly trained using labeled
examples. The goal of unsupervised learning is to discover the underlying
structure or distribution in the data.
There are two main types of unsupervised learning:
•Clustering: Clustering algorithms group similar data points together based on
their characteristics. The goal is to identify groups, or clusters, of data points that
are similar to each other, while being distinct from other groups. Some popular
clustering algorithms include K-means, Hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN.
•Dimensionality reduction: Dimensionality reduction algorithms reduce the
number of input variables in a dataset while preserving as much of the original
information as possible. This is useful for reducing the complexity of a dataset
and making it easier to visualize and analyze. Some popular dimensionality
reduction algorithms include Principal Component Analysis (PCA), t-SNE, and
Autoencoders.
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to
interact with an environment by performing actions and receiving rewards or
penalties based on its actions. The goal of reinforcement learning is to learn a policy,
which is a mapping from states to actions, that maximizes the expected cumulative
reward over time.
In reinforcement learning, developers devise a method of rewarding desired behaviors
and punishing negative behaviors. This method assigns positive values to the desired
actions to encourage the agent and negative values to undesired behaviors. This
programs the agent to seek long-term and maximum overall reward to achieve an
optimal solution.