'kks/k का vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk एवं Lo:i

Navin Kumar
Professor
Dept. of A.I.H.& Archaeology,
Patna University, Patna-800005
Pre- Ph.D Course Work,
Paper - Research Methodology

vkt rd thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa tks çxfr gqbZ gS] vkSj ftu lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk ge
vuqHko dj jgs gSa mu lc dk vk/kkj 'kks/k gSA 'kks/k ml çfØ;k dk uke gS ftlesa
cks/kiwoZd ç;Ru ls rF;ksa dk ladyu dj lw{exzgh cqf) ls mudk fujh{k.k fo'ys"k.k
djds u, rF;ksa dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA vKkr oLrqvksa] rF;ksa o fl)karksa ds fuekZ.k dh
cks/kiwoZd fØ;k gh 'kks/k gSA 'kks/k ekuo&Kku dks fn'kk çnku djrk gS] Kku&HkaMkj dks
fodflr ,oa ifjekftZr djrk gSA fo"k; fo'ks"k ds ckjs esa cks/kiw.kZ rF;kUos"k.k ,oa
;FkklaHko çHkwr lkexzh ladfyr dj lw{erj fo'ys"k.k&foospu vkSj u, rF;ksa] u,
fl)karksa ds mn~?kkVu dh çfØ;k vFkok dk;Z 'kks/k dgykrk gSA
ÞKku&foKku ds lHkh {ks= 'kks/k dh ifjf/k esa vkrs gSaA tkuus dh bPNk ;k ftKklk
gh fuR; u, Kku ;k foKku ls lac) fodkl ds mn; dk dkj.k curh gSA [kkst]
vkfo"dkj] uwru fopkj ;k fparu u;h mn~Hkkouk] u;k leh{k.k] vuq'khyu ;k ewY;kadu
blh uSlfxZd ftKklk&o`fÙk dh nsu gSA Kku ;k foKku dh vKkr lkexzh dks Kkr
djuk rFkk Kkr lkexzh dk 'kks/ku] lekykspu] ewY;kadu djuk gh 'kks/k dgykrk gSAß
ekuo lnSo ls ,d v/;;u'khy çk.kh gSA mlesa gj le; dqN u;k lh[kus] dqN
u;k djus dh yyd fo|eku jgrh gSA 'kks/k dk;Z ds ihNs euq"; dk ;gh LoHkko
fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA 'kks/k lk/kuk gS] ftls dfBu riL;k ls gh çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA tc
lPpkbZ vKku ds rys nc tkrh gS rc feF;k dh ijr nj ijr ml ij p<+rh pyh
tkrh gSA mUgh ijrksa dks gVkdj vKku dks feVkdj Kku dk irk yxkuk vkSj fo'o dks
lR; ls ifjfpr djokuk 'kks/k gSA Kkr rF;ksa dk iqu% ijh{k.k 'kks/k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
rF; 'kks/k esa vfuok;Z vkSj vko';d gSA çR;sd rRo dk fut Lo:i gksrk gSA tSls
çR;sd v/;kid dh v/;kiu ç.kkyh fHkUu gksrh gSA mlh çdkj çR;sd rF; dh viuh
vyx ç—fr gksrh gS ysfdu rF; मानoh; ugha gksus pkfg,A eux<+ar ckrksa dh xqatkb'k
lkekU; thou esa gksrh gS] lkfgR; esa gksrh gS fdarq 'kks/k esa ugha gksrhA 'kks/k esa fo'kq)
rF; gksaxsA rF; ¼fact½ ,slk dFku gksrk gS tks okLrfodrk ds vuqdwy gks ;k ftls
lk{; ds ç;ksx }kjk lkfcr djk tk ldsA rF; dh lPpkbZ ij[kus ds fy, mlds fy,
çek.k çLrqr djs tkrs gSa] ftuds fy, ekU; lUnHkksaZ o lzksrksa dk ç;ksx djk tkrk gSA
 'kjhj vkSj eu dh [kqjkd dsoy vkSj dsoy fopkj gSA ;fn fopkj u gks rks thou
u"V gks tkrk gS tSls Hkkstu nwf"kr gks tkrk gS oSls gh fopkj Hkz"V gks tkrs gSaA ;fn
fdlh ds fopkj Hkz"V gks tkrs gSa rks nwljksa dks vius fopkj ugha cnyus pkfg,A fopkjksa
dk ges'kk thfor j[kuk pkfg,A 'kks/k cká txr ls mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj var%dj.k ls
iks"k.k çkIr djrh gSA cká txr –';eku gSA euq"; ds ikl Kkusafæ;ka gSaA cká txr
dk Kku ge Kkusafæ;ksa ls çkIr djrs gSaA ekuo dh ftKklq ço`fÙk us gh 'kks/k&çfØ;k dks
tUe fn;k gSA ftKklk 'kks/k dk lcls çeq[k rÙo gSA ftKklk dk vFkZ gS tkuus dh
bPNkA euq"; ds vanj ftKklk vkfndky ls gh fo|eku jgh gSA euq"; lnSo ls gh
D;k] dkSu vkSj dSls ds mÙkj [kkstus esa yxk jgk gSA lcls igys ifg, dk vkfo"dkj
gqvk Fkk] tks ftKklk dk gh ifj.kke FkkA ftKklk O;kid gksrh jgrh gSA ftKklk
cgqvk;keh gksrh gSA ftKklk lek/kku pkgrh gSAftl rjg Hkw[k yxus ij ge [kkuk
[kkstrs gSa Bhd mlh rjg ij ftKklk ds gksus ls ge Kku vkSj tkudkjh <wa<rs gSaA
ftKklk lekt 'kkL=h; v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k }kjk 'kkar gksrh gSA ftKklk rF;ksa ,oa
foKku ds vk/kkj ij [kM+h gksrh gSA ftKklk dh O;kidrk Je'khyrk ls tqM+h gSA
fuBYys yksx ftKklk dks O;kid ugha cuk ldrsA ftKklq O;fä gh 'kks/k djrk gSA
lR; dh [kkst ;k çkIr Kku dh ijh{kk gsrq O;ofLFkr ç;Ru djuk gh 'kks/k gSA 'kks/k
fodkl dk tud gSA ;fn 'kks/k ugha gksxk rks fodkl ugha ºzkl gksxkA 'kks/k dk mís';
thou vkSj txr dk mUu;u gS fujarj thou vkSj txr ds fy, gh 'kks/k gksrk gSA
fdlh&fdlh 'kks/k ls dHkh&dHkh mUu;u dh txg uk'k Hkh gksrk gSA Lora=rk ds ckn
'kks/k dks vFkZ dk lk/ku cuk fy;k x;k gSA 'kks/k djus okyksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gks xbZ
vkSj 'kks/k dh tks mUur voLFkk Fkh] og vour gks xbZA gj ,d O;fä 'kks/k dk;Z ugha
dj ldrk blds fy, Je pkfg,A tks yksx Je ls Mjrs gSa] mUgsa lksp ugha djuk
pkfg,A
vaxzsth ds fjlpZ ds vFkZ ds |ksrd [kkst] vUos"kd] vuqla/kku] 'kks/k bR;kfn
vusd 'kCn çpfyr gSA ^[kkst* 'kCn lkekU; Hkk"kk dk gSA ^vUos"k.k* 'kCn ls fufeZr
vUos"kd vkSj vUos"kd çca/k 'kCn dh vHkh"V vk'k; dh vfHkO;fä esa vleFkZ gSA xos"k.kk
dk oSfnddkyhu vFkZ Fkk xk; dh bPNk ;k [kkstA ckn esa ;g 'kCn viuk fof'k"V vFkZ
[kksdj lkekU; vFkZ ^[kkst* ds fy, ç;qä gksus yxk fdarq ;g 'kCn LFkwy ,oa lrgh vFkZ
dk cks/kd gSA 1960 rd ^vuqla/kku* 'kCn ^'kks/k* dh vis{kk vf/kd O;ogkj esa vkrk jgkA
fdarq vkdkj esa cM+k gksus ds dkj.k blls fufeZr 'kCn vuqla/kku ds çpyu esa ck/kk
mifLFkr djus okys 'kCn gSA ^fjlpZ* ds ewy vk'k; dks O;ä djus dh {kerk ls ;qä
gksus ij Hkh vuqla/kku 'kCn dkykarj esa çpyu ls gVk;k x;k vkSj viuk LFkku ^'kks/k* ds
fy, NksM+rk x;kA laçfr ^fjlpZ* ds i;kZ; ds :i esa lokZf/kd çpfyr 'kCn ^'kks/k* gSA
Þ'kks/k 'kCn ^'kq)* /kkrq ls cuk gSA 'kks/k dk vFkZ gS 'kq) djuk] ifjekftZr djuk] lansg
jfgr cukuk ;k çekf.kd ?kksf"kr djuk 'kks/k dk O;kid vFkZ gSAß fganh esa 'kks/k 'kCn
LFkwy [kkstus dh fØ;k ls ysdj lw{e fparu euu vkSj ijh{k.k dh fØ;kvksa rd ds
vk'k;ksa dks lekfgr fd, gq, gSaA Þ'kks/k 'kCn ds rhu vfHkçk; U;kl mHkj dj vkrs gSa&
¼1½ u;s rF;ksa dh [kkst ¼2½ [kksts gq, rF; ;k rRoksa dk la'kks/ku ¼3½ [kksts gq, rF;ksa ;k
rÙoksa dk eaFku vkSj ewY;kaduA bl çdkj ^'kks/k* ^vuqla/kku* ds leku ;k mlls Hkh
vf/kd vFkZ&O;atd gSA vFkZ&xkEHkh;Z ds lkFk gh bldh lcls vuwBh fo'ks"krk gS bldk
vkdkj yk?koA y?kq vkdkj vkSj xgu vFkZokgdrk dh fojy fo'ks"krkvksa ds la;kstu us
^'kks/k* 'kCn ds opZLo esa o`f) dh gS vkSj mls ^fjlpZ* ds i;kZ; ds :i esa lokZf/kd
Lohdk;Z vkSj xzká cuk fn;k gSA vc çk;: lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj 'kks/k&laLFkkuksa esa
;gh ^fjlpZ* ds fy, ekud :i ls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA vkdkfjd y?kqrk ds
dkj.k blls fufeZr vU; 'kCn&'kks/kd] 'kks/kkFkhZ] 'kks/k&dk;Z] 'kks/k&çca/k] 'kks/k&xks"Bh]
'kks/k&ys[k] 'kks/k&lkexzh] 'kks/k&fo"k;] 'kks/k&fu"d"kZ] vkfn Hkh furkar lqxe vkSj lqxzká
cu iM+s gSaA blfy, 'kks/k 'kCn vc ^fjlpZ* ds vFkZ esa :<+ gks x;k gSAß lkekU; vFkZ ls
vkxs c<+dj tc ge 'kks/k ds vkn'kZ Lo:i vkSj 'kS{kf.kd lUnHkZ ij fopkj djrs gSa rks
gesa blds fy, ,d O;ofLFkr ifjHkk"kk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ^oSClVlZ fMD'kujh* esa
fjlpZ dh ifjHkk"kk fuEu çdkj ls nh xbZ gS %& ÞResearch is a critical and
eÛhaustive investigation or eÛamination having for its aim the
discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of
accepted conclusion, theories and lows ß ,UlkbDyksihfM;k v‚Q lks'ky
lkbal esa fjlpZ ds fy, dgk x;k gS& ÞResearch is the manipulation of
things, concepts or symbols for the purpose generalizing to eÛtend,
correct knowledge whether that knowledge aids in the practice or an
art-ßResearch is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase
the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and
society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new
applications-"
u, Kku dh çkfIr gsrq O;ofLFkr ç;Ru dks fo}kuksa us 'kks/k dh laKk nh gSA ,MokaLM
yuZj fMD'kujh v‚Q djs.V bafXy'k ds vuqlkj] Þfdlh Hkh Kku dh 'kk[kk esa uohu
rF;ksa dh [kkst ds fy, lko/kkuhiwoZd fd, x, vUos"k.k ;k tk¡p&iM+rky 'kks/k gSAß
nqfu;k Hkj ds fo}kuksa us vius&vius vuqHkoksa ls 'kks/k dh ifjHkk"kk nh gS&& vkpk;Z
gtkjh çlkn f}osnh ds vuqlkj ÞfjlpZ esa ^fj* milxZ mruk iquFkZd ugha] ftruk ikSu:
iquhd vfHkfuos'k vkSj xaHkhj ç;Ru dk |ksrd gSA LFkwy vFkksaZ esa og uohu vkSj foLe`r
rF;ksa dk vuqla/kku gS] ftldks vaxst
z h esa ^fMLdojh v‚Q QSDV~l* dgrs gSa vkSj lw{;
vFkZ esa og Kkr lkfgR; ds iquewZY;kadu vkSj ubZ O;k[;kvksa dk lwpd gSAß
vkpk;Z fou; eksgu 'kekZ ds vuqlkj Þ'kks/k u, rF;ksa dh [kkst gh ugha] mudh rdZ
lEer O;k[;k gSAß
 M‚- uxsaæ ds vuqlkj] Þvusdrk esa ,drk dh flf) dk uke gh lR; gS & blh
dk vFkZ gS vkRek dk lk{kkRdkjA vr% 'kks/k dk ;g :i lR; dh miyfC/k vFkok vkRek
ds lk{kkRdkj ds vf/kd ls vf/kd fudV gSAß mijksä ifjHkk"kk ls Li"V gS fd vkt ds
thou ds vkarfjd vkSj cká i{k vuqla/kku ds }kjk gh fodflr gks jgs gSaA ;s fodkl
dsoy ekuo tkfr ds fy, vPNs gSa ;k cqjs ;g ç'u nwljk gh gSA HkkSfrd rFkk fopkj
{ks= ds fodkl ds vusd nq"ifj.kkeksa ds ckotwn ;g Lohdkj djuk iM+sxk fd 'kks/k
orZeku ekuo thou dk ,d vfuok;Z vax gSA ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd 'kks/k txr dks
lR; dh vksj ys tkrh gSA lR; dh vksj tkrs gh rF; xkS.k
gksus yxrs gSa vkSj fu"d"kZ çeq[kA rF; mls ledkyhu ls tksM+rsa gS vkSj fu"d"kZ] ns'k
dky dh lhek dks rksM+rs gq, lekt ds vuqHko foosd esa tqM+rs tkrs gSaA 'kks/k ,d
vuks[kh çfØ;k gS tks Kku ds çdk'k vkSj çlkj esa lgk;d gksrk gSA