Table of Contents

Page Staff
S.No Date Name of the Experiment
No. Signature
Simulation study on Solar PV
1 2
Energy System
Simulation study on Wind Energy
2 9
Generator
Simulation study on Performance
3 18
Assessment of 100W Fuel Cell
Simulation of Self-excited Induction
4 22
Generator
Simulation on Grid integration of PV
5 26
System.
EXP.NO:1

DATE:

SIMULATION STUDY ON SOLAR PV ENERGY SYSTEM

AIM

To study and simulate the I-V and P-V characteristics of PV module.

SOFTWAREREQUIRED

MATLAB

THEORY:

Photovoltaic (PV) cells generate electricity when sunlight falls on them. The PV cells are
current sources and when light falls on them with the variation of load resistance, they have a
typical I-V and P-V characteristic. Many PV cells are arranged together to form PV panels.

PV module is characterized by its I-V and P-V characteristics. At a particular solar

insolation and temperature, module characteristic curves are shown in Fig. 1.1(a) and 1.1(b)
respectively.
In I-V characteristic maximum current at zero voltage is the short circuit current (Isc)
which can be measured by shorting the PV module and maximum voltage at zero current is the
open circuit voltage (Voc). In P-V curve the maximum power is achieved only at a single point
which is called MPP (maximum power point) and the voltage and current corresponding to this
point are referred as Vmp and Imp. On increasing the temperature, Voc of module decreases as
shown in Fig. 1.2, while Isc remains the same which in turn reduces the power. For most
crystalline silicon solar cells modules the reduction is about 0.50%/°C.
 Continuous

powergui

Grd
Conn1
Conn3 Conn1
Conn2 Conn3 Conn1
Conn2 Conn3 Conn1
Conn2 Conn3
Conn2

Solver
f(x)=0

Configuration
+
-
PS

V
+
-
Power

Simulation diagram:
SIMULINK SOLAR CELL DIAGRAM

SOLAR CELL PARAMETERS

SUB-SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

In each subsystem, there are 10 cells connected in series. It forms a PV module. One module gives 6V as
output. Totally 4 modules produce the output of 24V.
 Simulation Procedure:
1. Open the MATLAB software
2. Open the SIMULINK Tools menu
3. In SIMULINK tools, Create a new file
4. In SIMULINK tool menu, Search and take the solar cell. Drag and drop the solar cell into the
file.
5. Form and design the solar module sub-system with series connection of solar cells.
6. Form the Solar PV panel with series and parallel combination of PV modules as required
peak power rating.
7. Take out the positive and negative terminal of solar PV panel.
8. Connect the PS Constant block to give the irradiation
9. Connect the variable resistor load with current and voltage sensors.
10. Give the ramp input to the load to vary the resistance value from initial value to the
maximum value with SIMULINK-PS CONVERTER block.
11. Connect the solver configurations block to simulate
12. To measure the voltage and current from the sensors, connect the DISPLAY into each sensor
with PS-SIMULINK CONVERTER block
13. To measure the power, take the product of voltage and current.
14. To plot the I-V and P-V characteristic, connect the XY GRAPH block in each output.
15. Run the simulation and display the values.
16. Plot the graph.

RESULT:

Thus, the simulation and study of the I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module were
successfully obtained using MATLAB Simulink
Ex. No.
Date:

Simulation study on Wind Energy Generator

AIM:
To conduct the Simulation and study on Wind Energy Generator
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MALAB
THEORY:
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make wind—like a
fan wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the propeller-like blades of a
turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity.

Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent events: The sun
unevenly heating the atmosphere, Irregularities of the earth's surface and The rotation of the
earthThe terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which the
wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical power can be
used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert
this mechanical power into electricity.

A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from the rotor
blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When wind flows across
the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The difference in air pressure
across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger
than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin. The rotor connects to the generator, either
directly (if it’s a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that
speed up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of
aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.

FORMULA:

Power (W) = 0.6 x Cp x N x A x V3 .

Revolutions (rpm) = V x TSR x 60 / (6.28 x R),
Where
Cp = Rotor efficiency,
N = Efficiency of driven machinery,
A = Swept rotor area (m2),
V = Wind speed (m/s)
TSR = Tip Speed Ratio ,
R = Radius of rotor ,Rotor efficiency can go as high as Cp = 0.48, but Cp = 0.4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SIMULINK MODEL OF WIND TURBINE:
Library
The wind turbine block shown in Figure is available in the Distributed Resources / Wind Generation library.
Description
The model is based on the steady-state power characteristics of the turbine. The stiffness of the drive train is
infinite and the friction factor and the inertia of the turbine must be combined with those of the generator coupled to the
turbine.
 The three inputs are the generator speed (ωr_pu) in pu of the nominal speed of the generator, the pitch angle in
degrees and the wind speed in m/s. The tip speed ratio λ in pu of λ_nom is obtained by the division of the rational speed
in pu of the base rotational speed (defined below) and the wind speed in pu of the base wind speed. The output is the
torque applied to the generator shaft.

Speed vs Power characteristics.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software
2. Open the SIMULINK Tools menu
3. In SIMULINK tools, Create a new file.
4. Take wind turbine block from simpower system library.
5. Pick the Permanent magnet synchronous machine from machine menu
6. Take three phase load from element menu \
7. Connect the elements as per circuit diagram.
8. Set the values for pitch angle, generator speed and wind speed.
9. Run the simulation for various values.
10. Plot the output graph.
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and study of wind turbine characteristics were
obtained by using the MatLab Simulink.
OUTPUT OF SOLAR PV ENERGY SYSTEM
V-I CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM
OUTPUT OF WIND ENERGY GENERATOR
 THREE PHASE OUTPUT OF MICRO WING ENERGY
THREE PHASE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT FROM PMSG
Ex. No.
Date:
SIMULATION STUDY ON PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF 100W FUEL CELL

AIM
To build, simulate, and analyze Fuel cell system using MATLAB under loaded conditions, and to
understand the characteristic of fuel cell system

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
• MATLAB
Theory:
Basically fuel cell in common language is a device which converts chemical energy from a fuel into
electrical energy. It happens by undergoing a chemical reaction where positively charged hydrogen ions
react with oxygen or any other oxidizing agent by an electrochemical process. The fuel cell consists of two
electrodes where the reaction takes place; one is positively charged called anode and the negatively charged
called cathode.
A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between those two thin electrodes anode and
cathode. This electrolyte and a catalyst are needed to fasten the reaction rate and to mobilise the ions to one
electrode to the other. The electrons from the anode side of the cell cannot pass through the membrane to the
positively charged cathode; they must travel around it via an electrical circuit to reach the other side of the
cell. This movement of electrons is an electrical current.
The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends upon several factors, such as fuel cell type,
cell size, the temperature at which it operates, and the pressure at which the gases are supplied to the cell A
single fuel cell generates a tiny amount of direct current (DC) Electricity. Many fuel cells are usually
assembled into a stack. Cell or stack, the principles are the same.

On the basis of the electrolyte used the fuels cell can be classified as Follows:-

1. Alkaline Fuel Cell-alkaline solution electrolyte such as KOH.

2. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)-electrolyte is phosphoric acid.
3. Solid Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell-electrolyte is polymer electrolyte membrane fuel
cells and their electrolyte consists of the proton exchange membrane.
4. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells-electrolyte as molten carbonate.
5. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)-electrolyte is ceramic ion conducting electrolyte in solid oxide
form.
6. Regenerative Fuel Cell

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)

A phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) consists of an anode and a cathode made of a finely dispersed
platinum catalyst on carbon and a silicon carbide structure that holds the phosphoric acid electrolyte. In
phosphoric acid fuel cells, protons move through the electrolyte to the cathode to combine with oxygen and
electrons, producing water and heat.
The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) is considered the "first generation” of modern fuel cells. It is one of
the most mature cell types and the first to be used commercially, with over 200 units currently in use. This
type of fuel cell is typically used for stationary power generation, but some PAFCs have been used to power
large vehicles such as city buses.

Anode reaction: 2H₂ → 4H+ + 4e‾

Cathode reaction: O₂ (g) + 4H+ + 4e‾ → 2H₂O
Overall cell reaction: 2 H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
PAFCs are CO2-tolerant and even can tolerate a CO concentration of about 1.5 percent, which
broadens the choice of fuels they can use. They have an efficiency of about 70%.
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software
2. Open the SIMULINK Tools menu
3. In SIMULINK tools, Create a new file
4. In SIMULINK tool menu, Search and take the solar cell. Drag and drop the FUEL CELL into the file.
5. Take the load from elements menu from Simpower Systems.
6. Connect the all elements as per circuit diagram.
7. Run the simulation and display the values.

Result:
Thus the Fuel cell system was designed and analyzed using MATLAB software.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM
OUTPUT
Ex. No.
Date:
SIMULATION OF SELF- EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR.

AIM:
To simulate and study the operation of self excited Induction Generator.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
An induction generator produces electrical power when its rotor is turned
faster than the synchronous speed. For a typical four-pole motor (two pairs of poles on stator)
operating on a 50 Hz electrical grid, the synchronous speed is 1800 rotations per minute (rpm).
The same four-pole motor operating on a 50 Hz grid will have a synchronous speed of 1500
RPM.
In normal motor operation, the stator flux rotation is faster than the rotor rotation.
This causes the stator flux to induce rotor currents, which create a rotor flux with magnetic
polarity opposite to stator. In this way, the rotor is dragged along behind stator flux, with the
currents in the rotor induced at the slip frequency.
In generator operation, a prime mover (turbine or engine) drives the rotor above the
synchronous speed (negative slip). The stator flux still induces currents in the rotor, but since
the opposing rotor flux is now cutting the stator coils, an active current is produced in stator
coils and the motor now operates as a generator, sending power back to the electrical grid.
Excitation:
An induction machine requires externally supplied armature current. Because the
rotor field always lags behind the stator field, the induction machine always "consumes"
reactive power, regardless of whether it is operating as a generator or a motor. A source of
excitation current for magnetizing flux (reactive power) for the stator is still required, to
induce rotor current. This can be supplied from the electrical grid or, once it starts producing
power, from the generator itself.
An induction machine can be started by charging the capacitors, with a DC source,
while the generator is turning typically at or above generating speeds. Once the DC source is
removed the capacitors will provide the magnetization current required beginning producing
voltage. An induction machine that has recently been operating may also spontaneously
produce voltage and current due to residual magnetism left in the core.
Required capacitance
A capacitor bank must supply reactive power to the motor when used in stand-
alone mode. The reactive power supplied should be equal or greater than the reactive
power that the machine normally draws when operating as a motor.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Open the MATLAB software

2. Open the SIMULINK Tools menu
3. In SIMULINK tools, Create a new file.
4. Take wind turbine block from simpower system library.
5. Pick the Asynchronous machine from machine menu and set as squirrel cage
rotor type.
6. Take three phase load from element menu and three phase supply system
from electrical source menu
7. Connect the elements as per circuit diagram.
8. Connect three capacitors as per the circuit diagram.
9. Run the simulation.
10. Plot the output graph.
Result:
Thus the operation of self-excited Induction generator was studied and
simulated.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
Ex. No.
Date:

SIMULATION ON GRID INTEGRATION OF PV

SYSTEM AIM:
To simulate the Solar PV System integrated with Grid.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEORY:
There are no batteries to store excess power generated-the electric utility
essentially stores it for you through a system called "net-metering." DC (direct current)
generated by the PV panels is converted into AC (alternating current) power by the
inverter (exactly the same high quality AC current delivered to your site by the utility-
provided power grid). Output from the inverter is connected to your existing distribution
panel (breaker panel) which feeds the rest of your site. While the system is generating
electricity, power needs are provided by the PV system (up to its capacity), reducing or
eliminating the power you would have drawn from the utility grid at that time

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software
2. Open the SIMULINK Tools menu
3. In SIMULINK tools, Create a new file.
4. Form and design the solar module sub-system with series connection of solar
cells.
5. Form the Solar PV panel with series and parallel combination of PV modules as
required peak power rating.
6. Form three phase inverter circuit using IGBTs from power electronics menu.
Give pulses using pulse generator from common used/source menu.
7. Connect the three phase AC Source to the inverter circuit.
8. Connect the all blocks as per the circuit diagram.
9. Run the simulation and display the values.
10. Plot the graph.

Result:
Thus the Fuel cell system was designed and analyzed using MATLAB software.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM :
SOLAR PV SYSTEM :

OUTPUT: