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1 HANOI METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
FINAL PROPOSAL

Topic: Contrastive Analysis about one aspect of

1
Syntax between English and Vietnamese – Verb
Phrase

Student’s name : Nguyen Khanh Huyen

Student’s code: : 222000696
Class : 30ENG024 NNA D2022 (N03)

Hanoi, March 2025

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HANOI METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
FINAL PROPOSAL

1
Topic: Contrastive Analysis about one aspect of
Syntax between English and Vietnamese – Verb
Phrase

Student’s name : Nguyen Khanh Huyen

Student’s code: : 222000696
Class : NNA D2022A

Giám khảo 1 Giám Khảo 2

ĐIỂM

Hanoi, March 2025

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
14 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to [Instructor’s Name] for their
dedicated guidance, insightful lectures, and invaluable encouragement throughout the
Contrastive Linguistics course. The knowledge imparted by my instructor has greatly
enhanced my understanding of linguistic comparison, allowing me to develop better
analytical and contrastive skills.

I would also like to extend my appreciation to my classmates for the engaging

discussions and their enthusiastic support, which have enriched my learning experience.
Additionally, I am truly grateful to my friends for their constant encouragement and
motivation throughout my studies.

17 Lastly, I would like to express my deep appreciation to the authors and

researchers whose works have served as essential references for this subject.

Sincere thanks to all!

Huyen

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I. Introduction
13 Language learning is often influenced by the structural differences between a learner’s
native language and the target language. Contrastive analysis is a linguistic approach
used to compare two languages to predict potential difficulties in language acquisition.
This study focuses on the syntactic structure of verb phrases in English and Vietnamese,
highlighting their similarities and differences. English is an inflectional language with a
complex system of verb conjugation, auxiliary verbs, and modals, whereas Vietnamese
is an analytic language that relies on aspect markers and serial verb constructions.
Understanding these differences provides insights into common errors Vietnamese
learners make when learning English and helps educators develop effective teaching
strategies.
II. Body
1) Selection
To conduct a contrastive analysis, we focus on the syntactic structure of verb phrases in
15 English and Vietnamese. A verb phrase consists of a main verb and its dependents, such
as auxiliaries, complements, or modifiers. The analysis will examine how verb phrases
are structured and function in both languages. The comparison will provide insights into
the syntactic differences and similarities that can influence second language acquisition.
2) Description
- English Verb Phrases:
English verb phrases play a crucial role in sentence construction and express actions,
16 states, and occurrences. They typically follow a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order
and can be simple or complex.
7 Structure: The English verb phrase consists of a main verb, which can be accompanied
by auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, and particles.
Inflectional Morphology: English verbs change form to indicate tense, number, person,
3 and aspect. Inflectional suffixes such as "-s" for third-person singular present (e.g., "She
walks"), "-ed" for past tense (e.g., "She walked"), and "-ing" for the present participle
(e.g., "She is walking") are common.
12 Tense and Aspect: English uses auxiliary verbs to mark tense and aspect. For instance,
18 the progressive aspect requires the auxiliary "be" (e.g., "She is reading"), and the perfect
aspect requires the auxiliary "have" (e.g., "She has read").
Modal Verbs: Modal verbs ("can," "must," "should") indicate necessity, possibility,
permission, or ability and must be followed by a base verb without "to" ("She can go").
Example Sentences:
2 "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune,
must be in want of a wife." (Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen)

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6 "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers." (A Streetcar Named Desire by
Tennessee Williams)
2 "You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you." (Pride and
Prejudice by Jane Austen)
-Vietnamese Verb Phrases:
Vietnamese verb phrases are structurally different from those in English due to the
language's analytic nature, meaning that words do not inflect for tense, aspect, or
agreement.
Structure: Vietnamese verbs do not conjugate. Instead, meaning is conveyed through
word order, aspect markers, and context.
10 Tense and Aspect: Instead of verb inflections, Vietnamese employs aspect markers such
as "đã" (past), "đang" (progressive), and "sẽ" (future) before the main verb.
No Auxiliary Verbs: Unlike English, Vietnamese does not require auxiliary verbs for
tense and aspect, relying instead on additional words that function similarly to
auxiliaries.
Serial Verb Constructions: Vietnamese frequently uses serial verb constructions, where
multiple verbs appear in succession without conjunctions. This structure conveys
sequential or causative relationships.
Example Sentences:
4 "Trăm năm trong cõi người ta, chữ tài chữ mệnh khéo là ghét nhau." (Truyện Kiều by
Nguyễn Du)
11 "Tôi đã nghe mẹ tôi kể chuyện cổ tích." (Dế Mèn Phiêu Lưu Ký by Tô Hoài)
"Chị Dậu đang chạy ra cửa thì cai lệ ập vào nhà." (Tắt Đèn by Ngô Tất Tố)
3) Comparison
- Similarities:
 Both English and Vietnamese generally follow the SVO sentence structure.
 Both languages use additional words to indicate tense and aspect.
 Both languages allow for verb phrases that contain multiple elements (e.g.,
modals, aspect markers, or serial verbs).
-Differences:
Morphological Complexity: English verb phrases are morphologically complex with
inflectional endings, while Vietnamese verbs remain unchanged.
Auxiliary Verbs vs. Aspect Markers: English uses auxiliary verbs ("is," "has," "will") to
indicate tense and aspect, whereas Vietnamese uses aspect markers ("đã," "đang," "sẽ").

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8 Subject-Verb Agreement: In English, the verb must agree with the subject in person and
number (e.g., "He goes" vs. "They go"), whereas Vietnamese verbs do not change based
on the subject.
Tense Formation: English uses inflection and auxiliary verbs for tense, while
Vietnamese relies on context and separate aspect markers.
Serial Verb Constructions: Vietnamese frequently uses serial verb constructions, which
are rare in English.
Example:
"Chị Dậu chạy ra rồi khóc lóc van xin." (Tắt Đèn by Ngô Tất Tố)
9 "Anh hùng tiếng đã gọi rằng, giữa đường thấy chuyện bất bình chẳng tha." (Truyện Kiều
by Nguyễn Du)
4) Prediction
Based on the differences outlined above, Vietnamese learners of English are likely to
encounter specific difficulties:
Misuse or Omission of Auxiliary Verbs: Since Vietnamese does not use auxiliary verbs,
learners may omit them in English (e.g., "She reading a book" instead of "She is reading
a book").
Incorrect Tense Formation: Learners may struggle with past tense forms due to the
absence of verb inflections in Vietnamese (e.g., "He go to school yesterday" instead of
"He went to school yesterday").
Confusion with Subject-Verb Agreement: Since Vietnamese verbs do not change based
on the subject, learners may make errors like "He go to work every day" instead of "He
goes to work every day."
Word Order Errors: Vietnamese learners might place aspect markers in positions
unnatural for English (e.g., "She already has finished homework" instead of "She has
already finished her homework").
Difficulty with Modal Verbs: Learners may incorrectly use modals by adding
unnecessary "to" (e.g., "She must to go" instead of "She must go").
Struggles with Serial Verbs in English: Vietnamese learners may attempt to use serial
verb constructions in English incorrectly (e.g., "I go buy food" instead of "I am going to
buy food").
III. Conclusion
By analyzing the verb phrase structures in English and Vietnamese, we identify key
syntactic differences that impact Vietnamese learners of English. English verb phrases
rely heavily on auxiliary verbs, inflections, and modals, while Vietnamese conveys tense
and aspect through separate markers and maintains a simpler morphological structure.
These contrasts predict common errors that Vietnamese learners may face, providing

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useful insights for language instruction. Teachers can use this analysis to focus on areas
such as auxiliary verbs, tense formation, subject-verb agreement, and serial verb
constructions to help learners overcome difficulties and improve their English
proficiency.
5 IV. References
 Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive
Grammar of the English Language. Longman.
 Nguyễn, T. T. (2004). Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: Cấu trúc - Chức năng - Ứng dụng.
NXB Giáo dục.
 Nguyễn Huy Kỷ (2016), Comparative Linguistics, published in 2016 by Hanoi
Metropolitan University
 Nguyễn, D. (1815). Truyện Kiều.
 Tô, H. (1941). Dế Mèn Phiêu Lưu Ký.
 Ngô, T. T. (1939). Tắt Đèn.
 Austen, J. (1813). Pride and Prejudice.

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