Séquence 4

La Commutation / La Topologie logique

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 Avant-propos
Foreword
 À l'ère numérique, diverses informations sont présentées comme des données dans
notre vie. Qu'est-ce que les données ? Comment les données sont-elles transmises ?
 Dans ce cours, nous utiliserons le modèle de référence du réseau pour comprendre la
"vie" des données.

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 Objectives
Objectifs
 A l'issue de ce cours, vous serez capable de :
 Décrire le processus de commutation.
 Identifier les types de commutation : circuit (paquet), message et datagramme
 Décrire le principe de fonctionnement du protocole TCP.
 Décrire le principe de fonctionnement du protocole IP ou du routage IP
 Décrire le principe de fonctionnement du protocole ARP et RARP.
 Comprendre les protocoles standards communs.

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 Contents
1. Types de commutation

2. Protocoles standards (TCP/IP)

3. Mécanismes TCP

4. Protocoles de résolution d’adresses ARP/RARP

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 Common Protocol Standardization Organizations
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 IETF is a voluntary organization responsible for developing and promoting Internet protocols (especially protocols
that constitute the TCP/IP protocol suite), and releasing new or replacing old protocol standards through RFCs.

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

 IEEE has formulated about 30% of standards in the electronics, electrical, and computer science fields worldwide.
Those standards include well-known IEEE802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi).

 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

 ISO is an international organization that plays an important role in the formulation of computer network standards,
such as the OSI model defined in ISO/IEC 7498-1.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Application Layer
• The application layer provides interfaces for application software so that applications can use network
services. The application layer protocol designates transport layer protocols and ports.
• PDUs transmitted at the network layer are called data.

Application • HTTP 80 (TCP)

Layer Hypertext transfer protocol, which provides web browsing services.
(Data) • Telnet 23 (TCP)
Remote login protocol, which provides remote management services.
Transport Layer
• FTP 20 and 21 (TCP)
File transfer protocol, which provides Internet file resource sharing services.
Network Layer • SMTP 25 (TCP)
Simple mail transfer protocol, which provides Internet email services.
Data Link Layer • TFTP 69 (UDP)
Simple file transfer protocol, which provides simple file transfer services.
Physical Layer

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Transport Layer
 A transport layer protocol receives data from an application layer protocol, encapsulates the data
with the corresponding transport layer protocol header, and helps establish an end-to-end (port-
to-port) connection.
 PDUs transmitted at the transport layer are called segments.

Application
Layer Transport layer protocols:
Transport TCP: a connection-oriented reliable
Layer protocol defined by IETF in RFC 793.
(Segment) UDP: a simple connectionless
protocol defined by IETF in RFC 768.
Network Layer

Data Link
Layer

Physical Layer

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 Protocoles TCP/IP communs
 The TCP/IP protocol stack defines a series of standard protocols.

Telnet FTP TFTP SNMP

Couche Application
HTTP SMTP DNS DHCP
Couche Transport TCP UDP
ICMP IGMP
Couche Network
IP
Couche Liaison de PPPoE
données Ethernet PPP
Couche Physical ...

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP and UDP - Port Numbers

Web browser HTTP server

HTTP application Telnet HTTP application Telnet

TCP port 1024 TCP port 1231 TCP port 80 TCP port 23

House number: 1.1.1.1 (IP address) House number: 2.2.2.2 (IP address)

Network

HTTP client HTTP server

Source IP address: 1.1.1.1

Source port number: 1024 HTTP
Destination IP address:
Destination port number: 80 Payload
2.2.2.2
IP header TCP header

• Generally, the source port used by a client is randomly allocated, and the destination port is specified by the application
of a server.
• The system generally selects a source port number that is greater than 1023 and is not being used.
• The destination port number is the listening port of the application (service) enabled on the server. For example, the
default port number for HTTP is 80.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP Connection Setup - Three-Way Handshake

• Avant d'envoyer des données, une application basée sur TCP doit établir une connexion via une
négociation à trois (Etablissement de connexion, Transmission des données et Fermeture de connexion
PC1 PC2
1.1.1.1:1024 2.2.2.2:23

IP header TCP header

Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=a Ack=0

Destination=2.2.2.2 (Flags: SYN is set.)

Seq=b Ack=a+1
Source = 2.2.2.2
(Flags: SYN is set, and ACK
Destination=1.1.1.1
is set.)

Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=a+1 Ack=b+1

Destination=2.2.2.2 (Flags: ACK is set.)

A TCP connection is established.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number

 TCP uses the Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number fields to implement
reliable and ordered data transmission.

PC1 PC2
1.1.1.1:1024 2.2.2.2:23
1 A TCP connection is
2
3 established.
4
5
6 … IP header TCP header
… Source = 1.1.1.1 Payload
Seq=a+1
Destination = 2.2.2.2 Ack=0 Length = 12 bytes

Source = 2.2.2.2 Seq=b+1 Payload

Destination = 1.1.1.1 Ack=a+1+1 Length =0 bytes

Data to be sent Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=a+2 Payload

Destination = 2.2.2.2 Ack=b+1+1 Length = 66 bytes Question: Why does the
value of the
Source = 2.2.2.2 Seq=b+2 Payload Acknowledgment Number
Destination = 1.1.1.1 Ack=a+2+1 Length = 0 bytes field in the segment sent by
PC1 not increase?

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP Window Sliding Mechanism

 TCP uses the sliding window mechanism to control the data transmission rate.

PC1 PC2

Buffer of the receiver

seq=100 win=3 flags=SYN
1
Three-way seq=200 Ack=101 win=3 flags=SYN,ACK
handshake
seq=101 Ack=201 win=3 flags=ACK

Data to be sent
2 seq=101 win=3

Data seq=102 win=3

transmission 3
seq=103 win=3

Question: Why does

Ack=104 win=1 ctl=ACK 4 the Window field of the
segment sent by PC1
seq=104 win=3 remain unchanged?
5

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP Shutdown - Four-Way Handshake

 After data transmission is complete, TCP needs to use the four-way handshake mechanism to disconnect
the TCP connection and release system resources.
PC1 PC2
1.1.1.1:1024 2.2.2.2:23
A TCP connection is
established.
TCP segment
exchange
IP header TCP header

Sends a Seq=101 Ack=301

Source = 1.1.1.1
1 connection (Flags: FIN is set, and ACK
Destination = 2.2.2.2
teardown is set.)
request with
FIN being set. Source = 2.2.2.2 Seq=301 Ack=102 Sends ACK. 2
Destination = 1.1.1.1 (Flags: ACK is set.)

Seq=301 Ack=102 Sends a

Source = 2.2.2.2
(Flags: FIN is set, and ACK connection 3
Destination = 1.1.1.1
is set.) teardown
request with
Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=102 Ack=302 FIN being set.
4 Sends ACK.
Destination = 2.2.2.2 (Flags: ACK is set.)

The TCP connection

is torn down.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Network Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for establishing connections between processes on hosts, and
the network layer is responsible for transmitting data from one host to another.
 PDUs transmitted at the network layer are called packets.

Application
Layer

Transport Layer
• The network layer is also called the Internet layer.
Network It sends packets from source hosts to destination
Layer hosts.
(Packet) • Functions of the network layer:
Provides logical addresses for network devices.
Data Link Layer Routes and forwards data packets.
Common network layer protocols include IPv4,
IPv6, ICMP, and IGMP.
Physical Layer

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Working Process of a Network Layer Protocol

Packet Encapsulation Packet Forwarding Based on Network Layer Addresses
Letter: data sent by an upper layer (for Router 1
example, the transport layer)
G0/0/0

PC1 G0/0/1

PC2
The PC encapsulates the IP header
(envelope).
The key information is about source and
destination IP addresses. Network A

Routing table of Router 1 • The network layer header of a packet sent by a source
device carries the network layer addresses of the
Outbound source and destination devices.
Network
Interface • Each network device (such as a router) that has the
routing function maintains a routing table (like a map of
Network A G0/0/1 the network device).
Envelope: IP packet header • After receiving a packet, the network device reads the
Sender: source IP address … … network layer destination address of the packet,
Receiver: destination IP address searches the routing table for the matching entry of the
destination address, and forwards the packet according
… …
to the instruction of the matching entry.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Data Link Layer

 The data link layer is located between the network layer and the physical layer and provides
services for protocols such as IP and IPv6 at the network layer. PDUs transmitted at the data link
layer are called frames.
 Ethernet is the most common data link layer protocol.

Application
Layer
Transport
Layer The data link layer is located between the network layer and
Network Layer the physical layer.
• The data link layer provides intra-segment
Data Link communication for the network layer.
Layer • The functions of the data link layer include framing,
(Frame) physical addressing, and error control.
• Common data link layer protocols include Ethernet,
Physical Layer PPPoE, and PPP.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Ethernet and Source MAC Addresses

Ethernet Definition Ethernet Source MAC Addresses

Switch A I have a MAC

address when I Name: Host A
leave the factory.
Switch B MAC address/Ethernet
address/physical address:
Host A Host B
Host A

Network A
Host C Host D • A media access control (MAC) address uniquely identifies a
• Ethernet is a broadcast multiple access protocol that NIC on a network. Each NIC requires and has a unique
works at the data link layer protocol. MAC address.
• The network interfaces of PCs comply with the Ethernet • MAC addresses are used to locate specific physical devices
standard. in an IP network segment.
• Generally, a broadcast domain corresponds to an IP • A device that works at the data link layer, such as an
network segment. Ethernet switch, maintains a MAC address table to guide
data frame forwarding.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):
 Discovers the MAC address associated with a given IP address.

ARP request
Destination IP address: 192.168.1.2
Destination MAC address: ?
Host A Host B
192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.2/24
3C-52-82-49-7E-9D ARP reply 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
Source IP address: 192.168.1.2
Source MAC address: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (1)

Host 1 checks Host 1 Host 2

cached ARP entries.
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2:192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
1

Host 2 sends an ARP Step 1:

reply.
Host 1>arp -a • Before sending a datagram, a device searches
Internet Address Physical Address Type its ARP table for the destination MAC address of
Host 1 adds an ARP the datagram.
entry.
• If the destination MAC address exists in the
ARP table, the device encapsulates the MAC
The ARP cache address in the frame and sends out the frame. If
table is empty. the destination MAC address does not exist in
the ARP table, the device sends an ARP request
to discover the MAC address.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (2)

Host 1 checks cached Host 1 Host 2

ARP entries.
3 GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2:48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
Step 2:
Host 2 sends an ARP • Host 1 sends an ARP request to discover
2
reply. Eth_II ARP Request FCS the MAC address of Host 2.
• The destination MAC address in the ARP
Host 1 adds an ARP request is 0 because the destination MAC
entry. address is unknown.
Destination MAC
address: Operation type: ARP request
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF MAC address of the sender: MAC 1
Source MAC address: IP address of the sender: IP 1 Step 3:
MAC 1 Destination MAC address: 00-00-00-00-00-00 • The ARP request message is a broadcast
Destination IP address: IP 2 data frame. After receiving the ARP request
message, the switch floods it.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (3)

Host 1 checks Host 1 Host 2

cached ARP entries.
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
4
Step 4:
Host 2 sends an ARP
reply. • After receiving the ARP request message, each host Host 2>arp -a
checks whether it is the destination of the message based Internet Address Physical Address Type
on the carried destination IP address. 192.168.1.1 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D Dynamic
Host 1 adds an ARP
• Host 2 finds that it is the destination of the message and
entry.
then records the mapping between the sender's MAC and
IP addresses in its ARP table.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (4)

Host 1 checks Host 1 Host 2

cached ARP entries. 6
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
Step 5: 5
Host 2 sends an ARP • Host 2 sends an ARP reply to Host 1.
reply. • In this step, Host 2 has discovered the MAC address of Host Eth_II ARP Reply FCS
1, so the ARP reply is a unicast data frame.
Host 1 adds an ARP
entry. Destination MAC
address: MAC-1 Operation type: ARP reply
Step 6: Source MAC address: Sender's MAC address: MAC 2
MAC 2 Sender's IP address: IP 2
• After receiving the unicast data frame, the switch forwards the
Receiver's MAC address: MAC 1
frame.
Receiver's IP address: IP 1

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (5)

Host 1 checks Host 1 Host 2

cached ARP entries.
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
7
Step 7:
Host 2 sends an ARP
reply. Host 1>arp -a • After receiving the ARP reply message, Host 1 checks
Internet Address Physical Address Type whether it is the destination of the message based on
192.168.1.2 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F Dynamic the carried destination IP address.
Host 1 adds an ARP
entry. • If so, Host 1 records the carried sender's MAC and IP
addresses in its ARP table.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Physical Layer
 After data arrives at the physical layer, the physical layer converts a digital signal into an optical signal, an
electrical signal, or an electromagnetic wave signal based on the physical media.
 PDUs transmitted at the physical layer are called bitstreams.

Application
Layer

Transport
Layer

Network
Layer The physical layer is at the bottom of the model.
• This layer transmits bitstreams on media.
Data Link • It standardizes physical features such as cables, pins,
Layer voltages, and interfaces.
• Common transmission media include twisted pairs, optical
Physical
fibers, and electromagnetic waves.
Layer
(Bitstream)
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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Common Transmission Media

Fiber Optical module

Twisted pair RJ45

connector

Data transmission through twisted pairs Data transmission through optical fibers
1 2

3 4

Synchronous/asynchronous
serial cable: V.24 on the left
and V.35 on the right PAD Mobile phone Laptop Wireless router

Data transmission between terminal and

Data transmission through serial cables wireless routers through wireless signals

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 Summary
 Both the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model adopt the layered
design concept.
 Clear division of functions and boundaries between layers facilitates the development,
design, and troubleshooting of each component.

 The functions of each layer can be defined to impel industry standardization.

 Interfaces can be provided to enable communication between hardware and software on

various networks, improving compatibility.

 Data generation and transmission require collaboration between modules. Meanwhile,

each module must fulfill its own responsibilities.

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 Quiz
1. What are the benefits of the layered model?

2. What are the common protocols at the application layer, transport layer, network layer, and
data link layer?

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 Thank You
www.huawei.com

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