FIRST AID

M A N U A L

Prepared by: HOPE, TIP MANILA

 FIRST AID

First Aid - The Philippine Red Cross defined first aid as immediate care given to a person who
has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance
is delayed or not available.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID:

The Three Ps (PPP)

1. To promote recovery
One of the primary objectives is to be able to help reduce or totally alleviate suffering.

2. To prevent added/further injury or danger

The goal is to prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of further injury.

3. To prolong life
The first main concern should be to preserve life

First Aider
The first aider deals with the whole situation involving the patient and the injury or illness. The

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRST AIDER

1. Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
 It is not intended to compete with or take the place of the services of the physician.
 It ends when the services of a physician begin.

2. Ensure the safety of him/herself and that of bystanders.

3. Gain access to the victim.
4. Determine any threats to the patient’s life.
5. Summon advanced medical care as needed.
6. Provide needed care for the patient.
7. Assist advanced personnel.
8. Record all findings and care given to the patient.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER

1. Gentle - He/She should not cause or inflict pain as much as possible.
2. Resourceful - He/She makes the best use of things at hand.
3. Observant - He/She should notice all signs. It also means being aware of what is
happening and what are the possible things that may occur.
4. Tactful - He/She is handling the victim with utmost care and in a calm manner.

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 5. Empathetic - He/She should be comforting.
6. Respectable - He/She maintains a professional and caring attitude.

HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID

1. Unfavorable surroundings.
2. Presence of crowds.
3. Pressure from victim or relatives.
4.

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

These are precautions taken to isolate or prevent the risk of exposure to any type of bodily
substance.
1. Personal Hygiene
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Gloves  Gowns
 Masks  Eye protection
3. Equipment Cleaning and Disinfecting

Suggested First Aid Kit Contents

 Rubbing Alcohol  Occlusive Dressing
 Povidone Iodine  Elastic Roller Bandage
 Gauze Pads  Triangular Bandage
 Cotton  Forceps
 Penlight  Scissors
 Band-Aid Plaster  Gloves

Suggested First Aid Equipment

 Spine Board
 Kendrick’s Extrication Device
 Set of Splints
 Poles
 Space Blanket

Cloth Materials Commonly Used in First Aid

1. Dressing - any sterile cloth material used to cover the wound.
2. Bandage - any cloth material sterile or not used to hold the dressing in place.
Other uses of bandages:
 Control bleeding.
 Tie splints in place.
 Immobilize body parts.
 For arm support – use as a sling.

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 Emergency Action Principles

Survey the scene

 Is the scene safe? Safe for you and the injured person?
 What happened? How many people are injured?
 Is there someone who can help?
 Get consent before giving first-aid care.

Primary Survey
I. Assessing Responsiveness
A patient's response level can be summarized in the AVPU mnemonic as follows:

A - Alert
V - Verbal Response
P - Pain Response
U - Unresponsive/Unconscious

II. Activate Medical Help

Ask someone to call for local emergency number.

II. Check for A-B-C of Life

Airway – Breathing – Circulation

SHOCK

SHOCK
- is a condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the
body’s tissues and vital organs. It is a dangerous health-related crisis.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF

DANGERS OF SHOCK CAUSES OF SHOCK
SHOCK

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  Lead to death  Severe bleeding  Face - pale or cyanotic
 Predisposes body  Crushing injury in color
infection  Infection  Skin- cold and clammy
 Lead to loss of body  Heart attack  Breathing - irregular
parts  Perforation  Pulse - rapid and weak
 Shell bomb and bullet  Nausea and vomiting
wound  Weakness
 Rupture of tubal  Thirsty
pregnancies
 Anaphylaxis
 Starvation and
disease

TYPES OF SCHOCK
1. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK - due to heart problems
2. HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK - caused by too little blood volume
3. ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK- caused by an allergic reaction
4. SEPTIC SHOCK - due to infections
5. NEUROGENIC SHOCK - caused by damage to the nervous system

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID FOR SHOCK

1. To improve circulation of blood.
2. To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen.
3. To maintain normal body temperature.

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR SHOCK

If you suspect a person is in shock, call 911 or your local emergency number. Then, immediately
take the following actions:
If the person is unconscious, If the person is conscious,
1. Check the A-B-C of life to see if 1. Make the person lie down.
he still breathing and has a 2. Control any external bleeding.
heartbeat. 3. Legs may be raised 6 to 12
inches.
4. Help the person maintain normal
2. If you do not detect breathing or body temperature.
a heartbeat, begin 5. Do not give the person anything
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to eat or drink.
(CPR). 6. Reassure the person every so
often.

GIVE PROPER FOR SHOCK

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 PROPER

POSTURE HEAT TRANSFER

WOUND

WOUND
A wound is any physical injury involving a break in the layers of the skin. Wounds are generally
classified as either closed or open.

Complications:
 Bleeding, Infection, Tetanus, and Rabies

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND
CLOSED WOUND
A closed wound is a wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact and the damage lies
below the surface.

Signs and Symptoms of Closed Wound Causes of Closed Wound

 Tender, swollen, bruised, or  Blunt objects resulting in contusions
hard areas of the body or bruises
 Rapid, weak pulse  Application of external forces
 Skin that feels cool, moist or
looks pale or bluish
 Vomiting of blood or coughing
up blood
 Excessive thirst
 An injured extremity that is
blue or extremely pale
 Altered mental state

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR CLOSED WOUND

I- Ice application
C- Compression

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 E- Elevation
S- Splinting

OPEN WOUND
In an open wound, the outer layer of skin is broken. The break in the skin can be as minor as a
scrape of the surface layers or as severe as a deep penetration.

CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WOUND

TYPES CAUSES CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
PUNCTURE harp, pointed
objects like  Small, deep hole in the skin.
nails, needles,  Minimal bleeding externally,
or animal but high risk of internal
bites damage and infection (e.g.,
tetanus).

ABRAISION Skin scraping

against a  Superficial wound with
rough surface scraped or rubbed-off skin.
 Usually minor bleeding, but
very painful due to exposed
nerve endings.

LACERATION Blunt or sharp

trauma  Jagged, irregular edges.
causing the  Moderate to severe bleeding
skin to tear depending on depth and
location.

AVULSION Forceful  A flap of skin or tissue is torn

tearing of skin loose or hanging.
and tissue  Heavy bleeding and often
damage to deeper tissues.

INCISION Sharp-edged  Clean, straight edges.

object like a  May bleed heavily if blood
knife, razor, or vessels are cut; lower
glass. infection risk than
lacerations.

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 AMPUTATION Trauma or  Complete or partial removal
surgical of a body part (like a finger
removal or limb).
 Profuse bleeding and life-
threatening without prompt
first aid.

Dangers of Open Wound

 Hemorrhage
 Infection
 Shock
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR OPEN WOUND
With Severe Bleeding (4Cs): Bleeding Not Severe (Home Care):

C- Control Bleeding  Clean the wound with soap and

water.
C- Cover the wound  Apply mild antiseptics.
C- Care for shock  Cover the wound with a dressing
and bandage.
C- Call or refer to physician  Wash your hands immediately after
giving care.

BURN

BURN
These are injuries to the skin and other body tissues that are caused by heat, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation.

CLASSIFICATIONS:
1. Superficial (first-degree) burns – This burn affect only the skin surface.

2. Partial-thickness (second-degree) burns – This burn affect the outermost and second
layer of the skin.

3. Full-thickness (third-degree) burns – This burn have killed the skin all the way to the
person’s fatty tissue.

Append:
Fourth degree – Destroys the skin plus fat, muscle, and sometimes bone.

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 TYPES OF BURN

1. THERMAL BURN - Not all thermal burns are caused by flames. Contact with hot
objects, flammable vapor that ignites and causes a flash or an explosion, and steams or
hot liquid are other common causes of burns.

FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE SERIOUSNESS OF BURNS

1. The depth
a. 1st degree – superficial thickness burn
b. 2nd degree – partial thickness burn
c. 3rd degree – full-thickness burn
2. The Extent to the affected Body Surface Area-Rule of Nine, Rule of Palm
3. Location of the Burns
4. Victim’s Age and Medical Condition

CARE FOR THERMAL BURN

First and Second-Degree Burn
 Relieve pain by immersing the burned area in cold water or by applying a
wet, cold cloth.
 If cold water is unavailable, use any cold liquid you can drink to reduce the
burned skin’s temperature.

Third Degree Burn

 Cover the burn with a dry, non-sticking, sterile dressing or a clean cloth.
 Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs and keeping the victim warm
with a clean sheet or blanket.

2. CHEMICAL BURN - Chemicals will continue to cause tissue destruction until the
chemical agent is removed.
 Immediately remove the chemical by flushing it with water.
 Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing while flushing it with water.
 Flush for 20 mins. or longer. Let the victim wash with mild soap before a final
rinse.
 Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or for large areas use a clean
pillowcase.
 If the chemical is in the eye, flush it for 20mins. using low pressure.

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  Seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns.

3. ELECTRICAL BURN - The injury or severity from exposure to electrical current

depends on the type of current (direct or alternating), the voltage, the area of the body
exposed, and the duration of contact.

CARE FOR ELECTRICAL BURN

 Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power. If that is impossible call the Power
Company or ask for help.
 Call the emergency number.
 Check the CABCs (Consciousness, Airway, Breathing, Circulation).
 Provide Rescue Breathing or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation if needed.
 If the victim fell, check for spine injury
 Treat the victim for shock
 Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical injuries are treated in burn
centers.

4. RADIATION BURN - Radiation burn or radiation dermatitis is a common side effect

of external beam radiation therapy to treat some forms of cancer. It occurs when the
skin or tissue is damaged by exposure to radiation. This type of burn is not caused by
heat but by ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.

ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE AREA BURN

RULE OF NINE
It is a quick way to determine the extent of burns in adults by dividing the body into multiples of
nine and the sum total of these parts is equivalent to the overall body surface area injured.

 Head and Neck: 9%

 Anterior Trunk: 18%
 Posterior Trunk: 18%
 Each Arm: 9% (including the hand)
 Each Leg: 18% (including the foot)
 Genitalia: 1%

RULE OF PALM
The palm of the person who is burned is equal to 1% of the body.

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 BANDAGING
BANDAGE
This is a piece of soft material that covers and protects an injured part of the body.

BANDAGING
It is an act or process of applying a bandage to a person's injured body part.

APPLICATION OF BANDAGE

C – careful (not to cause pain)

A – accurate (bandage the right area)
N – neatness (should look good)
S – speed (done with reasonable time)

TYPES OF BANDAGES

Roller Bandages, Self-adhering, conforming Bandage. Elastic Roller Bandages, Triangular

Bandage

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE convert any clothing material into a

triangular bandage in the event of
A piece of cloth material that can be
an emergency.
utilized in an emergency. Among all
the bandages, it is practically the PURPOSES OF TRIANGULAR
most readily available since you can BANDAGE

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 1. To hold the dressing in place 4. To secure a splint
2. To prevent infection 5. To immobilize and support body
3. To apply direct pressure parts

PARTS OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

The triangular bandage is composed of three corners. On the upper part, it is called
"apex/point" the other two corners are called "end". It also has three borders. The longest
border is called "base" and the two borders are called "slide/side".

SQUARE KNOT
 Also known as Sailor’s or Reef Knot
 Easy to tie and untie
 Neat with a comfortable flat surface

CANDLE KNOT

USES OF OPEN PHASE

1. Arm Sling
Applied when there is a fracture on either the left or right forearm of the victim.

2. Under Arm Sling

Applied when there is a dislocation on either the left or right elbow of the victim.

3. Chest
Applied when there is a wound on either
left or right chest of the victim.

4. Hand

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 Applied when there is a burn on the hand.

USES OF SEMI-CRAVAT
1. Legs
Used to secure a splint or dressing on the lower leg to immobilize an injury.

2. Thigh
Used to hold a dressing in place or support a splint for a thigh injury.

3. Knee
Used to wrap and support the knee, especially to hold a compress or dressing
over a wound or swelling.

4. Hip bandage
Used to wrap and support the knee, especially to hold a compress or dressing
over a wound or swelling.

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USES OF NARROW CRAVAT PHASE
1. Forehead
Applied when the victim has a wound on the forehead.

Remember!
Bandaging Techniques depend upon:
1. Size and location of the wound.
2. Your first-aid skills.
3. Materials at hand.

EMERGENCY HOTLINES

SERVICE HOTLINE NUMBER

National Emergency Hotline in the 911
Philippines
Philippine Red Cross: 143 or (02) 8527-8385 to 95

Bureau of Fire Protection (02) 8426-0219 or (02) 8426-3812

Philippine National Police Hotline: 117 or (02) 8722-0650

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