Module 8

Research Methodology
Dr. Anthony Ly Buendia Dagang
youtube.com/anthzila
Topics

- The Research Process

- What is research methodology
- Writing your research paper methodology
 The Research Process
#3 Selection of
research design,
#1Problem Definition #2 Literature Review
subjects, and data
collection techniques

#6 Implications,
#5 Data processing
#4 Data gathering Conclusions, and
and analysis
Recommendations
 the systematic method to resolve a
research problem through data
gathering using various techniques
What is Research
Methodology?
providing an interpretation of data
gathered and drawing conclusions
about the research data.

Essentially, a research methodology is

the blueprint of a research or study
(Murthy & Bhojanna, 2009, p. 32).
Writing Your Research Paper Methodology
1. Research Design
2. Research Environment
3. Respondents and Sampling Procedure
4. Data Gathering Instruments and Procedure
5. Validity and Reliability of Instruments
6. Scoring Guidelines
7. Statistical Treatment of Data
8. Ethical Considerations of the Study
 the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of
the study in a coherent and logical way

1. Research ensures you will effectively address the

research problem;
Design
it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis
of data
Example of Research Design
• Excerpt from the paper “Trust and Relationship as Predictors to
Customer Retention “
•The design of this study will be quantitative in nature,
descriptive-causal type of research. The use of survey
scales and statistical data will be used to test causal
relationships of the variables used in this study.
Therefore, quantitative design is appropriate. To describe
the characteristics of the population or the phenomenon
being studied, descriptive method will also be used.
 Discuss and justify
where do you
conduct your study
2. Research
Environment
Discuss a preview of
what and whom do
you study
Example of Research Environment
• Excerpt from the study “Determinants of Entrepreneurial Resiliency”
by Oyao (2022)
• This study will be conducted to the Department of Trade Industry (DTI)
Negosyo Center. Particularly, respondents will be the graduates of the
Cagayan de Oro Negosyo Center. The proponent chose the Cagayan de
Oro Negosyo Center because it is the first Negosyo Center established in
the Philippines. There are also entrepreneurs from other parts of the
province of Misamis Oriental who joins the trainings in Cagayan de Oro
Negosyo Center. It has also been the pioneer of the training programs for
MSMEs. The participants of the Kapatid Mentor Me Program (KMME) and
Enhanced Business Learning System (EBLS) are also trained in Cagayan
de Oro.
 Discuss detail who are your
respondents and justify your
choice

3.
Respondents Discuss the criteria in choosing
and Sampling the respondents

Procedure
Discuss the sampling procedure
- selecting the group that you
will collect data from in your
research
Example of Respondents and
Sampling Procedure
• Excerpt from the paper ”Entrepreneurial Propensity: A Structural
Model” by Dagang (2019)
• The respondents of this study will be 4th year students taking
Business-related courses in selected colleges and universities in Cagayan De
Oro City. Hence, the sampling procedure used in this study is Random
Sampling. Random sampling is the use of respondents based on
characteristics of a population. Since the characteristic of this study is
entrepreneurship, the choice of 4th year Business students as respondents is
appropriate.
• To get the sample from the total population, Taro-yamane formula was
used. Taro-Yamane formula is generally accepted for large populations,
such as the population used in this study. ………. The total population of the
selected respondents are 1515. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size
is 498, which is enough for this study.
4. Data Gathering Instruments and Procedure

Discuss what kind of questionnaire used for data gathering

Discuss the parts of your questionnaire and the number of items

per section (profile, assessments based on the variables used)

Describe the procedure for data gathering

Example of Data Gathering
Instruments and Procedure
• Excerpt from the paper ”Entrepreneurial Propensity: A Structural
Model” by Dagang (2019)
• A researcher constructed questionnaire, except on the items for Intention,
Attitude towards Entrepreneurship, Subjective Norms and Perceived
Behavioral Control, which was patterned from Liñan and Chen’s
Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (2009), will be used for data
gathering. Overall, the questionnaire contained Nine (9) parts: Personal
Profile, Personality Traits, Entrepreneurial Propensity, Intention,
Motivation, School Factor, Attitude towards Entrepreneurship, Subjective
Norms and Perceived Behavioral Control.
• A letter of intent to conduct the survey will be sent to the school’s
officer-in-charge 15 days prior to the actual visit. An ocular inspection, if
needed shall be done to assess the situation and set the schedule with the
school for the final visit.
 Ensures that the data being used in
your study is valid and reliable

5. Validity Describe how did you validate your

questionnaire
and
Reliability of Discuss the steps / software used for
Instruments reliability

Present a table containing the

variables and its equivalent reliability
results
Example of Validity and Reliability of
Instruments
•From the paper “Determinants of Entrepreneurial Resilience”
by Oyao (2022)
• First is to test the survey instrument’s validity by requiring three
experts from the related field to review and approve the survey
questionnaire. This will be done for all categories that are
researcher-made. Second is to check the reliability of the survey
instrument using Cronbach Alpha. Cronbach’s alpha (α) or
coefficient alpha was developed by Lee Cronbach in 1951. It is a
widely used reliability testing method that will measure the internal
consistency of the survey instrument (George & Mallery, 2010).
 Presents how your data is scores
based on your survey
questionnaire

6. Scoring Discuss in detail the guidelines of

the scales used in your survey
Guidelines questionnaire

Present a table containing the

scales guidelines for each section
in your survey questionnaire
Example of Scoring Guidelines
•Excerpt from the paper “Trust and Commitment as
Predictors to Customer Retention”
•The variables used in this study are Trust Building,
Quality Service, Relationship Commitment and
Retention Propensity. An agreement scale of six (6 –
Completely agree, 5 – Mostly agree, 4 – Slightly agree,
3 – Slightly disagree, 2 – Mostly disagree, 1 –
Completely disagree) will be used to measure all
variables above.
 Describe the statistical
methods used to answer the
problems stated in your
7. Statistical “Statement of the Problems”
Treatment of
Data Present each treatment
according to the sequence of
the problems stated in Chapter
1
 Problem Statistical Treatment
1. What is the respondents profile based from the following? Descriptive Statistics – Frequency,
1.1 Gender Percentage and Mean Distribution
1.2 Age Category
1.3 Income Category
2. What is respondent’s assessment on the following? Descriptive Statistics – Frequency,
2.1 Attitude Towards Adversity Percentage and Mean Distribution
2.2 Tolerance for ambiguity

2.3 Entrepreneurial Success

3. Is there a significant relationship between the following Pearson-R Correlation
variables?
3.1 Attitude towards adversity and Tolerance for Ambiguity?
4. Which of the independent variables influence entrepreneurial Multiple Linear Regression
success?
4.1 attitude towards adversity
4.2 tolerance for ambiguity
Example of Statistical Treatment
• For problem number 1, descriptive statistics was used to profile
the respondent’s gender, age and income. For problem number 2,
descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and mean
distribution was used to describe the respondent’s perceived
attitude towards adversity, tolerance for ambiguity and
entrepreneurial success. To determine if there is a significant
relationship between attitude towards adversity and tolerance for
ambiguity, Pearson-R Correlation was used for problem number 3.
To test the influence of independent variables attitude towards
adversity and tolerance for ambiguity to the dependent variable
entrepreneurial success, multiple linear regression was used for
problem number 4.
 Ethics are set of principles that guide your
research designs and practices.

Parts of this section include

8. Ethical declaration/evidences of
Considerations • voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity,
confidentiality, potential for harm, and results
communication.

Depending on the policy of the school, certain

format on how to discuss this part should be
followed
Example
• This study will observe research protocols required by the university.
The ethical requirements will be properly observed by securing
informed consent from the institution where the study will be
conducted through a letter. The participant’s informed consent will be
secured as part of the questionnaire, which indicates that their
participation to the study is voluntary. Permission letters will be sent
to the respective authors of the instrument that will be used for this
study.
Summary…
• Methodology involves the techniques and processes to conduct the
research and Methods involves explains how each of the problems
of the study can be addressed
• General parts of the Research Methodology are the following:
• Research Design, Research Environment, Respondents and
Sampling Procedure; Data Gathering Instruments and
Procedure; Validity and Reliability of Instruments; Scoring
Guidelines, Statistical Treatment of Data and; Ethical
Considerations of the Study
Thank you for listening