CLL231: Fluid Mechanics for Chemical

Engineers

Somnath Ghosh
[email protected]

Video: https://www.youtube.com/
1
Conservation of linear momentum
(Munson Ch6; White Ch4)

2
General understanding of stress
Consider a body of fluid is in equilibrium to a system of external forces. Under the action of
these forces, internal forces are developed within the body.
ΔF ΔF

Decomposing the force into components parallel to x, y, and z, we define the normal stress
(𝜎𝑥𝑥 ) and the shearing stresses (𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜏𝑥𝑧 ) 𝜎 𝜏 𝜏
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧
∆𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝐹𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = lim =
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴 𝑑𝐴
∆𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝐹𝑦 From the concept of rotational equilibrium,
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = lim =
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴 𝑑𝐴 we can get (check for 2D case):
∆𝐹𝑧 𝑑𝐹𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = lim = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ; 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 ; 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴 𝑑𝐴

5
Conservation of linear momentum
𝑑Ω = ∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧 From Newton’s second law of motion
ഥ
𝐷𝑉 𝐷 𝐷
ത
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝑚 = ത
𝑉𝑑𝑚 = 𝜌𝑑Ω𝑉ത
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡

It means, sum of all differential forces acting on the

control volume is equal to the total derivative of
momentum i.e. mass*velocity

Now, we need to balance all the differential forces acting on the control volume.

The only body force acting on the entire mass within the element is gravity:𝑑𝐹ത𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧
ҧ

Surface forces are due to the stresses on the sides of the control surface. These stresses are the
sum of viscous stress and stress due to hydrostatic pressure.

6
Forces acting on a body
p
ρgx
ρgz

ρgy

Forces acting on the control volume p

p
𝜎𝑥𝑧

𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑦

Forces due to pressure acts normal to the

surface and always compressive in nature.

7
Stress components
𝑑Ω = ∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦𝑦 + ∆𝑦
y 𝜕𝑦
x
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
z 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + ∆𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + ∆𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + ∆𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + ∆𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 + ∆𝑥
𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦
𝜏𝑧𝑦 + ∆𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + ∆𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑧𝑧 + ∆𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑧

𝜎𝑦𝑦 8
Forces in x-direction
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
(𝜏𝑦𝑥 + ∆𝑦)∆𝑥∆𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝑧𝑥 ∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −𝑝 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = −𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑦∆𝑧 (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + ∆𝑥) ∆𝑦∆𝑧
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑥
(𝜏𝑧𝑥 + ∆𝑧)∆𝑥∆𝑦
𝜕𝑧

𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∆𝑥∆𝑧
Differential surface force acting in x-direction:
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝑑𝐹𝑥,𝑠 = [(𝜎𝑥𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ]∆𝑦∆𝑧 + [(𝜏𝑦𝑥 + ∆𝑦) − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ]∆𝑥∆𝑧 + [(𝜏𝑧𝑥 + ∆𝑧) − 𝜏𝑧𝑥 ]∆𝑥∆𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝐹𝑥,𝑠 = + + ∆𝑥∆𝑦 ∆𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝐹𝑥,𝑠 = − + + + 𝑑Ω 𝑑Ω = ∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 11
Net force on the control volume
Similarly, we can compute the forces in y and z-directions:
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝐹𝑦,𝑠 = − + + + 𝑑Ω 𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −𝑝 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑧
𝑑𝐹𝑧,𝑠 = − + + + 𝑑Ω 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = −𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧
So, total surface force: 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝑑𝐹𝑠 = 𝑑𝐹𝑥,𝑠 + 𝑑𝐹𝑦,𝑠 + 𝑑𝐹𝑧,𝑠 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧

𝑑 𝐹ത𝑠 = −∇𝑝 + 𝑑 𝐹ത𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑Ω where 𝑑 𝐹ത𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 = ∇. 𝜏ҧ𝑖𝑗 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟
ഥ
net force acting on the control volumes: 𝑑 𝐹ത = 𝑑𝐹ത𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝐹ത𝑠 = 𝑑𝑚 𝐷𝑉 𝐷𝑡
𝐷
Hence, 𝜌𝑑Ω𝑉ത = 𝜌𝑔 ҧ − ∇𝑝 + ∇. 𝜏 ҧ 𝑑Ω i.e. mass*acceleration= Fbody+Fpre+F visc
𝐷𝑡

𝐷𝑉ത
⇒𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔 ҧ − ∇𝑝 + ∇. 𝜏 ҧ this is the differential form of momentum equation
𝐷𝑡 Density*acceleration = Gravity force per unit volume+ pressure force per
unit volume + viscous force per unit volume 12
Momentum balance equation
ഥ
𝑫𝑽
𝝆 𝒈 − 𝜵𝒑 + 𝜵. 𝝉ത
= 𝝆ഥ 𝑖𝑓 𝑉ത = 𝑉(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑡)
𝑫𝒕
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
x-component: ρ + 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

temporal non-linear convective body pre. viscous

component or inertial term force gradient term

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦

y-component: ρ + 𝑢 +𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝑦 − + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑧

z-component: ρ + 𝑢 + 𝑣 +𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

13
Stress components for Newtonian fluids
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
x-component: ρ + 𝑢 + 𝑣 +𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Now we need to find out the expressions of the shear components. When there is a flow, we can
measure the velocity and then compute the stress components. We need to have the expressions
of the stresses with known quantities so that the equations could be solved with approximations if
necessary.

For Newtonian fluids: stress and strain rate are linearly related. Hence the stress components can
2
be replaced by strain rates. Bulk viscosity of a fluid can be expressed as: 𝜇𝐵 = 𝜆 + 3 𝜇 ; 𝜆 →
second viscosity coefficient; 𝜇 → shear viscosity or absolute viscosity
2
According to Stokes hypothesis: 𝜆 = − 𝜇
3

14
Stress components for Newtonian fluids
Stress components are expressed as:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜏𝑥𝑥 = 𝜆 + + + 2𝜇 = 2𝜇 + 𝜆∇. 𝑉ത
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝜏𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆 + + + 2𝜇 = 2𝜇 + 𝜆∇. 𝑉ത
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜏𝑧𝑧 = 𝜆 + + + 2𝜇 = 2𝜇 + 𝜆∇. 𝑉ത
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
15
Momentum equation with strain component
Now replace stresses with strain
𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
x-component: ρ = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + 2𝜇 − 𝜇∇. 𝑉ത + 𝜇 + + 𝜇 +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

For incompressible flow: ρ → constant and ∇. 𝑉ത = 0

𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
+ + = 2𝜇 + 𝜇 + + 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢

= 2𝜇 2 + 𝜇 2 + 𝜇 2 + 𝜇 + −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢

=𝜇 2
+ 2+ 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
16
Momentum equation: final forms
𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
x-component: ρ = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + 𝜇 2
+ 2+ 2
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 Navier-Stokes equation
y-component: ρ = 𝜌𝑔𝑦 − + 𝜇 2
+ 2+ 2 for Newtonian
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
incompressible fluids
𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
z-component: ρ = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − + 𝜇 2
+ 2+ 2
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑉ത
ρ = 𝜌𝑔ҧ − ∇𝑝 + 𝜇∇2 𝑉ത
𝐷𝑡
For inviscid flow N-S equation reduces to Euler’s equation:
𝐷 𝑉ത
ρ = 𝜌𝑔ҧ − ∇𝑝
𝐷𝑡
17
Laminar flow between parallel plates due to pressure
get the expression of velocity profile.
2h first, we need to make some assumptions.
y
x u a) fluid is Newtonian and incompressible
b) flow is unidirectional and at steady state
c) no-slip boundary condition is valid at the wall
start with x-component N-S equation:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
ρ +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + 𝜇 2
+ 2+ 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢
at steady state: = 0 ; no flow in y and z-directions and from continuity, entire convective
𝜕𝑡 term reduces to zero. 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑦
there is no body force: 𝜌𝑔𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑢
So, the equation reduces to: =𝜇 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
18
Laminar flow between fixed parallel plates
get the expression of velocity profile.
2h 𝑑𝑝 𝑑2𝑢
y
u =𝜇 2
x 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑝
⇒ = 𝑦 + 𝑐1
𝑑𝑦 𝜇 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑝 2
⇒𝑢= 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑦 + 𝑐2
2𝜇 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 ℎ2
boundary condition i.e. at y=±h ; u = 0 and at y=0; u = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 we get, 𝑐1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 = −
𝑑𝑥 2𝜇

𝑑𝑝 ℎ2 𝑦2
so, the flow profile becomes: ⇒𝑢=− 1− 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝜇 ℎ

19
Laminar flow between fixed parallel plates
get the expression of velocity profile.
u = u(y) 𝑑𝑝 ℎ2 𝑦2
y 2h 𝑢=− 1− 2
x u 𝑑𝑥 2𝜇 ℎ
flow is parabolic in nature, known as Poiseuille flow
velocity is maximum at the channel centre; at y = 0, u = umax
𝑑𝑝 ℎ2
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝜇

ℎ ℎ
volumetric flow rate, q, (for 𝑑𝑝 ℎ2 𝑦2
calculate
unit width in the z direction) 𝑞 = න 𝑢𝑑𝑦 = න − 𝑑𝑥 2𝜇 1 − ℎ2 𝑑𝑦
−ℎ −ℎ

20
21