Design Examples

MEAD March 2008

Richard Schreier
[email protected]

ANALOG DEVICES

R. SCHREIER

ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Catalog
1 2nd-Order Lowpass
Architecture: Single-bit, switched-capacitor Application: General-purpose, low-frequency ADC Architecture: Multi-bit switched-capacitor Application: Audio Architecture: (Multibit MOD2, pipeline) Cascade Application: Wideband communications Architecture: Single-loop with LC, Active-RC and switchedcapacitor resonators Application: High-dynamic-range radio receiver

5th-Order Lowpass

2-0 Cascade

6th-Order Bandpass

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1. MOD2
Specications
Parameter Bandwidth Sampling Frequency Signal-to-Noise Ratio Supply Voltage Symbol fB fs SNR VDD Value ~1 1 100 3 Units kHz MHz dB V

Assumptions
Single-bit switched-capacitor realization Input voltage range is 0-VDD (single-ended) Reference voltage is VDD Op-amp swing is 2 Vpp (differential)
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Toolbox Design
OSR = 500; H = synthesizeNTF(2,OSR,0,2); [snr amp] = simulateSNR(H,OSR); plot(amp,snr,'bd',amp,snr,'b-'); 120 100 Very high SQNR Quantization noise will be negligible. Maximum input signal 1 dBFS Lets not worry about instability.

SQNR (dB)

80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Input Amplitude (dB)

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Block Diagram & DR Scaling

U
b1

1 X1 z1
a1

c1

1 X2 z1
a2

form = 'CIFB'; [a,g,b,c] = realizeNTF(H,form); b(2:end) = 0; ABCD = stuffABCD(a,g,b,c,form); [ABCDs umax] = scaleABCD(ABCD); [a,g,b,c] = mapABCD(ABCDs,form);

Code yields a = [0.27, 0.24], b = [0.27], c = [0.34 5.1], umax = 0.9

Quantize to a1 = b1 = a2 = 1/4, c1 = 1/3 for convenience. 5

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Simulated Spectrum
0

STF PSD (dBFS/NBW)

20 40 60 80 100 120 NBW = 1.8x104 fs 0 0.25 0.5

NTF

(scaled)

Normalized Frequency (1 fs ) Coefcient change has negligible performance impact

Peak SQNR = 115 dB, H

= 2.2 .

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Simplied Schematic
2 1 1 2 1 x1 2 2 1 x2 L 2 1 D Q C v

Difference Equations x 1(n + 1) = x 1(n) + b 1 u(n) a 1 v(n) x 2(n + 1) = x 2(n) + c 1 x 1(n) a 2 v(n) v(n) = Q( x 2(n))

Timing
1 2
x1(n) x2(n)

x1(n+1)

x2(n+1) v(n)

Verify that the circuit follows the difference equations. Check the quantizer and feedback timing carefully!
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First Integrator
VDD VSS
1Vd 1Vd

C2

Vin

C1

1 2 2

Vx1
0, 1

1 2Vd

1 2Vd

VDD VSS

Vx1 = 2C1/C2(VinVDDvd) Homework: Verify timing & polarity

Want input (full-scale) range = [0,3] V and want op-amp swing = [1,+1] Vdifferential
x1 = Vx1/1 V, u = (Vin1.5 V)/1.5 V

C 1 C 2 = b 1 3 = 1 12
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Absolute Capacitor Values

Absolute capacitor values are determined by thermal noise considerations
Capacitor ratios are set by the desired dynamics.

For example, assume noise is purely kT/C noise

i.e. device noise is negligible.

Since thermal noise is white, we get a factor of OSR reduction in the in-band noise vn = 10 Vrms C1 = 83 fF C2 = 1 pF
These capacitor values are quite reasonable! C2 gets smaller if the output swing of the op-amp is increased. kT 1 2 i.e. v n = ----------- -----OSR C 1

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Second Integrator
VSS VDD
1 2Vd 2Vd

C 4C
2 1

12C

Vx1
1

1 2

Vx2

VDD 2Vd VSS 2Vd

Homework: Verify capacitor ratios 1 Hint: Vx2 = (4C/12C)Vx1 (C/12C) VDDv)

In-band noise of second integrator is greatly attenuated Capacitor sizes dictated by charge injection errors and desired ratio accuracy
10 ( OSR ) 3 By a factor of ------------------- 10 6 (approximately). 12 2

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Building Block Op Amp

VDD bias4

bias3 VON vocm bias1 1 1 2 2 2x VIP bias2 VIN VOP 2 2 1 1 vocm bias1

Folded-cascode op-amp with switched-capacitor common-mode feedback

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Op-Amp Specications
50% of T/2 = 0.25 s; Q max = C 1 VDD = 0.25 pC Islew = 1 A is sufcient T/2 = 10; = C 1 g m ; C1 = 0.1 pF gm = 2 A/V
Power consumption can be very low!

As a rule of thumb, Amin OSR for negligible SQNR reduction

Assumes that the op amps are linear and that the integrator gain factors are close to 1. SQNR margin can be traded for reduced op-amp gain requirements.

In this implementation, the integrator gain factors are 1/3 and 1/12, and the gain requirements are relaxed
For example, A = 40 dB is sufcient for 110 dB SQNR and the width of the deadband around 0 V is only 4 V if A = 40 dB.

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Building Block Latched Comparator

VDD V+ V S

2 R S

To DFF

R 2 VSS 2

Falling phase 2 initiates regenerative action

S and R connected to a Set/Reset latch

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Building Block Clock Generator

1 CLK * * * 2D 2 CLK 1 1D 2 2D * 1D

* = Delay Control
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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

2. MOD5
Specications
Parameter Signal Bandwidth Sampling Frequency Signal-to-Noise Ratio Supply Voltage Symbol fB fs SNR VDD Value 50 8 110 3 Units kHz MHz dB V

Assumptions
Single-bit switched-capacitor realization Input voltage range is 2 V (differential) Reference voltage is 2 V (differential) and Op amp swing is 4 Vpp (differential)
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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Toolbox Design
OSR = 8e6/(2*50e3); % OSR = 80 H = synthesizeNTF(5,OSR,1,1.5); amp = [-140:5:-15 -12 -10:0]; snr = simulateSNR(H,OSR,amp); plot(amp,snr,'bd',amp,snr,'b-'); 140 120 Very high peak SQNR Quantization noise will be negligible. Maximum input signal 4 dBFS Scale such that input range is 50% of full-scale.

SQNR (dB)

100 80 60 40 20 0 140 120 100 80 60 40 16 20 0

Input Amplitude (dB)

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

First Integrator
C1
VREFP VREFN

C2 C1 Vx1

Vin
VREFN VREFP

kT Input-referred differential noise power is P n = 8 -----C1 2 2 = 2 V2 Peak signal power is P s = ( 2 V ) 8kT SNR 110 dB SNR requires C 1 = ---------------------------- = 21 pF OSR P s
This is a big capacitor! 17

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Dynamic Range Scaling & Topology Selection

form = 'CRFB'; % or CRFF [a,g,b,c] = realizeNTF(H,form); b(2:end) = 0; % for CRFB only ABCD = stuffABCD(a,g,b,c,form); [ABCDs umax] = scaleABCD(ABCD); [a,g,b,c] = mapABCD(ABCDs,form);

form = CRFB yields b1 = 0.1, i.e. C2 = 10C1!

The integrating capacitor is VERY large!

form = CRFF yields b1 = 0.39, i.e. C2 = 2.5C1

The integrating capacitor is still large, but is more reasonable.

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Simulated Spectrum
10 dBFS input
0

STF

PSD (dBFS/NBW)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 4 10 105

SQNR = 122 dB

2 H(e 2if ) 2 -------------------------N

NBW = 370 Hz
106

Frequency (Hz) Used k derived from simulation to calculate true NTF

Need to set b6 = 1/k to maintain unity STF. 19

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Block Diagram
b6 c1, c2, g1 c3, c4, g2

u(n)

Integrator
b1 a1

Resonator
a2 a3

Resonator
a4 a5

v(n)

-g1 b1 1 z -1 x1(n) a1 c1 z x2(n+1) c 2 z -1 a2 1 z -1 x3(n) a3

Summation is usually performed by a single passive switched-capacitor network

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Timing Check
2 1 1 2 1 x1 2 2 1 x2 2 1 1 2 1 x5 S 1

Desired Difference Equations

Timing

x 1(n + 1) = x 1(n) + b 1 u(n) c 1 v(n) 2 1 2 1 2 x 2(n + 1) = c 2 x 1(n) + x 2(n) g 1 x 3(n) x1(n) x1(n+1) x 3(n + 1) = c 3 x 2(n + 1) + x 3(n) x2(n) x2(n+1) x 4(n + 1) = c 4 x 3(n) + x 4(n) g 2 x 5(n) x3(n) x3(n+1) x 5(n + 1) = c 5 x 4(n + 1) + x 5(n) y(n) = a 1 x 1(n) + a 2 x 2(n + 1) + a 3 x 3(n) x4(n) x4(n+1) + a 4 x 4(n + 1) + a 5 x 5(n) + b 6 u(n) x5(n) x5(n+1) y a(n) = ( a 1 + a 2 c 2 )x 1(n) + a 2 x 2(n) + ( a 3 a 2 g 1 + a 4 c 4 )x 3(n) y(n) + a 4 x 4(n) + ( a 5 a 4 g 2 )x 5(n) + b 6 u(n 1) v(n) v(n) = Q [ y(n) ] [ y a = y + b 6 ( u(n 1) u(n) ) STF a(z) = STF (z) ( 1 z 1 )NTF (z) ] 21

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Behavioral Schematic

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Impulse Response Verication

0 -.2 -.4 -.6 -.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 Time, s 23 .9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Expected Impulse Response Simulated Impulse Response

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Potential Improvements
Clock faster
Reduces modulator order. Reduces the size of all capacitors whose values are dictated by noise.

Use multi-bit quantization

Reduces modulator order. Increases b1 (after performing voltage scaling), thereby reducing total capacitor area.

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3. 2-0 Cascade
Specications
Parameter Bandwidth Sampling Frequency Signal-to-Noise Ratio Supply Voltage Symbol fB fs SNR VDD Value 1.25 20 90 5 Units MHz MHz dB V

Simplied Block Diagram

V1 U

5-bit MOD2

5 E1

Pipeline ADC
25

V2 7

(1z -1) 2

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ANALOG DEVICES, INC.

Toolbox Evaluation
BW = 1.25e6; Fs = 20e6; OSR = Fs/(2*BW); M = 32; nlev = M+1; nb = 7; kpipe = 2^nb; Ha = zpk([1 1],[0 0],1,1); amp = [-120:5:-15 -12:2:-6 -5:0]; sqnr = zeros(2,length(amp)); N = 8192; ftest = round(0.16/OSR*N); u1 = M*sin(2*pi*ftest/N*[0:N-1]); for i = 1:length(amp) [v1 junk1 junk2 y1] = simulateDSM(undbv(amp(i))*u1,Ha,nlev); v2 = ds_quantize(kpipe*(v1-y1),kpipe+1); v = v1 - filter([1 -2 1],1, v2/kpipe); spec1 = fft(v1.*hann(N))/(M*N/4); sqnr(1,i) = calculateSNR(spec1(1:ceil(N/2/OSR)),ftest); spec = fft(v.*ds_hann(N))/(M*N/4); sqnr(2,i) = calculateSNR(spec(1:ceil(N/2/OSR)),ftest); end plot(amp,sqnr(1,:),'m^','MarkerSize',10,'LineWidth',2); hold on; plot(amp,sqnr(1,:),'m--','LineWidth',3); plot(amp,sqnr(2,:),'bs','MarkerSize',10,'LineWidth',2); plot(amp,sqnr(2,:),'b-','LineWidth',3); figureMagic([-120 0],10,2, [0 120],10,2);

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Ideal SQNR Curve

120 100 Overall SQNR

SQNR (dB)

80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

40 dB

SQNR of MOD2

Input Amplitude (dB) Simulated peak SQNR = 105 dB

Again, there is a lot of margin, so quantization noise should be small. 27

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Gain Mismatch
(Capacitor Ratio Error)
v2 = ds_quantize(kpipe*(v1-y1)*(1+gain_mismatch),kpipe+1);

110

Peak SQNR (dB)

100

90 103

102

101

Gain Mismatch Need gain error < ~0.5%

Not a problem if moderately large capacitors are used. 28

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NTF Zero Error

(Due to Finite Op-Amp Gain)
Ha = zpk([1 1]*(1-1/gain),[0 0],1,1);

Peak SQNR (dB)

110

100

90 50

60

70

80

90

Op-Amp Gain (dB) Need op-amp gain > 65 dB

Again, not an unreasonable requirement. 29

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Block Diagram [Brooks 1997]

Vin

z z -1
DAC1 DAC2

1 z -1
5-b 5

16 3-b 3

4 3-b 3

4 4-b 4

Correction/Cancellation Logic Dout

Has 1 bit of overlap at each stage

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An Integrator Stage
Vip Vrefp
1 2b0 2b0 1 2b31 2b31 2b31 2b31 1 2b0 2b0 1

C1P,0 C2 C1P,31
2 1 1

Vx1

C1N,31

C1N,0
31

Vin

Vrefn

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4. Bandpass Modulator
Vin 3 MHz IF 300 kHz BW LO BP ADC 24 MHz CLK

Want high dynamic range (~90 dB) with low power consumption (~50 mW) Desire a continuous-time architecture for its inherent anti-aliasing properties Toolbox indicates we should use a 6th-order, 8-level modulator
Use a FB topology to get a clean STF. 32

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Simplied Architecture
LC Tank Feedback DAC More Resonators and Feedback DACs
Flash ADC

LO

IF

V-I Converter

ADC Front End

ADC Back End

LNA+Mixer

Bandpass ADC
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Features of the Architecture

The mixer output current is processed by passive components which yield gain without adding noise or distortion, and without consuming power
More front-end gain makes back-end noise less important.

The rst feedback DAC cancels the bulk of the in-band portion of the mixer output, effectively passing only a residue to the ADC backend
Large signal-handling capability is not compromised. Only the LNA, Mixer and ADC front end have to deal with the full dynamic range of the signal.

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Choices for the Second Resonator ?

FLASH

A second LC tank would require the least power, but would also need more pins Active-RC:2 mA for 50 nV/ Hz i.r. noise Switched-C:Estimate >10 mA for same i.r.n. gm-C:Tough to get linearity and stability Use Active-RC Tuning implemented with 8-bit capacitor arrays
2:1 tuning range, regardless of process. 35

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Choices for the Third Resonator ?

3-bit

Active-RC:Q and drift are uncertain; might need a fourth resonator Switched-C:Q is high (>100) and drift is low Use Switched-C Consumes 1 mA and has an i.r.n of 300 nV/ Hz .

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SC Resonator
9C 1 7C 2 2 1 2 3C 1 1 2 4C

1 2

f0 1 73 ----- = acos 1 -- --------- = 0.1247 2 9 4 fs

7C

Center frequency is set by capacitor ratios

LDI structure guarantees pole on unit circle ( A = ).

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AGC
For a 18 dBm input, the mixer output is 2 mApp, so DAC1 needs to sink 2 mA Power consumption can be reduced at low signal levels (the usual case) by reducing DAC1s full-scale
Reduces the FS of the ADC and thus gives the ADC more gain.

Lowering DAC1s full-scale also reduces the output current noise of the DAC
Includes mismatch-induced and dynamic errors as well as thermal noise.

Placing a variable-gain element after the LC tank compensates for the reduced signal level and also saves current by minimizing the i.r.n. of the ADCs backend
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Full ADC
External LC Tank Tunable Elements fCLK = 13-26 MHz RC Reson. SC Reson. 9-level Flash

LO

DAC1

ESL To Decimation Filter

IFIN 10-300 MHz LNA

V-I Converter

Full-Scale Adjust

Achieves NF = 8 dB and IIP3 = 0 dBm with P = 50 mW

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Noise vs. AGC

150 kHz BW
(dB relative to a 370-ohm resistor) 15

Noise Density

10

Total
LNA/Mixer

1M DAC
30

RC atch ism

erm DAC1 Th

al
Q tiz uan

atio

28

26

24

22

C Sckend a B 20 18

Full-Scale (dBm)
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Spectrum of Undecimated Output

fCLK = 18 MHz
0 20 2dBFS Output fCLK = 18 MHz IF = 73.35 MHz

dBFS/NBW

40 60 80 100 0

Measured PSD Theoretical PSD NBW = 3.3kHz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Frequency (MHz)
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Spectrum of Decimated Output

BW = 270.833 kHz
0 20 fCLK = 26 MHz Dec-by-48

dBFS/NBW

40 60 80 No signal INF = 87 dBFS 18 dBm input @ 103.25 MHz + 25 kHz 1 dBFS output INF = -83 dBFS

100 120 140 270 180 90 0 90 NBW=200 Hz 180 270

Frequency Offset (kHz)

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Spectrum of Decimated Output

BW = 15 kHz, 24-bit data
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 15 10 5 43 0 5 NBW=11 Hz 10 15 No signal INF = 104 dBFS fCLK = 26 MHz dec-by-900 17 dBm input @ 103.25 MHz + 1 kHz 0.5 dBFS output INF = -95 dBFS

dBFS/NBW

Frequency Offset (kHz)

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Measured SNR
fIF = 273 MHz, fLO = 269 MHz, fCLK = 32 MHz
100 90 80 OSR =900

SNR (dB)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -110 -90 -70 -50 AGC range -30 -10 OSR =48

P in (dBm)
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Summary
Design MOD2 MOD5 2-0 Cascade OSR DR (dB) 500 80 8 100 110 90 Lessons
High OSR is helpful. can yield a very robust design. FF topology has lower cap. area than FB. Multi-bit quantization is needed to get high SNR at low OSR. Must be watchful of gain mismatch and NTF zero error in a cascaded system. An LC tank enables a power-efcient bandpass Mixer+ADC. The loop lter can use both continuoustime and discrete-time resonators.

CT BP (LC)

48

85

Many design choices: /, single-loop/multi-loop, single-bit/multi-bit, lowpass/bandpass, discrete-time/ continuous-time, real/quadrature

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