Art Is used in any varied ways.

It covers those overlapping strokes with each hardness of

areas of artistic creativity that seek to lead of pencils.
communicate beauty primarily through the • a quality or a value of light and dark of a
senses and its embraces the visual arts, certain shade or tone.
literature, music and dance. • refers to the lightness and darkness of a
ART- derived from the Latin word ‘ars’- which color.
means ability or skill. Tint- white is added to the color to make it
Elements lighter.
Line- A form with width and length but no Shade- black is added to the color to make it
depth. Artist use lines to create edges, the darker
outline of objects. The direction of a line can Tone- grey is added to make it duller
convey mood.
Value – this is sometimes called shade, tone Three properties of color- Hue, value,
or the dark and light, the lightness or intensity
darkness of a color or of an object. 1. Hue, which is the name of the colors
Black and white are the strong contrast • primary hue- yellow, red and blue
value. Transition of tones is accomplishedby • secondary colors are made mixing two
overlapping strokes with each hardness of primaries
lead of pencils. • intermediate colors are mixtures of a
Value Scale - Beneath are the five of the nine primary and adjacent secondary color.
tones in value scale. Practice these five tones 2. The second is property is Value, which
to create ordinary drawings into works of refers to the lightness or darkness of hue
greater essence and intensity. 3. The third property is intensity, which refers
Shape- defined as an area out from the space to the purity of the hue also known as
next to or around it due to a defined or "Chroma"
implied boundary. It is formed when a line
encloses an area shapes has two Texture refers to the surface quality, both
dimensions, length and width and can be simulated and actual of artwork
geometric or free form. Principles of art
Forms- describes volumes and mass or the Balance- Equalizing visual forces or elements
3D aspects of objects that take up space. in an artwork
-Forms can and should be viewed from any Emphasis- When one part of an artwork is
angles. (curves, angles, identations and dominant over other parts
edges) Use to create a strong difference in one part
Space- can be empty or filled with objects. It of the artwork compared to other parts.
has width, height and depth. Space that
appears three dimensional in a 2D painting is Unity - The sense of oneness or wholeness in
an illusion that creates a feeling of actual an artwork. Created by having objects in an
depth artwork that use similar elements of art to
Value- this is sometimes called shade, tone create oneness.
or the dark and light, the lightness or
darkness of a color or of an object. VARIETY/ REPETITION- Concerned with
Black and white are the strong contrast difference or contrast. Variety often shows
value. Transition of tones is accomplished by
the differences between similar objects. adds • often associated with fire, the sun, and
interest to an artwork. heat
Tessellations- an arrangement of shapes that • They can make an area feel closer and
fit together in a repeated pattern without more intimate and create a sense of
gaps. energy or excitement
PERSPECTIVE- enables artists to add the Primary colors- these are basic colors that
illusion of depth to a painting or drawing. can be mixed together to produce other
PROPORTION- refers to the different sizes of colors
the individual parts that make up one object. Secondary colors - color combinations
Harmony- Creates unity by stressing created by the equal mixture of two primary
similarities of separate but related parts of an colors
artwork. Tertiary colors- colors made by combining a
RHYTHM/ MOVEMENT- The repetition of the secondary color with a primary color
elements of art and pattern. Made when
something in the artwork repeats itself to RGB- primarily used for television or
create a pattern. websites. Essentially an additive color model
"ROYGBIV" is a mnemonic device to that uses primary colors with light to make
remember the order of colors in a rainbow: the colors brighter.
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and
Violet CMYK- widely used for printed advertising
The scientific basis for the colors in a rainbow such as brochures, posters, business cards,
and the visible spectrum was established by etc.
Isaac Newton through his experiments with - a subtractive color model taken from
prisms, where he demonstrated that white natural white light to produce
light is composed of a spectrum of colors. different color pigments or dyes.

Color spectrum- the range of colors that the Color harmony- the concept in color theory
human eye can see, from longest to shortest that uses geometric relationships to identify
wavelength. harmonious color combinations
Color wheel- an arrangement of all colors on
the spectrum based on their relationships, Monochromatic
and it's useful in creating harmonious color • Three shades, tones and tints
schemes of one base color
Cool colors • Provides a subtle and conservative
• Cool colors- hues that give the feeling color combination.
of coolness (blue, green, and pale • versatile color combination that is easy
purple) to apply to design projects for a
• often associated with water, grass, and harmonious look.
sky
• create a sense of distance and make an Complementary- Two colors that are on
area appear further away. opposite sides of the color wheel. provides a
Warm colors high contrast and high impact color
• hues that give the feeling of warmth combination – together, these colors will
(red, orange, and yellow) appear brighter and more prominent.
Split Complementary- Split Complementary 4. Broken Lines – line consisting a sharp line
color harmony uses two colors plus the color forming a zigzag.
that is opposite to them on the color wheel. 5. Parallel Lines – lines that never meet and
equal distance from each other.
Analogous- Three colors that are side by side 6. Intersection Lines – Lines forming straight
on the color wheel. versatile, but can be angles.
overwhelming. To balance an analogous color
scheme, choose one dominant color, and use CLASSIFICATION OF LINES (According to
the others as accents. Position)
Triadic- Three colors that are evenly spaced 1. Vertical Lines – a straight line drawn at
on the color wheel. right angle or perpendicular to a horizontal.
- Provides a high contrast color scheme, but 2. Horizontal Line – a straight line lying or
less so than the complementary color draw parallel to the horizon.
combination — making it more versatile. 3. Inclined or Diagonal Line – a straight line
creates bold, vibrant color palettes. which is neither horizontal nor vertical,
Tetradic- uses a combination of four colors leaning lines.
that consist of two sets of complementary
colors.(purple and blue green plus yellow Pencil
green and red) Pencils – Lead or gray lead pencils are made
These colors form a rectangle on the color from a mixture of clay and powdered graphite
wheel. The colors on the short side of the that is extruded into sticks, fired and encased
rectangle are spaced one color apart. in timber. The grades of pencils range from
Square- uses a combination of four colors hard, soft and medium.
equally spaced around the color wheel. a. Hard pencils H to 9H
Yellow – the color of sunshine b. Soft pencils B to 9B
Green – the color of nature c. Medium HB
Blue- color of sky and sea H stands for "Hard.“ Pencils with an "H" grade
White- It is considered the color of have a harder graphite core, which leaves
perfection. White means safety, purity, and lighter marks on paper. The higher the
cleanliness. number before the "H" (e.g., 2H, 4H), the
harder the pencil and the lighter the mark.
1. Straight Line – a line drawn continuously in
a fixed direction throughout the length, the B stands for "Black.“ Pencils with a "B" grade
shortest distance or points. have a softer graphite core, which leaves
2. Curved Line – line drawn continuously in darker marks. The higher the number before
changing direction such that no part of it is the "B" (e.g., 2B, 6B), the softer the pencil
straight. There are two types of curved lines. and the darker the mark.
a. Regular curved lines – a line
whose degree of curvature is uniform. Pencil Points
b. Irregular curved lines – is one a. Conical or Sharp Point – can be used for
having no uniform curvature. fine lines, sharp accent, hatching
3. Mixed Lines – a line made of straight and and thick and thin lines.
curved lines. b. Round Point – can be used for normal
strokes and general shading.
c. Elliptical or Blunt Point – can be used for Ancient Greeks - transformed the letters into
mass shading broad strokes, glazing and Boustrophedon writing
thick and thin lines. Boustrophedon writing - a style of writing in
Guidelines in LETTERING which alternate lines of writing are reversed,
Top/Cap Line - It shows the limit or height of with letters also written in reverse, mirror-
the letters style.
Base line- it shows where the letter rest The reign of Charlemagne lower case letters
Waist line- it shows the body of the letters was introduced. They called it the
Drop line- it shows the descender of the Carolinians letters
letters LETTERING - the art of drawing letters by
hand. It is studied by the two general two
Proportion of Letters classes of people; those who will use letters
Normal - Letters are used when the space is and words to convey information for drawing
ample such as engineers and architects who are
Compressed/Condensed - Letters are used concerned mainly with legibility and speed,
when the space is narrow. and those who will use letters in applying
Expanded - Letters are used when the space design such as artist and craftsman,
is wide. concerned with beauty of form and
composition.
Proportion of Normal Letters The Single Stroke Gothic alphabet is the
I – The narrowest and the foundation stroke of accepted lettering standard used in most
all letters. drawing or drafting classes.
W- The widest letter. ROMAN LETTERS – Letters having accented
O Q M – The second widest letters. strokes or consisting of heavy and light or
A C D G K U X Y – The third widest letters thick lines. This usually drawn using style C or
while others are of average width. D speedball pen.
1. Extended Letters – these letters are TEXT LETTERS – These includes all styles of
wider than the normal letters and are Old English. This style is often used on
used when the diplomas and certificates.
available space is wider. ITALIC LETTERS – All slanted letters are
2. Normal Letters – letters are used when classified as italic either Roman or gothic.
the space is ample. They are neither too This is drawn with the use of style C or D
narrow nor too wide. speedball pen.
3. Condensed Letters – these letters are TYPO SCRIPT – Letters commonly used in
narrower than normal letters. They are also wedding invitations, diplomas, certificates
used when the space is narrower than the and Christmas cards.
normal letters.
THE RULE OF STABILITY
Origin of Letters These rules may be stated as follows:
Ancient Egyptian - invented the The upper portion of some letters &
Hieroglyphics letters (Picture Writing). numbers should be lower than their lower
Ancient Phoenician - Named the letters as portion so that they will be stable. This rules
Cuneiform or Wedge shape apply to the capital letters B,E,H,K,S & X, &
Cuneus means wedge numbers 3,5 & 8 is based upon the optical
illusions seen in the vertical rectangle with Hidden lines used to indicate edges not
the middle horizontal lines drawn across . visible from view, are the same weight as
Some modern fancy letters show violations of object lines.
these rules. They are made so for the sake of Dimension lines are used to indicate the
various variety and novelty of the letters. dimension figure. A break is made, usually in
the center, to show the dimension.
Spacing of Letters Extension lines are the same weight as
There are no such thing as correct spacing of dimension lines. These lines indicate points
letters because this is relative to the weight of from which the dimensions are given.
the letters & the overall density of the text. Center lines are sharp dark lines composed
There are a few rules that provide basic of alternate long (3/4 in. to 1 ½ in.) and short
reference points for spacing. (1/8 in.) dashes with space (1/16 in.) between
1. Visual Spacing or Optical Spacing – The each. These lines are drawn about the same
letters are spaced unequally but the space weight as dimension or extension lines and
appear equal as the viewer looks at the are used to locate centers of symmetrical
printed materials. object.
2. Mechanical Spacing – The spacing Cutting plane lines are used to show where
between letters are equal, but as the words or an object has been cut in order to show the
phrases being printed are viewed, the spacing inside features.
appear unequal. Section lines are used when drawing the
3. Spacing Between Words – Simple inside features of an object. They indicate
standard measure for spacing between words materials cut by the cutting plane line and
written in lower case letters is the width of also indicate the general classification of
the letter n while for capital letters must often materials.
used is O. Leader line a line that connects a data label
to a data point, or points to an area of a
Alphabet of Lines drawing that needs an explanation.
Drawings are made up by combining these Phantom lines are long-short-short-long
simple shapes and geometric forms – lines most often used to show the travel or
alphabet of lines is composed of line weights movement of an object or a part in alternate
or thickness, forms and uses. positions. It can also be used to show
The Construction Lines is used to layout adjacent objects or features.
drawings, these lines are drawn very lightly Break lines used to shorten the
using a sharp conical pointed pencil. representation of long objects without losing
The Boarder Line is the heaviest weight line detail.
used in sketching. First draw light Short break lines are thick, wavy solid lines
construction lines as a guide, then go over that are drawn freehand
these construction lines with a heavy round Long break lines are thin solid lines that have
pointed pencil to produce the boarder line. zigzags to indicate a break.
The Object Line is a heavy weight line, but
slightly less in thickness in the border line. Perspective drawing is a pictorial view seen
The object line is used to indicate visible by observer’s eye.
edges. Also known as Visible Line - Focus on depth and space of the
object
It intends to represent the actual three- Orthographic Drawing- is a 2D
dimensional characteristic of an object from representation of a 3D object.
a given point and a subject less of personal It typically involves multiple views (e.g., front,
and artistic interpretation than of a scientific top, side) of the object to show all dimensions
determination. and features accurately.
This drawing method is essential for technical
Components of perspective drawing work like blueprints, as it allows precise
1. Picture Plane (PP) – This is an imaginary measurements and provides a clear
vertical plane where the figure is registered. understanding of the object.
2. Ground Line (GL) – This is where the actual
object is laid. Isometric Drawing- is a type of 3D drawing,
3. Station Point (SP) – This is the fixed where the object is tilted so that its three
position where the object is actually viewed. principal axes are equally inclined to the
4. Visual Rays (VR) – These are imaginary plane of projection (typically 120° apart).
lines projecting from the observer to the It shows the object in a pseudo-3D view,
figure passing through the picture plane. They giving a sense of depth and volume without
are sometimes called receding lines. using perspective distortion.
5. Horizon (H) – This is the point where the This method is often used for visualizing
figure appears horizontally at eye level. products, architectural designs, and
6. Vanishing Point (VP) – This is the point engineering models.
where all the receding lines meet in a
perspective figure.

Various Position Perspective Drawing

• Worm’s eye view
• Above eye level
• Horizon
• Below eye level
• Bird’s eye view
One point perspective/ linear perspective-
One-point perspective focuses on a single
vanishing point on the horizon line. It's great
for scenes like hallways or roads that appear
to stretch into the distance.
Two-point perspective/ angular
perspective uses two vanishing points and
is often employed to draw objects or
buildings at an angle.
Three-point perspective / oblique
perspective adds a third vanishing point
(often above or below), creating more
dramatic views, like looking up at a
skyscraper or down from a tall height.