MA 101 - CALCULUS

Tutorial - 10

Department of Mathematics
IIT Ropar

February 18, 2022

Problem 2(a)

Question
Find the local maxima, minima and saddle points of the following functions:
(a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 2 / 14

Problem 2(a)

Question
Find the local maxima, minima and saddle points of the following functions:
(a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 2 / 14

Problem 2(a)

Question
Find the local maxima, minima and saddle points of the following functions:
(a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + y + 3 = 0 and fy = x + 2y − 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = −3, y = 3.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 2 / 14

Problem 2(a)

Question
Find the local maxima, minima and saddle points of the following functions:
(a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + y + 3 = 0 and fy = x + 2y − 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = −3, y = 3. Therefore, critical point is (−3, 3).

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 2 / 14

Problem 2(a)

Question
Find the local maxima, minima and saddle points of the following functions:
(a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + y + 3 = 0 and fy = x + 2y − 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = −3, y = 3. Therefore, critical point is (−3, 3).
Now fxx (−3, 3) = 2, fyy (−3, 3) = 2, fxy (−3, 3) = 1.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 2 / 14

Problem 2(a)

Question
Find the local maxima, minima and saddle points of the following functions:
(a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + y + 3 = 0 and fy = x + 2y − 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = −3, y = 3. Therefore, critical point is (−3, 3).
Now fxx (−3, 3) = 2, fyy (−3, 3) = 2, fxy (−3, 3) = 1.
Applying second derivative test,
fxx fyy − fxy2 = 3 > 0 at (−3, 3).
Also, fxx > 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 2 / 14

Problem 2(a)

Question
Find the local maxima, minima and saddle points of the following functions:
(a) f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + y + 3 = 0 and fy = x + 2y − 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = −3, y = 3. Therefore, critical point is (−3, 3).
Now fxx (−3, 3) = 2, fyy (−3, 3) = 2, fxy (−3, 3) = 1.
Applying second derivative test,
fxx fyy − fxy2 = 3 > 0 at (−3, 3).
Also, fxx > 0.
∴ f has a local minimum at (−3, 3) and f (−3, 3) = −5.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 2 / 14

Problem 2(b)

Question
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 − 6x + 3y − 6

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 3 / 14

Problem 2(b)

Question
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 − 6x + 3y − 6
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 3 / 14

Problem 2(b)

Question
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 − 6x + 3y − 6
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + 3y − 6 = 0 and fy = 3x + 6y + 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = 15, y = −8.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 3 / 14

Problem 2(b)

Question
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 − 6x + 3y − 6
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + 3y − 6 = 0 and fy = 3x + 6y + 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = 15, y = −8. Therefore, critical point is (15, −8).

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 3 / 14

Problem 2(b)

Question
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 − 6x + 3y − 6
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + 3y − 6 = 0 and fy = 3x + 6y + 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = 15, y = −8. Therefore, critical point is (15, −8).
Now fxx (15, −8) = 2, fyy (15, −8) = 6, fxy (15, −8) = 3.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 3 / 14

Problem 2(b)

Question
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 − 6x + 3y − 6
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + 3y − 6 = 0 and fy = 3x + 6y + 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = 15, y = −8. Therefore, critical point is (15, −8).
Now fxx (15, −8) = 2, fyy (15, −8) = 6, fxy (15, −8) = 3.
Applying second derivative test,
fxx fyy − fxy2 = 3 > 0 at (15, −8).
Also, fxx > 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 3 / 14

Problem 2(b)

Question
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 − 6x + 3y − 6
Solution
Critical points are solutions of fx = 0 and fy = 0.
fx = 2x + 3y − 6 = 0 and fy = 3x + 6y + 3 = 0.
Solving these gives x = 15, y = −8. Therefore, critical point is (15, −8).
Now fxx (15, −8) = 2, fyy (15, −8) = 6, fxy (15, −8) = 3.
Applying second derivative test,
fxx fyy − fxy2 = 3 > 0 at (15, −8).
Also, fxx > 0.
∴ f has a local minimum at (15, −8) and f (15, −8) = −63.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 3 / 14

Problem 3(b)
Question
Find the absolute maxima and minima of the functions on the given domain:
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 − xy + y 2 + 1 on the closed triangular plane bounded by
the lines x = 0, y = 4, y = x in the first quadrant.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 4 / 14

Problem 3(b)
Question
Find the absolute maxima and minima of the functions on the given domain:
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 − xy + y 2 + 1 on the closed triangular plane bounded by
the lines x = 0, y = 4, y = x in the first quadrant.
Solution

Interior Points
fx = 0 =⇒ 2x − y = 0 =⇒ y = 2x.
fy = 0 =⇒ −x − 2y = 0 =⇒ x = −2y .

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 4 / 14

Problem 3(b)
Question
Find the absolute maxima and minima of the functions on the given domain:
(b) f (x, y ) = x 2 − xy + y 2 + 1 on the closed triangular plane bounded by
the lines x = 0, y = 4, y = x in the first quadrant.
Solution

Interior Points
fx = 0 =⇒ 2x − y = 0 =⇒ y = 2x.
fy = 0 =⇒ −x − 2y = 0 =⇒ x = −2y .
Critical point is (0, 0) which is not an interior
point. A
Y=4
B
Boundary points
(i) on OA: f (0, y ) = y 2 + 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4.

X=0
f 0 (0, y ) = 0 =⇒ 2y = 0 =⇒ y = 0
f (0, 0) = 1, f (0, 4) = 17.
O

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 4 / 14

Problem 3(b) continued
Solution
(ii) on AB: f (x, y ) = f (x, 4) = x 2 − 4x + 17+, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 5 / 14

Problem 3(b) continued
Solution
(ii) on AB: f (x, y ) = f (x, 4) = x 2 − 4x + 17+, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
f 0 (x, 4) = 0 =⇒ 2x − 4 = 0 =⇒ x = 2

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 5 / 14

Problem 3(b) continued
Solution
(ii) on AB: f (x, y ) = f (x, 4) = x 2 − 4x + 17+, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
f 0 (x, 4) = 0 =⇒ 2x − 4 = 0 =⇒ x = 2
f (2, 4) = 13, f (4, 4) = f (0, 4) = 17.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 5 / 14

Problem 3(b) continued
Solution
(ii) on AB: f (x, y ) = f (x, 4) = x 2 − 4x + 17+, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
f 0 (x, 4) = 0 =⇒ 2x − 4 = 0 =⇒ x = 2
f (2, 4) = 13, f (4, 4) = f (0, 4) = 17.

(iii) on OB, f (x, y ) = f (x, x) = x 2 + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 5 / 14

Problem 3(b) continued
Solution
(ii) on AB: f (x, y ) = f (x, 4) = x 2 − 4x + 17+, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
f 0 (x, 4) = 0 =⇒ 2x − 4 = 0 =⇒ x = 2
f (2, 4) = 13, f (4, 4) = f (0, 4) = 17.

(iii) on OB, f (x, y ) = f (x, x) = x 2 + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4

f 0 (x, x) = 0 =⇒ 2x = 0 =⇒ x = 0.
f (0, 0) = 1.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 5 / 14

Problem 3(b) continued
Solution
(ii) on AB: f (x, y ) = f (x, 4) = x 2 − 4x + 17+, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
f 0 (x, 4) = 0 =⇒ 2x − 4 = 0 =⇒ x = 2
f (2, 4) = 13, f (4, 4) = f (0, 4) = 17.

(iii) on OB, f (x, y ) = f (x, x) = x 2 + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4

f 0 (x, x) = 0 =⇒ 2x = 0 =⇒ x = 0.
f (0, 0) = 1.
∴ Absolute max=17 at (0, 4) and (4, 4).
Absolute min=1 at (0, 0).

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 5 / 14

Problem 3(b) continued
Solution
(ii) on AB: f (x, y ) = f (x, 4) = x 2 − 4x + 17+, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
f 0 (x, 4) = 0 =⇒ 2x − 4 = 0 =⇒ x = 2
f (2, 4) = 13, f (4, 4) = f (0, 4) = 17.

(iii) on OB, f (x, y ) = f (x, x) = x 2 + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4

f 0 (x, x) = 0 =⇒ 2x = 0 =⇒ x = 0.
f (0, 0) = 1.
∴ Absolute max=17 at (0, 4) and (4, 4).
Absolute min=1 at (0, 0).

Note: if f (x, y ) is differentiable the only places where f can assume

maxima/ minima are interior points where fx = fy = 0 and boundary
points.

Part 3(a) can be done similarly.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 5 / 14

Problem 4

Question
Find the maximum of the value sin(A)sin(B)sin(C ), if A, B, C are the
angles of the triangle.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 6 / 14

Problem 4

Question
Find the maximum of the value sin(A)sin(B)sin(C ), if A, B, C are the
angles of the triangle.
Solution
Given A + B + C = 180◦ =⇒ C = 180◦ − A − B.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 6 / 14

Problem 4

Question
Find the maximum of the value sin(A)sin(B)sin(C ), if A, B, C are the
angles of the triangle.
Solution
Given A + B + C = 180◦ =⇒ C = 180◦ − A − B.
Take A = x, B = y , C = 180◦ − x − y .
f (x, y ) = sin(x)sin(y )sin(x + y ).

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 6 / 14

Problem 4

Question
Find the maximum of the value sin(A)sin(B)sin(C ), if A, B, C are the
angles of the triangle.
Solution
Given A + B + C = 180◦ =⇒ C = 180◦ − A − B.
Take A = x, B = y , C = 180◦ − x − y .
f (x, y ) = sin(x)sin(y )sin(x + y ).

fx = 0 =⇒ sin(y )[sin(x)cos(x + y ) + cos(x)sin(x + y ) = 0

=⇒ sin(x)sin(2x + y ) = 0 = sin(180◦ ).
fy = 0 =⇒ sin(x)sin(x + 2y ) = 0 = sin(180◦ ).
Solving x + 2y = 0 and 2x + y = 0, we get x = y = 60◦

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 6 / 14

Problem 4 continued

Solution
√
fxx = 2sin(y )cos(2x + y ) = −√3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fyy = 2sin(x)cos(x + 2y )√= − 3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fxy = sin(2(x + y )) = − 23 at (60◦ , 60◦ )

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 7 / 14

Problem 4 continued

Solution
√
fxx = 2sin(y )cos(2x + y ) = −√3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fyy = 2sin(x)cos(x + 2y )√= − 3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fxy = sin(2(x + y )) = − 23 at (60◦ , 60◦ )

D(60◦ , 60◦ ) = [fxx fyy − fxy2 ](60◦ , 60◦ ) = 9

4 > 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 7 / 14

Problem 4 continued

Solution
√
fxx = 2sin(y )cos(2x + y ) = −√3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fyy = 2sin(x)cos(x + 2y )√= − 3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fxy = sin(2(x + y )) = − 23 at (60◦ , 60◦ )

D(60◦ , 60◦ ) = [fxx fyy − fxy2 ](60◦ , 60◦ ) = 9

4 > 0.
Also, fxx < 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 7 / 14

Problem 4 continued

Solution
√
fxx = 2sin(y )cos(2x + y ) = −√3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fyy = 2sin(x)cos(x + 2y )√= − 3 at (60◦ , 60◦ )
fxy = sin(2(x + y )) = − 23 at (60◦ , 60◦ )

D(60◦ , 60◦ ) = [fxx fyy − fxy2 ](60◦ , 60◦ ) = 49 > 0.

Also, fxx < 0.
This mean relative maximum at (60◦ , 60◦ ) with value √
sin(x)sin(y )sin(180◦ − x − y ) = sin(60◦ )sin(60◦ )sin(60◦ ) = 3 3/8

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 7 / 14

Problem 5

Question
Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, find the greatest and smallest
2 2
values that the function f (x, y ) = xy takes on the ellipse x8 + y2 = 1.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 8 / 14

Problem 5

Question
Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, find the greatest and smallest
2 2
values that the function f (x, y ) = xy takes on the ellipse x8 + y2 = 1.
Solution
x2 y2
Here, g (x, y ) = 8 + 2 − 1.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 8 / 14

Problem 5

Question
Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, find the greatest and smallest
2 2
values that the function f (x, y ) = xy takes on the ellipse x8 + y2 = 1.
Solution
2 2
Here, g (x, y ) = x8 + y2 − 1.
Using ∇f = λ∇g ,
=⇒ (y , x) = (λ/4, λ)

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 8 / 14

Problem 5

Question
Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, find the greatest and smallest
2 2
values that the function f (x, y ) = xy takes on the ellipse x8 + y2 = 1.
Solution
2 2
Here, g (x, y ) = x8 + y2 − 1.
Using ∇f = λ∇g ,
=⇒ (y , x) = (λ/4, λ)
=⇒ y = x4 λ and x = λy
2
=⇒ y = λ4y
=⇒ y = 0 or λ = ±2.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 8 / 14

Problem 5 continued

Solution
Case 1: If y = 0 =⇒ x = y = 0 as x = λy , But (0, 0) does not satisfy
g (x, y ) = 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 9 / 14

Problem 5 continued

Solution
Case 1: If y = 0 =⇒ x = y = 0 as x = λy , But (0, 0) does not satisfy
g (x, y ) = 0.
Case 2: If y 6= 0, then λ = ±2 and x = ±2y .

Substituting this in g (x, y ) = 0 gives

(±2y )2 2
8 + y2 = 1 =⇒ y = ±1.
So, f (x, y ) takes it’s extreme values on the ellipse at the four corner points,
(±2, 1) and (±2, −1).
The extreme values are ±2.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 9 / 14

Problem 6

Question
Rb
Find the numbers a and b with a ≤ b such that a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) has
it’s largest value.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 10 / 14

Problem 6

Question
Rb
Find the numbers a and b with a ≤ b such that a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) has
it’s largest value.
Solution
Using
R x Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus,
d
dx a f (t)dt = f (x)

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 10 / 14

Problem 6

Question
Rb
Find the numbers a and b with a ≤ b such that a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) has
it’s largest value.
Solution
Using
R x Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus,
d
dx a f (t)dt = f (x)
Rb ∂F ∂F
Let F (a, b) = a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) For critical points ∂a = 0 and ∂b = 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 10 / 14

Problem 6

Question
Rb
Find the numbers a and b with a ≤ b such that a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) has
it’s largest value.
Solution
Using
R x Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus,
d
dx a f (t)dt = f (x)
Rb ∂F ∂F
Let F (a, b) = a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) For critical points ∂a = 0 and ∂b = 0.
∂F 2 1/3 = 0
∂a = 0 =⇒ −(24 − 2a − a )
=⇒ a = 4, −6 and

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 10 / 14

Problem 6

Question
Rb
Find the numbers a and b with a ≤ b such that a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) has
it’s largest value.
Solution
Using
R x Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus,
d
dx a f (t)dt = f (x)
Rb ∂F ∂F
Let F (a, b) = a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) For critical points ∂a = 0 and ∂b = 0.
∂F 2 1/3 = 0
∂a = 0 =⇒ −(24 − 2a − a )
=⇒ a = 4, −6 and
∂F 2 1/3 = 0
∂b = 0 =⇒ (24 − 2b − b )
=⇒ b = 4, −6.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 10 / 14

Problem 6

Question
Rb
Find the numbers a and b with a ≤ b such that a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) has
it’s largest value.
Solution
Using
R x Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus,
d
dx a f (t)dt = f (x)
Rb ∂F ∂F
Let F (a, b) = a (24 − 2x − x 2 )(1/3) For critical points ∂a = 0 and ∂b = 0.
∂F 2 1/3 = 0
∂a = 0 =⇒ −(24 − 2a − a )
=⇒ a = 4, −6 and
∂F 2 1/3 = 0
∂b = 0 =⇒ (24 − 2b − b )
=⇒ b = 4, −6.
As a ≤ b, a = −6 and b = 4 is the solution.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 10 / 14

Problem 7
Question
Find the minimum distance from
(a) the origin to a point on the plane x + 3y − z = 6.
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 11 / 14

Problem 7
Question
Find the minimum distance from
(a) the origin to a point on the plane x + 3y − z = 6.
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2.
Substituting z = x + 3y − 6, we have the problem of minimizing
f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + (x + 3y − 6)2
=⇒ f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 10y 2 + 6xy − 12x − 36y + 36.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 11 / 14

Problem 7
Question
Find the minimum distance from
(a) the origin to a point on the plane x + 3y − z = 6.
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2.
Substituting z = x + 3y − 6, we have the problem of minimizing
f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + (x + 3y − 6)2
=⇒ f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 10y 2 + 6xy − 12x − 36y + 36.
Now, fx = 4x + 6y − 12 and fy = 20y + 6x − 36.
Solving fx = 0 and fy = 0, we have
2x + 3y − 6 = 0 and 10y + 3x − 18 = 0,
6
=⇒ x = 11 and y = 18
11 .

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 11 / 14

Problem 7
Question
Find the minimum distance from
(a) the origin to a point on the plane x + 3y − z = 6.
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2.
Substituting z = x + 3y − 6, we have the problem of minimizing
f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + (x + 3y − 6)2
=⇒ f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 10y 2 + 6xy − 12x − 36y + 36.
Now, fx = 4x + 6y − 12 and fy = 20y + 6x − 36.
Solving fx = 0 and fy = 0, we have
2x + 3y − 6 = 0 and 10y + 3x − 18 = 0,
6
=⇒ x = 11 and y = 18
11 .
6 18


Therefore, the critical point is 11 , 11 .

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 11 / 14

Problem 7 continued

fxx = 4, fyy = 20, fxy = 0

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 12 / 14

Problem 7 continued

fxx = 4, fyy = 20, fxy = 0

As, fxx fyy − fxy2 = 80 > 0 and fxx = 4 > 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 12 / 14

Problem 7 continued

fxx = 4, fyy = 20, fxy = 0

As, fxx fyy − fxy2 = 80 > 0 and fxx = 4 > 0.
6 18 36


11 , 11 is a point which gives minimum distance, and the distance is d = 11

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 12 / 14

Problem 7 (b)

Question
(b) point (1, 2, 0) to the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 .
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + z 2 .

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 13 / 14

Problem 7 (b)

Question
(b) point (1, 2, 0) to the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 .
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + z 2 .
Substituting z 2 = x 2 + y 2 , we have the problem of minimizing
f (x, y ) = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + (x 2 + y 2 )2
=⇒ f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 2y 2 − 2x − 4y + 5.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 13 / 14

Problem 7 (b)

Question
(b) point (1, 2, 0) to the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 .
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + z 2 .
Substituting z 2 = x 2 + y 2 , we have the problem of minimizing
f (x, y ) = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + (x 2 + y 2 )2
=⇒ f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 2y 2 − 2x − 4y + 5.
Now, fx = 4x − 2 and fy = 4y − 4.
Solving fx = 0 and fy = 0, we have
4x − 2 = 0 and 4x − 4 = 0,
=⇒ x = 21 and y = 1.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 13 / 14

Problem 7 (b)

Question
(b) point (1, 2, 0) to the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 .
Solution
We minimize the square of the distance
d 2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + z 2 .
Substituting z 2 = x 2 + y 2 , we have the problem of minimizing
f (x, y ) = (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + (x 2 + y 2 )2
=⇒ f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 2y 2 − 2x − 4y + 5.
Now, fx = 4x − 2 and fy = 4y − 4.
Solving fx = 0 and fy = 0, we have
4x − 2 = 0 and 4x − 4 = 0,
=⇒ x = 21 and y = 1.
Therefore, the critical point is 12 , 1 .

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 13 / 14

Problem 7(b) continued

fxx = 4, fyy = 4, fxy = 0

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 14 / 14

Problem 7(b) continued

fxx = 4, fyy = 4, fxy = 0

As, fxx fyy − fxy2 = 16 > 0 and fxx = 4 > 0.

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 14 / 14

Problem 7(b) continued

fxx = 4, fyy = 4, fxy = 0

As, fxx fyy − fxy2 = 16 > 0 and fxx = 4 > 0.
√
1 10


2 , 1 is a point which gives minimum distance, and the distance is d = 2

(IIT Ropar) MA101-Tutorial - 10 14 / 14

 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROPAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
MA101 - CALCULUS
First Semester of Academic Year 2021-22

Tutorial Sheet - 10 Solutions February 18, 2022

Qs 8. A rectangular box, open at the top, is to hold 256 cubic cm of sand. Find
the dimensions for which the surface area (bottom and four sides) is minimized.
Solution: Let x be the length, y be the width and z be the height of the box. Since
volume is 256 cubic cm, z = 256
xy
and surface area A = 2(xy + yz + zx).
We have to minimize A subject to the constraint xyz = 256. Consider f (x, y) =
2xy + 512/x + 512/y. Then fx = 2y − 512 x2
and fy = 2x − 512
y2
. Now fx = 0 implies
1 1
y = 256
x2
. Substituting y in fy = 0 we get x = (256) 3 and hence y = (256) 3 . Thus,
1
height = (256) 3 . Hence optimal box is of dimension x × y × z = 256.

Qs 9. Assume that among all rectangular boxes with fixed surface area of 10 square
meters there is a box of largest possible volume. Find its dimensions.
Solution: If x, y, z are the length of the sides, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 respectively,
then volume is xyz and surface area is 2(xy + yz + zx). The given constraint is
2(xy + yz + zx) = 10. Thus, the Lagrange Multiplier conditions are:

yz = λ(y + z); xz = λ(x + z); xy = λ(x + y); xy + xz + yz = 5.

First of all x 6= 0 since, x = 0 implies yz = 5 and λz = 0. Hence λ = 0 and then

yz = 0, a contradiction. Similarly y 6= 0, z 6= 0, y + z 6= 0 and so on.
Eliminating λ from √ first two equations√we√get√x = y, Similarly y = z. Now substi-
tuting we get x = 53 = y = z. Hence ( √53 , √53 , √53 ) is the critical point and maximum
√
3
52
volume is 3
.

Qs 10. The Baraboo, Wisconsin, plant of International Widget Co. uses alu-
minium, iron, and magnesium to produce high-quality widgets. The quantity of
widgets which may be produced using x tons of aluminium, y tons of iron and z
tons of magnesium is Q(x, y, z) = xyz. The cost of raw materials is aluminium 6 per
ton, iron 4 per ton and magnesium 8 per ton. How many tons of each of aluminium,
iron, and magnesium should be used to manufacture 1000 widgets at the lowest
possible cost?
Solution: Let us assume that we need x tons of aluminium, y tons of iron and
z tons of magnesium to produce 1000 widgets. The cost is 6x + 4y + 8z for 1000
widgets. The given constraint is xyz = 1000. Hence f (x, y, z) = 6x + 4y + 8z and
g(x, y, z) = xyz. Lagranges Multiplier conditions are:

6 = λyz; 4 = λxz; 8 = λxy; xyz = 1000.

Multiplying first three equations, we get

3 2 2 2 3 2 31/3
λ x y z = 192 ⇒ λ (1000) = 192 ⇒ λ = .
25
1/3
From λyz = 6, we have λyz xyz
6
= 1000 ⇒ x = 20×33 .
Similarly, y = 10(3)1/3 , z = 5(3)1/3 . Therefore lowest cost is: 120(3)1/3 .

Qs 11. A firm uses wool and cotton fibre to produce cloth. The amount of cloth
produced is given by Q(x, y) = xy − x − y + 1, where x is the number of pounds
of wool, y is the number of pounds of cotton and x > 1 and y > 1. If wool cost
p dollars per pound, cotton costs q dollars per pound, and the firm can spend B
dollars on material, what should the mix of cotton and wool be to produce the most
cloth?
Solution: From x pound of wool and y pound of cotton the amount of cloth produce
is
Q(x, y) = xy − x − y + 1.
Given constraint is
px + qy = B.
Lagranges Multiplier conditions are:

y − 1 = λp; x − 1 = λq; px + qy = B.

Then p(1 + λq) + q(1 + λx) = B ⇒ λ = B−p−q 2pq

.
x = p+B−q
2p
, y = q+B−p
2q
. By putting the value of x, y in Q(x, y) we get the maximum
amount of cloth can be produced using B dollars.
2
Qs 12. Find the linear and quadratic approximations to (3.98−1)
(5.97−3)2
. Compare with
the exact value. 2
Solution: Let f (x, y) = (x−1)
(y−3)2
.The given expression is closed to f (4, 6) = 1.
2
Now, fx = 2(x−1) (y−3)2
, fy = − 2(x−1)
(y−3)2
, fxy = fyx = − 4(x−1)
(y−3)2
2
, fxx = (y−3) 6(x−1)
2 , fyy = (y−3)4 .

At the point of approximation, we have: fx (4, 6) = 23 , fy (4, 6) = − 32 , fxy (4, 6) =

− 94 , fxx (4, 6) = 92 , fyy (4, 6) = 32 .
• The linear approximation is:
f (x, y) = 1 + (x − x0 ) 23 + (y − y0 )(− 32 ) = 1 + (3.98 − 4) 23 + (5.97 − 6)(− 32 ) = 1.00666.
 • The quadratic approximation is:
2 (y−y0 )2 2
f (x, y) = 1 + (x − x0 ) 23 + (y − y0 )(− 32 ) + (x−x
2
0) 2
9
+ (x − x 0 )(y − y 0 )(− 4
9
) + 2 3
=
1.00674.
The exact value is 1.00675.

Qs 13. Show that f (x, y) = xexy is differentiable at (1, 0) and find its linearization
there. Then use it to approximate f (1.1, −0.1).
Solution: Partial derivatives are:

fx = exy + xexy , fx (1, 0) = 1; fy = x2 exy , fy (1, 0) = 1.

Both fx and fy are continuous at (1, 0), hence f (x, y) is differentiable at (1, 0). The
linearization is: L(x, y) = f (1, 0) + fx (1, 0)(x − 1) + fy (1, 0)(y − 0)
= 1 + 1(x − 1) + 1 × y = x + y.
Now f (1.1, −0.1) = 1.1 − 0.1 = 1 and actual value f (1.1, −0.1) = 0.98542.

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