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ANOVA

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method for comparing means among multiple groups by partitioning observed variance into components attributable to different sources. It is essential for determining statistical significance in experiments and relies on assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances, and additive variation. The Design of Experiment (DOE) involves structured experimentation to test hypotheses, utilizing treatments and principles such as replication and randomization to ensure valid conclusions.

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8 views9 pages

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method for comparing means among multiple groups by partitioning observed variance into components attributable to different sources. It is essential for determining statistical significance in experiments and relies on assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances, and additive variation. The Design of Experiment (DOE) involves structured experimentation to test hypotheses, utilizing treatments and principles such as replication and randomization to ensure valid conclusions.

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farazi.2301062
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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Analysis of variance may be defined as an arithmetical


technique for splitting the total variability into
traceable components. When a number of groups
are combined to form a new group, two
components of variation are usually present, one
representing variation within the groups and
another between the groups. The arithmetical
procedure of analysis of variance enables us to sort
out and evaluate the components of variation for
such mixed populations.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of
statistical models used to analyze the differences
among group means and their associated procedures
(such as "variation" among and between groups),
developed by statistician and evolutionary biologist
Ronald A Fisher by 1918. In the ANOVA setting, the
observed variance in a particular variable is
partitioned into components attributable to different
sources of variation. In its simplest form, ANOVA
provides a statistical test of whether or not the
means of several groups are equal, and therefore
generalizes the t-test to more than two groups.
ANOVAs are useful for comparing (testing) three or more
means (groups or variables) for statistical significance.
It is conceptually similar to multiple two-sample t-tests,
but is more conservative and is therefore suited to a
wide range of practical problems.
The assumptions of ANOVA are :
1. The assumption of normality of the sampled
population.
2. The assumption of homogeneity of population
variances, and
3. The additive assumption of the variations.
Classification: One-way ANOVA and Two-way ANOVA.
Design of Experiment (DOE)
Experiment: Simply, experiment is an act which can be
repeated under certain conditions. Experiment is a
research method for testing different assumptions
(hypotheses) by trial and error under conditions
constructed and controlled by the researcher. During
the experiment, one or more conditions (called
independent variables or treatments) are allowed to
change in an organized manner and the effects of
these changes on associated conditions (called
dependent variables or yield) is measured, recorded,
validated, and analyzed for arriving at a conclusion.
Experiments can be classified into two categories :
1. Absolute Experiments: to find the absolute value.
2. Comparative experiments: to find the comparative
results.
Design of Experiment (DOE): Design of experiment may
be defined as the logical construction of the experiment
in which the degree of uncertainty with which the
inference is drawn may be well defined.
Design of experiment is an approach to problem solving
involving collection of data that will support valid,
defensible, and supportable conclusions. It’s the tools to
do the ANOVA.
Treatment: Simply, the term(s) which variation we
want to study is called treatment. A treatment is a
specific combination of factor levels whose effect is
to be compared with other treatments. A
comparative experiment is planned to compare the
effects of two or more objects on some population
characteristics; these objects under comparison are
termed as treatments.
Experimental material : on which treatments are to be
applied are called experimental material.
Experimental unit : It is the smallest division or unit to
which treatments are applied and observations are
made for the characteristic under study.
Block : Part of the experimental material(s), which is
with in the block is homogeneous, but between the
blocks are heterogeneous.
Replication : Replication means repeated application
of treatments under trial.
Experimental Error : The variation which is due to
random component beyond human control is
termed as experimental error. It may be mentioned
here that the term error is a technical term which
includes all types of extraneous variations, it is not
synonymous with mistake.
Precision : Precision means the amount of information of
a design and it is measured as the reciprocal of variance
of treatment mean. The precision of an experiment
involving r replications is
where σ2 is the error variance per experimental unit.

Efficiency of a Design :

1. If E = 1, efficiency of D1 and D2 are equal.


2. If E > 1, the design D1 is more efficient and
3. If E < 1, the design D1 is less efficient in comparison
with D2.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design: According to
Professor R. A. Fisher, the basic principles of
experimental design are –
1. Replication
2. Randomization and
3. Local control.

Basic Experimental Designs :


1. Completely randomized design (CRD)
2. Randomized block design (RBD) and
3. Latin square design (LSD).

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