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SOM Class Notes

The document appears to be a fragmented and disorganized text, possibly related to structural analysis or engineering principles. It references various concepts such as principal planes, shear stress, and geometric configurations, but lacks coherent structure and clarity. Overall, the content is difficult to interpret due to its incomplete and jumbled nature.

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vaddeboinarakesh
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views195 pages

SOM Class Notes

The document appears to be a fragmented and disorganized text, possibly related to structural analysis or engineering principles. It references various concepts such as principal planes, shear stress, and geometric configurations, but lacks coherent structure and clarity. Overall, the content is difficult to interpret due to its incomplete and jumbled nature.

Uploaded by

vaddeboinarakesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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;
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rro-f ,@1F'egse s -
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oot : obt,1..e- phn" .f rocti n.d ptan e .

$ t O"-> rneaculed "'D gnti-clocLurist #ot


@Ptsoe :+o tncttned Plqne.
*%= No"*a\ sh.c. oD lioctrned ptane.
*fe: s h"p1r s ke** oD tioc.tlne.A p\on e-

u6: ry* %.-ohcos>er


il.lJ
Ll
E sr,zo * r", c,szo
try] .

* { O=d:} plane .,aAl tR 76 e= ?d :) ptane tslB .

_
%'=
ry * tg (c*a(d))+\srnxd) %,i=Lp * \3 (t^on;;
fq =q)
@-[ryJrn,$d)*1ou,
q ro=
+ rr6si"z&d)

Ed
i___

H Ib = -Q.
lY. P"ini.p"t\ stue s,s : Noor.,,l sFoesses .,chnl oo rnukatly f" P.d ?c,^!o.^
p\anes on robie-b

Cr{,or"oo\ stress, harrn3 ",tk* roaxlreq6 bn) m}ntrnuro i.,


*. A"dg),

-/
l,/ _ -
lre- t=5] t,,gzo* ctr Srn)-o-
bqo'
i' t"!
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=
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= rai'[Zt-L-l
e= ;*" [-n-%-J
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Van"al
\ pldni tfi*tp?=*ske*s"el
filo sber,tshesa]
6F =) Loca$oo ptrc?p"l fa..
{
tc.r,to Votical planL iq
aoti-clrch*rse.
G=o
*;T*,nzor= 1r',**p
' tfln2op= r -f*1-
(q5) .
cav,ttel ain.,iJ sk*., Jo.,.
x P-*C plgoe rr r- o\an"
:a Th-' r ',^j"r.-h
P'

sh"^" t*o'o1'
r tE;:" fNo , r. ^

aIiP A B, Bc,cD, DA a'e +ae P'""1*\ P\anea


aL *l-."'rt on t, rloowrol sk*"'*
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oi
a cl-, rgfN, s h"o" .\'-*,
(
@

P-'ncr p^l Pt*,,. tnctt"n{ion' =


?P
I^t 0o princ;pa\ P\ao<, sheo" stre s = TzxQ

-T6or?= htv"' ft'ry)iLqq*


ffi::,:-
\)-,1
cos>er=g i '

.
,WFGF (

No.,*c^\ s lo"s< 05 locl'n^hoq .(oq>e, -


(xY

phne(+)i(U)o:,po*id ' @@
p\ane -

oF = * %-\ ffi roo* rx6 s,nrro *i -'" (**rl'Lt rr:."; { 'f'f' 51n:: 'ir 1
T',
pr.irr - %[email protected]"
O*'= Xa4o'r pt'incip.\ o.61. u,.,',Fh ve*pecl h V""fic*4
*''\h 'n\f"'t {o Ve'rlic"1l'
dr+1i = r"{inox P?rtocrr^\ }'"Ut"

(A"
*;rs' = ry5'-ffi
yz,r',cfp*t ?lo* oojr: t*J o i s i,,rinr 4:n1,'i':l*'-"?.i i::*" '^or '1'::*..'' '"-t
)
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er- * aoNlpq I
* o;.-li}q.,
fryr^tsh.."
Cr - & o l-{ po. is rni oor pa ncpa\ s h..* -
-TF,e rnaxirnur"', V" t ro
E Ntoonnal s k .s a c{+n g oD pur nci pai pU r.
"ls cait eJ
" n1io" pri ncrpa\ s h"rs,, U
(oi )
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Pt*?J Ph"e
h. catreJ " n,,r,o"
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ffiax lrnuro Sherr, $ane t T[re pl*r,e *hirb Cas<;ftex rmxire111.9
SlEar( shesse,
Caro1iu ghear Ekess .ter-t fh-ao rnaxrruro s[ear Pbt]e

T*, = * L.*$$"*.."
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t'i
w
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.
rno<rnotrm -
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l* \ . l -r+6ht't]
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.

(tr*rln slrar - ,iii plaoc [lr"


plarre_
,*
qoax -

f- \-
[\PY-GI)'
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plane
sl'es']
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>L + P"dC
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x q+% - BorI
Uj+% - tf,+q,
oD Mu{ualltl JJ plone.r
% , %'+ PdJtC
shesses

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l.- r."*r1nt
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)
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o6^drn1(o^* )
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^v
%
%-=
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Cosze= l*aSrI,
%= *[*.*{+*l*tos>fl | - cos>e .1S rd6
l-LCos)€= & Cosb
\
Brocipal skesses :
on"io'/u;r,*
q q-i*=q=T1-Tp -*

=o)
=qL

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AB -'\'-> Wrlb l.zlioox polncipa\ p\ane (T=q]
* fr.,o, toitl occtrt or, a, plqn c
Nb;eb ig Inclirred af oD ui
angte E 45'-[o -the pzlocipa\
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X -aq\e b.'l'toe.o +fg. p-i"c$ p h*)
+F An(\e he*uceeo @ and sheav p\qre l;- ,+5'

y>tr*,$ yiar,c.
* L.l,*.n r"a,ier- pqipdp+
^d" and m,a{rn,.o .Shtd!
fu"
Pbne : {'
Xe arple b{r':e*q fnlnor Pdncr"P<J
0

tvrirrcr P-lgr. ond - maxia+o s-bgY


nkflPlonc
d,are = 45:

:F Aogle- befue.ol=,s-edimu'
v
€!,e,ax f\anes - 1Oo"

* EFpar s[aess and f.lo"rral s k?ss oD ,rrtx sh.onr phnc,


,- -
L= TCo,_u_):*p^-nV) q, D-r
v- +(q* %) _*Lq*T ) qi*l'"q
on uo\1
CAS€-.8 : ?*r" sLar G"dihoo (q=r,%=r, !.6\o)
=
=*lsgqze : Qu siDze
ll Lb -
lF-
t[6ogre'- cosze.
=^.d
)e Mg o,' po.ncip-\ Sl.'e-(-c = * a*? = q
* Mioor pat nci pa\ s Fuess = --"U : o-2 -

>Gcohon g+ yio" pr-roci po,t pion


"
xtanLF-= "z-cr\L
%- o-q.
f-_--=;r (l

le: +5 /

sht^t fone
ek d hro* strr.ss ry art Maxirouro
l'4ax"
Sh@r
T=*t"i ', =-i(rV-€r.6,
Ptore- '.. J,rz=TErrnus'
,,,a, ,

* N\.oT,.to*\...Sk sr.,"^, ph",.

Ha;w t= +[q nry) = Lxu


# -2_Lxtr
fuifxioo"l i-=-l-r
phle L":ul
i( 6o clL.' firt", Irtte. she.., Cq.s€ .

CBI.^,._. T:
_Stiarrfta}1e lo-,
.)_ = %_I5 .= o
t.>

* E" .F>cr.xs she


T
ot Cos e

C** =-
aTroL
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*- " $- ''or) .shea' 7\ane is cNqKcr3e + panncip.\ Shesse-s
'\-)ax -

* tl P*'. S heax Can|,lr'e6 por'ncrpal ske"*.x aye


-)
-*.6, - T*y (e1ud a:nd, opposib no"[o.""3
&se-E i po"raxia\ lrx'Ai''fr t (* *o'oi =o'I*U=o)
rF oD qultqs+lgze
q.
%= +.**u' ::> 9(,1ruszo)
2-'\
ol tos-e
% .

Ta=
'2-
-.9-sinze "- -qSio9 LosO"

*E sh"n*es '
".tp-\
ol = +.T:t^
U-"r= Y1 -U'q =O

!r he-ar crl coox"rolr'to sheav P\ote


-S
a,-W -- qr:s =-,nl-
t
oD rrrrximt'trD shear plan
)k Noo-^\ s\ue<<
o:^." +o-, %+ =\l ,
11 .

P\ahe
)E \o.xt m\rlo s!'"o" 9\o."
t A"(\"-9 + '*1c'\hl,in)
^ - L =-
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lB=+al
/tr '- I

t:r

,f%P)'Lo+!
-,

+Lr)
i::

* [zr-*lax"t^& = |4axlmu.o

slrees Ot= 4or.t{Pe, T>=Oi= 2r3XPq"


>p [ttr a. shete E Pb* \-
6thoL Gre {ik" \[a-Ul.e "+
l. Maxirn*m - ?n P\ane sheat skess

p ta.,e sl-oess --+ 2D {oo.tfn1 .

%=oi =40ypq
on = si. : eolp e

OE = U3 :Q'
tts
-U.oa,.=
+ 4 pxncip^l Shorqj
= *tarfifiercnce
t., flane : Tro* = t!:29 :EJg.
J'bsotuk sheoo slx.rt
: ,^p,1n", olhey , lo ne
^nd ?"+ f
.

(dvfanq 4 (r*plane, plane)


Xz
yax +
l,
x6 ptane --- 5;rX = t_29 =_[o
L2-
x5 ptaru __., q_g_&:g
_do,
U
+ ;h
4 P(arra
- orSo ^:
+=&i-q-to
LL.*\+rtt*(. =
ru
Moh='" Circte"
_--
QghicJ q-o-?rueb{.a[,oo "d o- and O, *[tc-b e,s ure$.^l fu 8t .d?
fan.id st-oe..eu 4"J skoi",s
/,rle Lnoru .

%=5Jq.q-qi.^
,-3*-]lJLos2e*aUsin>o"
% -- 5P : %* cesle r (yeS,o2e
(
-S1tro:rlog oD Both Side

5+1l L ..s2o + Gtrs,o>lr:


fru- L.+
--tlso .

Io = [Trystn]e *.*f
c"* >e

Sl*,"fl oD Both srd.s

G)'-
Ls3)r,n**
eU,*,"J\ - G)
@
-4dd O and @, r.n" g.F
'* r? -F#Jt'r
[q-ryt]
Connp"rrJnn *',tL, C..cte eluaFJor;,
*x= ao" t=f"
h-- rlr
Q= -'rt't.d b=0
')*

-:

Crrcte elnrahon
&: d;'sLarrce conk. T
"J'-So*
Ctr6ls
oq x*nxis r,f;6to = qT
t'-- disln^c. q C.rfue q Ct'6 (s 6E-.,, tr*oxig {*0n", te Ox"qiD = o .
( U
':i::ii

D<6run n"lLobt Ct*cle = 6e T6 .,


S '

6L1* '+o Coohuct- tloob Ct*oc,te.


l" Conxtol.* o-D [r-o*ij ."a -t fu-.oxis)
2. ta*r.,h[.1 | €'rauo -tke q, Dix 7or.k cD x*o'xis
o"" _F*ono c"'Rrq^
2. xecc<lt Ceu,he :l rYohie ci-cte Lg* '")
i-
+. paJi,", -
V[-sF)-*.t &a*'*hu ct'1[6-
5. B, {ab?,oq -5q{i.ustr) o.nd ctnk<- crs (o'o)
{ (
^^
-tke '.l-axis qf A' B -
-16is Lt'c\e C*t
(t+t
re, rta-\ *t Co-o=Jt"'^{t*
o
"=
' )
4bx B :) Co-o'J'^^kt : [o-x' o)

ofttn'd = %+* t*;3 )\ tu -\r


o;io'
@

l" Dlfer ={ {ac"'t { {ht cvcte

[+-ry]irc'r --*
o2. Notm..\ s kess
--* x-axis
Sheat shttsE r !-oxis '
3.C.nk. .t*11 t:T
oD x*ax ^
dr,Lar,c"
E tq})$",
Ct c[e :

-+ =ry
Q=
5. &nhre Co-sdrnales [o,ol 'rt
o (!-axis) :+ki6 cenke'

$;t ;'t
Ar B'
6. Mohr Crrglg c,^t v'axis oE

@-+ noalor Pa iP^]''eli;t' [r,q''01


@--nn;*r.,f*o? '{
_ lfrg\iGuf._y61or

tJ\- - J ^.cte,
're+\ue-nled at q pcioL in
+. planr ln a *J.tr , :.'
[. zd l i,
*he ""(a + obt:que
B. [iC"*e a1\e +
tdl' plane i$ Ct'c\e .

Ob1,1,^g p\o''e io tke


IrO1

mai* Pl*ifl
q rv\aximunq
r
P\o-ne
Ad: sbea p\"n"
@-- rninw p*nciP"*\ Plooe'
ol c
A,*bt,i Ao,d e i* S
W- Minor"*X-d
m1\y,P\on' c *nt" u1" Oo:ttP^ P\onc
l*l: A0 *",j r..*im*v. sttor P\ant
rk-ro\e bl,^r
+,i = 10"
fr#; o1L-oq\"'a oo''=
@
q..p.na* obtotned t? d'o,nin7 {anX"ot'
-lro sheor :
eq=oi of =o i tt+o
q=T*t
o;= -1*X
C".,he - dt5 L =o.
Mobz C\rc\e Conside r<ilh i f.i.. Po.{l,r = -f* t

ond 37 'nn*rok ca\ about @ axrs .


1

@"
.#:* SeE4gd -+o M_o\ -sk"ss.
%=U-, T=o,fxy=e
{: 01= Q-
6r -0
6'fu
c.r,,\'" =
{?ediu.s = o/,

Mer"rb.os
:;=e::- bi*ax'tal
. :j::.:
.

Ut =o-
t'
Drt=r 0i= r
O1= .r.C,r^rr-*)Ot 6 =u.-[r.ruiile )
gi=cr(re"s'le)
(rr*,t"^Y = a- [comytexionl
[q = u
nil =u d,=(J- \ .

ot=u 0
'f"*il") x

PaJir.u ,.= o-
ui=F
,i::

R =O
'r:
Oi + 0..i cr- (o-)
C.nke Coc) =-CI- Lu.k" tut) =
% =t crnke loc) =q'-.
= o.
fe*, 'pnscrtl r-nw(ol)
f€x: B.-lioD $l{{ed '-+'b
+l{ h5d"ostahc t.t'{ {=r
yoh' "2 : -Ui.
fi-
Moh- G'cle |;fl -reduced
Ci-,s(g
.+e
{-
taduced iD a p'ot- poinF @
@ pss,lrr" x*qxig-
'1.
X€v*,X- ryinF 6D a- c-rrcle tnd",ca&s o p[o.re- .

sfrers 5
r plane Dus <-f,**l

"
.ard4vcat
^r
rh,;l :ilf""'n, " q"a?fcd Yeeh{ : Cnlol +qr^**[.
)

Zs tsbua.e Leso .
. oo apune).

plaoe.
1", Nlohr C-io-cte

z-crJy'r,rok
-- flmr.,a[ st"". .
f, -
to+'d
'not - S hear s ["rs .

6)=* twioo r prr-ocipa\ p\ane .--7 Ato,n-o[ slu-e*. =-oi (t-co--d,noL )


She.r S\oess : O ([- ro.orA,*1, I

Alc' n6"1 s.hoess - oi f '=r \


Mcrior pr-i oti p1 p\ane -)
S hertr .sloe.. -- 6 i,{ \
ptane @ rn ct,nokoo q' Q' i'\ +K. a.At, )e ?o {oh" ct s [g "

Nornral Slrpss *- D6 ir",


-i
3h<o S["ses< _ f, {:1 )
@
@ e4 Sh'ios'
L[n"o, skqln tn a-dr.echo.,: Ea- €rt=
F- F p- i qq
Linea' sh"aio io g-d',"choo: 5I= ,U= %
E-- p: U.Ft
Linear Ekaio iq 6-dr'srhoD, tz=€+=
%_H.%_H.E-

tr="1= E-,"8
UT
q
4:"r= It-u
ee E-
tr i4 sfo".,e* rcE
V*i*pa1 Lq,%] ^te Lrp* o
, lzunc;p"1 sl"dnE t,.n be dun"bd
CE,,t,) \"4[*"*
x $ p.'r,ir t *tb)Xi r, c -t ^ _- L
t nL
r.,.>r,"nny^^
t-,,€r] aoe bno,r6'"

q =ft"[q u€; .

v,:#"[t.*"€,]
:tt ,Ha e
€, o: q
LE-
?-

4-lTIgc,*,)

*ksb"a'
"tQ'
,----=: ;,fiqe-o' rte hek're€D +'* n r"ttual
F?endrc, larL
t = 91r.:Y Gr =
F-r^.*
€r ,qisheaz.l.",unl-
€= i q (rru) I

c-- r l't1"t Le*, s hatrt .sc,.bje6te{ *o {<,ckl nU


;
'l p?mx T= f* Vz=-fX
T/E EL=
6,' --
#
D(q
"'P =
: E-p F
[€,
:'/4
f-==---l-- e
-t
ts* H,F ->
{< da6"Dd
$m : t sh"o"sho.in,.
% - ry} * 55 c€&>-e+ riXsiortr

Tb = -H] s'rn * Gilc*,)-B

€s = Ap * E';jt, c*)-o . rysinls

+ = L+lsnze.ryLosze.
c
CQ- El = €{fu . €^ E: cos>er /r.t. s,",r".
d_
a
ot
(eS) s,.',re t $.os>F
C s{fu - +focCIs}e +s,o>s.
c-s+q6
ls ,'=
I

]o B"AX
t,, E'{ fi,
,,
^/ E[''nins 'reictL"\
h suaios
tL -r gfra',ns ru\okA PnnciPa\
_Er, {l , '. i ' ,', . T,. ,
*I*', t'
,-/r, 1 ,o ,',..,

'*/q=
q3i
oD pdncipal
6r rraximurD she,au
phoc.
-lf V{ax shectr z#,{w= t'rrx=iG-q)
o
b( *lt,-t,l
e 6y 9t*€r %a,- *G*tr)
Lmay
sheqr
= €.,.*
=

Ge:xtar\ Caq,e
' fa*o , oiilro, tr,trto1

a
&
Bi-axial e') [>nd7a\ shcess.{ €lerocnt:
&*to"

Qtort\ Ee

€l

Alovrnal Sl.rd,"r
oD ,,e'plaog
Eu = €{s,r l!,J
€,-r^
2_- Cos:-e.
Shaar sFooln oD \O,
pianc.

+=+= -Casinze.
Y*1, C,,cla 4" s[6dro. 'r-eplace

X ILd;,u $ Ct,cle: fu
'E- !i, El- ry
ry=@(0,) ,{ ptr\oc p*\ skess<{ +k*t
tu
a

tu
&

X "€[a-'o.kr + "k*3,,,ytohn's
ct.cte =- a;o= &(t"Jil) = a($l) : fnax, -+ roaximu,D sh.or slra?n .

)F dra 4 skalo F1oh.\s Crcte- is rclaxirnur$ s [,.or skoin


.

X 9,,o* = z
-TEe
)F- G-or-drnat- crnrre-(&p) n.pr*oft nc"o,.,o,r srroio ,,r>.&p
+ e.*ar>
* fthrnt. G.cte C,,,.i-')t-axis a.l *"oo point @,@ oB =g-
oo*€r
sba'n R,s-bte:
I ar-ca,rq"-"",t-. 9I {kt".
I
li",-,e" sl'xo1n 6nunu
UI ( Q,,"o^ s#,.1.r1 6lrq fn{rt&'*"4

l" {%ct*n6u!.or PosuH-e : x'

3. Sta'
slerr. Xos.tl' is Sfdat Case'
lo,,;i-.. o.\\ *h-.- stro(", ff*"X"4
,,,. ; ^f a3 an6\e- t>o" for
"#p*k slsf'nff*?*

yn
I
tnbetnal forcerf tnb""no[ \o-.rk o
,, o 3_n boda :

T eoarhonftot'c!-s ". t, F,t, F*


rrocho^sf n --Jr, yr[yp) , yr[y,,') ,y*[y1^)

x
lo q 2-D
frocez, FI,F1 €
lulor.renl, t'{* -o
ln o, t-D BoJ,{.
H

-(
Yor.rn,t ; D

'tL
.tL
:.;eln:"-{fl1iffi,
/ '
!-qLr n=
PtacFc r'qx
D.l.,s-".rahoo*o :;^'"t't
JL '
U.A
Qssts ,,o-cr.,n,lb. sPoT + ,Oefe.-rnd$oo\o
[2toc{.,oo=$ini{e
kkLenno.
F"t,t
it$' \&+?R._uo*,i
-tBcarr) ft'xbte.

#*H*&T=:7 *t,d
fttLlare
I gr*', b.-t
^uiorut )
be!-'avio''l
lf"a..Uon )

r9pztnq =+ +t"*iai..
a;6td
:m**,r*
sY Coi.d P* t)
tatetnal fir"ce tntermt
/ htornoob.
N r*
I
j JSUt'b) -\ tnternq[ .fu.c. nea.ex,hl .

R =9!_
r€-a
I i ftt^, t* #. {.".1-, *t,r.-rn Bo1anczr i
Rs!*A "/- .
t
I urutab[e egO
X
ffi"c. 1rd[;b,iurn.

,Jfilo*ll/,
tnqrnenb
rn["-n^$t -*h. ,norn.rr.l- *h;.h t4,1a,crz
*o*np Ts
-+h." Wshab\e FBD t,e n\orncnl- io,roomant--
eTutit;brric,

:&s erssPg!
€xb,,r,*l sopp*k l '[6ese- o*,s- pacvilai aarexhT G,nptet .L$""*J,.,
$sr
l. Exe4 S*ppo'b
E{ = +le"i6cnkt &acho9
Qtot{'' oo
fv : Ve'o l,ca! Re nc ho9 = 3 (q, ,tru, M
)
Y >- Ru!..ho\ nc*-*rtreochor t[fir;n7 verk.ul
FY <aacbon
".hT
= a(co r't
' )
u,*?" S*ppoob

Nu e;[ {?oochron=r[trn,q, q = +}tnl3"n{ol ?<"rlrr g


)
16 v<x{,'c^\ Load,nT :* {r. =- Vel hcal &oc ho, '
@B6"hory

3.Rotte.l, Suppouh : q,Qdd"d *'t'/.doabh


Bley
* <t?ort-
oFu ilo-E R"qchorr = I
[& )
*,
,FY

No'n+ Roochon:
2.
Cr,,\),
fn\etrna\ &Ppo.b
tntc"rn't SrE.,
r\t- tntetna\"*"6e --+noornent
t^ri\\ mof bu- &-buoP"d "

r"I*n4.

^ffi,
)
A g L+.-."1u

D
{h ",q
e f
tn{ena\ *"tu )
:

s
al c =a,[ nto*nL=o ert e :y FtorncnL-e
rnent:Q.
a-F b -7 F{o

+r

.' Re
rl
-1'lc
Q *Ro=
^

*;^ @c t*- 4.
&f
Y
t ol "Au
toletnal t
c [+"ge ) '

#tcrdc{e${afiorl j .-t, t,

_\ *{c *\c -r'\ J f.{ornenL * o.


< -7

u
'i riii A
..|..

[, $:',^ vy ,_ ln
4.-O<t'e
r,c/L
r
t _/,
@ D *>
tl->/ o :t r\or.f.,F:o ,,
rra t^t'"''X H'1")
@ c + l:oo
I t - + iu'"nL:.
(a ,"["*i {+rnne).
\pes E fuams.
Qenoalhd,.! onl,rJ loodinq'
Vevhcol
\r- q Beor'6
Pa..hons. Qeocl-ron^,i.

t. ^f#fl
Br
o @
RV

t2, S,'npty Suppont d

!+ @ €)

3. G'xc-d

@ :G
rir@

€o,rb\e O"{erbaoqio3
/-a
a)

?""? * Cao\\eve r

@
Or+Bfue + &=NDrNq Mouerv:
\pes S;#,7*

€i.t :u*e4
(md {a^d Grf,
f> *.,6i,^ty reish-,b,fr4(oac(.
&".d
F+ ur,'$o"r\! Va.'tt6inX
l, pgint o(oad:
N ' -A pdnt- x6...1 is .t.o lno,Jro cu con 6qaLoat a d.rJ

,,# "
f#"u*I: ;:.H
'^,lof ,1fr;-urhich?s
&, @ -(o"4: =* rxlhote %oJ is dlqhrbu+(cl 6ver.hrrrcir€q.
t V*ln
tor)
,,frn

SpeciaI frdp"
+ d;.k Lt "\ o(oai, io oh;cb 1n+eru";{-,6
+
{-rr) Vaxi<g L,narra[t1r ove^ e oP.n. Unih */D '
T' -,
:f e, ) rrrl
t-
iorang /"r,
-ToL.l (oad \ "lorr drsHboho o .
= .!!t
&.
a. G"pLe: 4 cc*1cenF.o{e t'tornenF ot- *.t pdnf is hnowo or c.,.pl" -

'W tP gfit $^1" pcf"t x*d.


-foLd-t to*c{=
Tobat [oo{ = Area'

H CC
'-T-l-Jot-toadi,-
lglt
tL
{r-
f+--{
Lls
Ob*svohon @
o{sr p,nt Dirr.d + -I6t&l *o") roaTnilde "rs, polo} to.d
. S-,€isffib l"md+ Tot,'l toc.d rrnqn',L& i g
"toA
Obserrohoo Areo q drsloiB"be-d lood.
@
poinh Xcr^d o& ab poioF ooll .
.+h,a+
Eistdb*.J *v,) o"F oV C.q 9+ ,O,*l*bube t*d .

?.:,abbtic Vaxr"l,'oO
Uni[ourn[t1
S"arrrnF Spandral ?""otoh.
o p^,'ou"la Vartqrnq
("&g j
"ioLal o(o"4
lotat t*d
?,' =
*uL = *ub
= *usu :*wL.

gsgt { -4xbl ead b"-garse fi-rce'


'P'-+ 4xial I of""6,+"a,",a1 &tce
? 'q' 'T-tranxve=s. adrte..q\ fo, ce '
-> I

tP'cr-*es teith"r CoroPersioq ( r,to*"nl- I


* Xc,.A \* < for) TeneioQ t"btf.t p-od"cad I
lr€ Axial o('ad' at'A =- Q )
to' cn,reg r/toment- ttFtF at A =- Q*L
)K a6od ,- \+
lre T1,o",svet-Se o(ood Shear {orce t1e . = 0. I

,{aLe"al
"bFt
w
$robe" Jiavlcv{r(ge. "Atia\
4{oad o6^d.
?

?3L-d+ L E;j*o't' 'q'


qrhq'q' ,
?,
l.
Ee'P' Q,u"

P*L
-*t,
r
A
P*u
n'o &^"'e dtttchoq
+k
rcLxl
1' *het -tBe l*d
_\yC
-

q'n4 totb .Larre toaSniLd e


ror( '0
c. \L -{he '{6'ce ''s axial I1f'
tB,
|
'' r.rlo*.nt $ene^sated Qe
loxl .
3, t[ {Be f"* \s %ant"tlt^t?P'
l-{ornent *
3eneratLd
'{u.;_r l$dig+anc€

flk
sunD
qoE{"
|(rora)
<ck ("
rokN.-
{xea e-od = yo*roh = &oxge+ BoLi(,l
2oLN
= O,
r4so.,.nt (n1^y (zoxq)) + 4ox A I
^b .o
fsixeAend) = O.
_{.,.\,"q
__.._ P"-chons_

)K*ffie a I
tokN.

YrR", Pn -* Use e1ti,nb,u,


tYlar=&oEN,- lroLN
frl;;
L Ery =,
I
J

N
lBa='orN
-ft-usl6 @
Eup,rrod *fircer = Edo-o,roo"d -fr"c.a
Ro= tOfcN.
BU
-..:0

clocfwise moor.o l* Eao\.l'- clocht^rr ga rnooeotl-


= aF q. po:ob =
Mowr"ot* n1^tibt'uno abo.{F A'

=) Ya= &0fxl'"D

,fF
fu aokN. Jp Veohc""t qrob
nen*rkd bera,re mo
Vc-h'ca\ [oq&oo
? &oExt. iR I'tom"nF .of
31,.,."akJ
beco^.r.
: t. DO -TineyuverrSe&.cz-
(oo e46ct- *t,*.h'tfl#
m'"
flt 1*

x
)+
*lovrguo+al oot-
3enerrateJ
2' No coocenkodred

3eoerobed beciru.rr<- rn TnqrvvexSe ffi


Vev{ico.l v,ob
becar.le Do 'Axiol
frce
to*"nb alss. /

rF Yom.nl g."""o{t7 becn.,a. Conceoh'qted Yom"oF


fa"F oot d.r. +o" .[F.F q traruvr-u. f'ce ' hela[eJ **""t] ,
@

* -To -llot,5ootal R*ochs", Bearn (r


3"t- sbo"ri r'o":! -A'tlql -@ITl'
ek -lo i.F Moroe_nF R.ach.oo B.o.o afn.'^td have.
l, Cov>ce.o l"rafed ygnoen t-,
2. *Iran gvexe,e_ .rre-lateJ Ho"o.nb.
O bseova [i.or> a
!-
a
LE t^l
I Rq+RU= N
'ht
-) EV=o,
R^
Er
"n'k aboub A
*g odT 3.6on*.kcol
T":r) :"1I.
&cb Qeachoo Vatro
s*oPry.*rj'Str^i
io
@@ s

Obse.rvation
uhsqFDno"loi col o6aduo
@J';;;+,;"''T
*rabroX
'{5'"t
IECq =* roorceoL obout A

lrrlxl= R.+ L

srde spory
Rn:S
L
RA= q!
I
!t=sl
Ohsezvqhoo 3 : t'4oroent R"sis{i'rrq Dlrpoge
t' r"1o..n{-0 ;;"" 6"'*[''nq '

2, Reac'h'oD Pnooduced b1 creohop


oppos ibe rooroeot bI "bF&
rr-t
franrtkrcs<- $wce"
R4, R, or" venlricql ond {ra t\LvetuL tdp"_
RA:nu di$6e'encc **"
fa"t 1
Rn=RB=+
'rF Oo SgBr Co"rc..iroL.ol Morrent, ore ach.,6 or5 rcb"re
"tn {b" Eato -then :} fi?eac[isn Vatrr = ]-o.tl Concenh"]ed n(o."n F
-roh^t Vnnfh p-)
QbSenvati-on
:::: +:
5r drsH b.^ted toods , -t-ota\ [o^d = Are-a o.P **"f dtaXmo,
Pq*%= Tobel to^d
= 8trIn\xz = l6b
t(oroent a.boub d= %"t) = B*z*4-.

* €xa'npk
fRt'-Il tr%=s E

S.1*r.,eloico[ o(oad ioq ,

Ev=o :y B+Re= tOb+ ex )


Ro+ R* = &6b

5tY=o l.r\orneot o,bo,rt A,

ffi:'orfffr:-r R*x& =
&Ru = &6h
loxt+(sxa)xr.

Ra = l3t
*&arnpla parblero 1 :,':.

gob

la+la AWe 4u" fu


€v=o' udL'
Ro*8g=3ou+
&*3 A Reachoo =
Etqt,(oad(qail
&= RB
= 36toones. ,*",.T"^ r.* }El^
&*Rg = 36t
e-a'"J .= eA
z =3t
€r.,lo=.} about A
R6= Ra= 3t (dueto qdr)
Uns,6ror',elrcql pn! toad
Ru*:J = 30xl + (p,a')*t'5 Re,^cloo Votuq-- Polntded
rourrelii" 9Jt1.r
3R" =- 31 ##trU ffi
FFA] H t no= .}*&--
"?ob
Ra+Rs=36, Ra=-lg*l=l.ob
c^L ^B= --*l
3qt =
Rr= P3t
trn -4<.-Zro
RA--agt RB: rat
(au+zo) Lat +rot)
Exarop\e Pob\eno': Bq+Rtr=o
@=-y -Rg
Ba=
-fqbio6 **.ots
=Dl *7 al'.out A.

*mm
t=Y ,

----T+ frr*,,
--Sf""r,
tnte"oal $orce
$,
B "-y Uostable trBD
FBD,,
[-fO balc"nce ++'}e- r'l'nsbabtc
inbea'nl f'"{
I
b5 Eansverse
Q.,rY*U"a
a,At Cooventtoo -{o Shrar {E"ce
-tve (rositive)
lEu
-V€ (x'6ah*
'' ,,.-
'o'',,
- lEf
,
-v -vc?(*'6trt
Tyf
',$uotd
t'laphvt)

B.ndinq
.-q x
!-
lt lB
i5*-4*
-Iirt *) *"O
R"1* x*x R, C^o
Ro"
t ff;:lio=
tn Osder {o
toorotdto zoha$o"*\
Reochoo
Gl-r 'r,oE"tnl Mort'ent Hxr
H;1"& :Y @ Reach'oo. nrri\ibniuro, -l'b'e Aecho6'
rnduud at
--*
BetAiw Moroeot
C b(.r,.*^t:!@Bdy, utr,icbtLi"tt Lr,o,oo r rt
B."rd",.rq l"lornen t-
-{o BI\4' a
S,flt 6rrrrlo.rhoD
&aaqf+ve) :4("ncon"\ oP*o"l '

l"@,
l--*

l*rr*ffiocot''\
do'oucat

I KA
€xarop\e pob\eno " JF?oro *i6uf s'de .

roLN !
I
lnbetnal &rce
Froro n,6UI- side. Itr =*5_ttl
o4 {s h"o, {b"..)''
Shear frrc<- B RB= 5
* \qterno\ t-lowurrF
ZT-orsvexse lqx-ca -J* lokN, Rg ^ = +l5kN'ro
-lrtU -ihe sechoD . fr^+R. ( BendioT yo,,eot)
Ra =RA 5kt l.
S beav $rce. :
=
&De 2T:lraosvcrge 6rnc" +ill Sechoo-
Shear Force fs p) = )
<tr - -lo if:t 2 r^J'r'r {"rr'cr-
bbxt- roL Nl
'-@{r.,t
: - glcx[,r SP = -5br{, ffir{*l
Beodinq t'lorneoh
' f-3gt upwatd posih've
€rqo,".nt +irt &choq "

J&t Letb doumr^raYd ne3a*tve '


'. = . =,At:Jn
.Tq.3. =_u, - --
Be.ndioo ft4 ornenb [B n4) Qchcntil1?---flro1rr,n 'z

)( c le.tu.rir \ilqpl (nnti.c toak

fRo"+ loxz\ ExB - &o


I =-
s 15ktl, rr),
'ro.ot
hl'l'F.,..
se-s,tj$D,

,
fu-4
\*,
&fldr,?

,i
w
ho* .,tfre lood is dtgkb"f.d :+ Lg
+r tntenri\ otoadirn --)
S Urr,h I h-rvfw1
.

'urir
Sheqr frt-ce= Er,,,o'n'gve'rsg ft"
eF r

=i::
*
,*t""1 .":l r-ton'ltt't
L concenhsakJ
**"r,f
[-- .,.o*"",1 7'roduced bJ Earuv(tse
TtodAced b*t'
|f- re0o4= -*. V-> sh"a.rt f^."
'-';:lHdot,nu,o'd;:r pate pr cha',o'.'t
-u
sk^; h""u
L#)'+
flsrnen F
T-*d,"fl
g!1
cln
.- Rate E &oY'{ b"nd-"n1 flor","nb,

ii:r' 'i '


+-- -o
,

Cr)= cltt. . :roL : sF BY


b$l
b{.I^.P EN"r)
t-..9 -- -dv -_ -@
, ", - -. hD
"'".,.
cl1. I gsgdtrg Xnn cn t'
alrghe+t d.gte" *e-rrn
Y$= \ .lU ^f.
#"t*) 6 x 4s o.r',tb itr, ru A.gte. exds. b{
:

Conogn re.
I

* "As
-itb aou, B\ Aeyee- " t'
ConVre-
*cJ". o.(
ru1tb fou, Str deqtee
-.*c..s
* JLs c:oFo ?aYe J b,, I
0

bE
'As coropared .9F, l0u &X'oee- exc{ls b[. -1

ry 4s &,o7a'ed BH, IICL d1ree- excegs tU " -,


Le = o-*(.o ) sF=
5fca.r)
*a
:
[,sd* = &e) f;d..
.lrl
J, t"nl
J f-a
,sr[r;*,1 = t:i B{'
L,
_a -2-
v\al)l = +dJ,
rc(t-r,) = -f',-*']
CaoUitrve'rr Beom"
(ooo\,
See - end scirot
Gnbiteuer -st'Fh'
sl',ea. 'frrce i
4t B -) Str= trt
Ab x -)sF= N
etA -YStr= t^l
Bandin6 r{onocnt = &oqd* t' d,
.--rr (f,llsrlt,D q[ 5r
Ab B =+ B|1. O , , $,c apoo
At x =+ Bt'\ = -[^l**' I*r6n."*
Ak A :Y Bh'{= 7il+ U
',4,,,,,,,,,,,,_.,..,
.-I
Bmu =)Grves th c Vatiahon q SF
'lhnur6hout {he
Q*uilever "tlt- : u.l l' {h"or^qho*f ,Spmr {uo,
[I*aril =t9+L
Sbeax
At
fr'rfie
B -)(sF).= t.9*o=o
q=;"hl r."a*dargtancc x -)
"Ab
= r,S*L t+) At A -) ($p)+= $* L = tgL
=d
d
BeodioS Morneot:
Ab e iBq)r= Tota\ loaA * -fa d;g'lance

ld 4t X=
e
.s.$bpe
o toaximur,l Ab A= tBy)o = Lte*t) *i
B},1D

S tr =wt :) D(rnea.x
vof.h'on .
=d Ja.
BM\= -wt =y o" p^rtaboh tt+"lalorl
Obsesrr{r'on.
isdioq Tqpe SFb vaoiahon Bi4D Vaa,aloo
u -'
r" l.jo (oed No chaoqe No channe
(
z" poioF /*d Recb*1la.r (o') Ltoeqr Co ) (_f )
Taraonuhi
3. UDL Uoar(or ).
-Iiliorgtrlar' t>
(
pat"botq (f )
4 UVL patabola (/ ) porabol" (e )
5. {orr-ler-',f RecLanoulot {er hco.l d* p
(r.ro9;"nX.)
g :o pt''abol6 patqbsta(:i) partabolq

{t Veolr,cal o(oodf er".too \otue qnfddflD sF.D


?-rgfc,{ chanTe "'

-+" u**.;l'#"
rk conceotrqbe. yonoeoL
tal su&r;",
is 'ho to-l H*,.+^,; $il':;TT",sh"nF *tJ* r" Bt'4D
rF
[ +8,.'o b,^t BF1 floHres
Lr.,eao[.1 t"nf is ,.,cliryd 'eha,6rrt U"4
1N

T \

Parabolic
l

[ttvU) -*'
bneox("f ,)
I

constanb rlao;oh'or;

Uethcal rladation
STir) vor.i",h t^q,
I
I
I i{ I

Llne.. (Onint (o"d )

il?*r*
3'parabolq
CUVL)
h9=-& -r
dq' * slope 4 sFD x
t{^d toterur,\= - [stoP" E sFD) kt#l'f:[.r,
v= dtl
dt
Sbeqr .$rce = Sloge o1 BI'1D
e( stope. q Bt\'lD o< sbear &rce aL -ltat &choD .

* B,-1D is otr*trs --- J] Xr.dh, -thon sPD


* S hror Erce
rrr

iruX (wp: Legt up,ard psil,',. )

-
:::

)F

S^att"? Qn")

+"6dT Gvc)

.E= |

*^'n : dtfiF*ttt sF \roL


-v -Area ef
-t o -r
tnte^d{=\ (, ,.t*eeD
_tBose
LL.""
Sechons.

6 -Are-o E .Shear f;rrce = d$6.*oc. bekoee.o Bq votura MIL


-lhos. Sechorr.s.
.t

Poxoh"tie Spand,ret pa.xobotre &t"'i -

T "4irea= sa. T
{-
I ,yBr-L fr=9Bo.
t
B t4=b(r+k.rr')

I J
9a
8 +^J
_Area,

t=
* ro
+*
4"+ Jtt fb d"qree portabolic
-J
SPo"dre'l -Seroi -
S.g-"ot
f*'ut
f- 3rrI| x.ffi1 Y=B'{ t = b[r+ trzP)
J*ea:- Bxd.
b+l
'o+l
T =l D+l 4=; 1*6
lh+zll*o Ib(?,+])l
observob'oot 5lope BHD, ,,oep,unds
E oo Sp Vo\ue.

t%l o4=oot H *::.s: {.(or)


stoPt tot) grodieni-
srop. e1 Bn4.
'",1=
,,ib sF @ a
,,,DWi eO; Br{Nslof-e@ ap,irF
rb ss-g *+gDF = rrnxico'ffi,; sho*ta-be.z=I!,

BJ"D $tp+u @ -tha.t- pd,gF*"=medril*m,

3f]Ii'a,'ro 4s, 4vraa ol


l':;:r,,ci:-:
Chanqa ",6 Str =
d;.aF^b #nbpiob ,dab
b/w *too ff'p,*l""rnbfw
p'nb

_y.\tB
= G"f
[r^rr_-o = (ruxuJwtor_
"ril;;';;io
Chaoqe BM
: 4reo'
+ strD bfto -{hose
+,co to,nt.
Bn4a- Svle = f A_ \B

J S;>
-
r*tr!Y':)
SF
@B = €rF=Q.-
@x= :.rF=t-I}}},*
& = Totol o6ad =
txr'9x L = *^t"r**f'H
= !,o* u
'

Y = Touot (.^dn-Cdistarre
ruL . L t.9L)- o=,"f_
@
&.36
Ob*'vqhoo r slope o{ sFD
defnds on tnknf'[3
o{ (oodin1,
l,r9= clV
-&
:toL= -.slop"EStrD'
x\r*,-;@'-iaYffi
lope ryzes
I9,l rtal IoL
t
*

*
J^rt'
G '@,f(vo-u.) =(A,J:,
o{ dorrotrPrd \RUt'

ffiU'.W
Verr$ca\

*!_.o , @B=o. BsA: .

@x=
-T' Lr lF drsbooce
dunto-gyg) = (A$:
,*Jffi:.-F-W
-
r'3/a.'

<Arca'$rarl ffi
-c;;
H"',($,.),#
ro..,ll,ry
acrltr
Pq +Rg-
*r,ux 0_ .

_Lt &*Ra* g
qr# I
I
I(r=*t E htDA rno'"*oh -borf A .
, -_rl s R*x { *
'..ttL
toPg
h,I' {xwr{+
6
A,
I
a,
l
R*- t"{

q;lt
3{l
Seqdim
no"*,t
Diayarrl

15r)e=
*
@6 Yo"o"o"b:

Gry),* = R*x*- +{$.*)xr


ltdxa .- Wt3
= :E
. ',6L
Bc"dt? rnornWrulrnum tnlkm S n clarnu * SrTD (oy) sF=o,

l*t tAe SF ?s W @ x-r ccohEo

Lse ), = * *Br* )rt ,

{ll'* S**t
,aLS*> 1=&.
BFl @ ,/rs ?s trnxio,urn .., (i
(B',)%
" rJ v?
2t
(tsry)
'me(
s g
16,
OBseRVAtrsNS I
slope d.p.nd* oD Sl^,e.ar
I" BM D Votue
$orce
e" SFD Slope depends oD ,6ad
"4
tnk'u,! Vot e.

SF= o fTgr.r. is 'rno \le.rhc-\ ,t od 6r) Ttaruv<rsg


Xr"a)
-S*+?n Mo.o.nE
BYa= Y
BY* = x -Tbis is* purz A"ndl"U Case2
BY*=x i,e sF=o', onll
,ff*iXr,
enishnl,

B
-Totq\
&a4
.: !v{. Tot*\ Load
= k?x{
N
A -g 2_

NL
L
Bsar"
$r"1 &deq
Q6+Rg= l^l

8o=*
&=R*= *.
Shecr frrrce
sr@ B= *+
SF@c=-++ut=$
B ]- 2-
bL sF@A= **n*=
.L + i

*t.0 l'1om<r5f
stre g 4 se@
*1, A a*c nok $rred. At B are exlrernu ?
{ fre 'Yrso
I
Bvoc=+$lyt +wl
z'-T lL,
B% BYo = 6r.*f I

Brvo a

--
f-!Ia{
tqtl I

A sruclf*aa"d c'

@
tiiiti '':'.'
':::::
,:-ii. -"t,:i:::,..i,
Sh.or t".."
"1*Loa
sh.o,trR*- * 'i\
LSr), = }[ +wr. ir =
tol
(sr).(t=u) - -*
rffi? E
/- s!L ls
I

udl ft-*o
2-

,"h*)
Cse). (3=\,) = o A
tslorneab.t"hr,
GP). fr=r-) = U- .SFD
v\orrrent- =' ts*1)"=+re
":ttJ"g
IBY)n=(ey)o=O. 2-t

(erv ). ["= ,A = g(+] -

* 3{c- BYa v4 -vc = tA-f

*flo= e7, *4 f- i/"fqt


[e*
t
ptrre B"",dir
",.'''?
J[--
t'4 , ' Sbeqr fr.rc€ iS yO
" 'BendrT Yorr,.nl is Noo*
6*t Gnsl
R*+ Rs= o.
rartS Yonnenf at A.
Re*O*ry)=r,a)
Ra=o (
{"*, {:.'oL,{, B arte6r,10"
**r"0 r.lornenL at B *
Obse,"ve{roD
: SF _ dr"t
+ "$ oF qtt
dil
Bendino l'lshen{
s rnaliury.,'il1tr.,";rrn^rn@
Jhere . * A- o,
he fioro
"J*,rJ
,lt ^ ,"r,,,,a;,J-'ilI ,* .
=r=,,=+*ii'#
en " g*FS*rH,:#
#." ", ffi*ffi,*yr
#.^.d*^
$re
Bu{ 8q\mqx ,

Cbs"*r..-f,.oD :
BioF
'rv +oP c-"k6t"T,.nu
,
: Poc is 1L r

,'' tr
r'':fi
i;t-.,i

#{,"ffi;fri.r'41*
r
i,

tT AF
I"inF e+ Gnl'a$/ex.kre
, Berdi,?
\onen* foeg.
dr Rq + rD ttF 5t(r)
6u RA = 5t C{')
Or^
heax
S frrc e

SF* = 5E
SF.= +5t-tot
= -5F
SEo = Tf -lot 15 F
-0.
Bendinq Flox..,evrt-
q
er,uathol @ ^r .-)-5 lt*) + lDr(1_:)

-> -Fl + loF-r)


Be,.c\..q Mer*rer$ .st tt be ?ero @.
(
3 t$ clx.,qe_r
'4",*' +. sotii,T he,e.
0 = - 51 -t ret"(-r)
^.it I

1i::

::
Bt tc Cr --r)=* EC:,)+ tr (r_r)
,.!;J.
riiF'
-- "turitr
:g;'
4H
s _tOt"N)
#ffi
n:. T&
*6
'{*"--l.L # .
r.': BY*
r .iill
b=o) = -s-(,t)+ro[q-r_;
- -" :*."- , .],.

* 0"
q( B{* C*=., ._T(e)
+ ro[e ->;

q 5P
= +lDt.m.
tb
,h
*r'Por a6cohon ; B^Au7 Voment- ?s
"4"r1 6e-,r
o

By ftuahoo = *?)Kr - P.(a- rD POC :+ffi0,"r -lb {'G€- *rf


rbr)
(aqI = #. - P[x b)
-lful*;
+h'$rod."c,f

CI = ffl,- P(r-+)
fie--(1 y)
=+f
{ft B*rdyn h4ornenL n4*[iu n '
lnl*' :
Btln
*t") - t.lxrx$.
l.(--a(,
., ,- @ Pcrc , B end,nq g'lor^oent
-O
34L U
.

8 O= +t*- u.rrl
(, T.
:f- Poc {oc,.ho,
lS+"q_ftresld
1**v =.N
H^- $'Is4""d
(n"tn"d Can[i [.r*,xttB ud {'tu*dt1]

't tt-T-lg+ earnn n1ot""F,-=,


...1*=l

* poc 'GceruoE;1s,.,* tBry)r #c'r,,f.F ..==:

,[teP"'-r @ rac, ,p,* 'dL*L:o.


{rxed e.d o=
#t*l -,y
H+.*
: /f
.
&, o'':'.trui- -zi:.::.
r';:'i+-t
'$g^f

* +Ae,C
ffi= 3

o.t5L o"&5L
[or)
L.,t q,
'11
Obseuvahon 5:
L* po?oL- q ln$luc{nn:--+@ Po:, M:rdr4t.".kA C\"Fe
cl"o*nu i b &ir) @tt rnLrye.

v \"W
*f Eta*c
K,r*t<t"dst
,GaAt^X,? nrrf
Conve.

o *oudrn+ achoD. ffilXX


is an
v
-Y
o ,1rit rA,lr>-Y ig ao R..oe,no '

^ftrot#**"^i'Hf :Ysr

:) OnlX SuhiecLed *o f f*Uc ':) Are' Lo'Y *rc"


G't'te"'k'et*zJ MCro<19

Yl/\
:> Eulrl<cLnd -fu
Porabrlq Ttrarr8ve r Se
*hr -B
'Zst IJ{',t tr''.; 0

* #+ #"?l[fr ,:,:.;r r cu,-rar 4'"c.


Une '
6o'r-eres'1os skanghL
luiDlq : No
r-v xo..dtt'?,
q

:> €t*hc
-- gendin*o( -,,,
(\ P.rya =l'*^1.)==)'| Dt^'rc. Arculax Arc "

J Cage -' cr'r:tve I

rL t^:ir\ rr_eroains sorne .

*=?*ro_H.
Obgexva.hoo6: e lt
6o6A.'?G5
t {ax" Bend'rn5 ytoo.,.qt :
ffi;_[
ft,ln6nlhcre
is hLea, loh cEnsid*-1#Uft'Tq?
t tqx. Sh-ar €tce, E Yax
@ she-*r '{-"*c'
-{'fL
\abrc C.t,!) s[,.,.v ft"ce

Ot^tr*t*le is *ahen inlo Gnrirlertal, S,tn t


"ob
Consderc{
*lo dac"ilc rnirx vattrr)
obseruahorrl; ax't\-Ihnn^rb : \astrafioq
q axc #,," .bf,..f- (nro)
o b sarvotiob8 : ,€otrble orter,l.n"-,i*
*"htt be.m '
tr( Bandrhqr . nvbrrrcot
a.b
;;-''& a doc.bre ,{i,]ffi ,T:bx o.,.i:F't d,tub+q
I = il'il&^"i "ilrinP"; d d' = oVeu ha,n nx o o errher srd e
,idt"{r",
t+a->10:f ffi yYr *l'6 = Toh,t
rvt{'('it'*v&d>
lood t^Vt"l+)4
= he(Inro
p--e1ffio-;l sqrrwrenkic
)
xr**^tr"
I .f**
6*"ll',x"}
"+

l$ L=ea, . $,. - = Lr9/l-*^


-trt"J \
Be'd'x7
^{o"*^f 1do n

d-Se**\fim,
=*^'"€
= *(*"-o) [t t A
H*: tl,
-r
=,-^ll!-toq!
-E--
= +(+-4(+-1
- ,o tnL .\
,/., f-t') 3t+-"1
M *fua tl Byt 6 roiosoan =^ w['-
BrY := -E-
'rn'd
t^tal
T
w\':
B-tv6o,>
.4jL _aL
a -e-
.
\n
i{lFE:}
r.t I-H-l_r"

=-/ d"
ta l,-l
L=dQ \t,,
hru-:p3?
C)bsen rahoo q". i qa.n.nt =
+l.-gi-
,

l" l'1r,i'nf*n B.,r.qlnt

4
L=.,tcr Nc q{
L<>a j Pcc =At--to
.tS
: .{ L.= &C* :} .-(v>
e. b.^d.T Ho me nl .I nold sPa n
6e-4C

'x 6, +be bearo, {b. m)axrFc,urc) posi hle Bendrn6 n ,o*uryl is


e1ud -h ne6atrvie \orneot. 'Thetto[.te4 Lf is_
YO'"a
lwla

porthve Bend?ry rnonnenl-=


#Lf .]
n"qahu" B"rrAtj \"r-;'::
\omur,l- = [tr&]
{ tl
E^
: +ve Bry = -v" Sry

fl'f i')= 9
v) r lL ,ll

ju- ;
q
2^

wffijsul'*
1t14,lrry

16
obe.vahonro: I,-r_f-LY
\ ^:'-E
t BIY"
{
X lo o*.ie" h produce mqx'BY Pooduc"d
io th'e bearo is leoal possiblz,
-tHe S..pp',t rnurF b' Phce'X f'^l
+tu eds at adi tanc" 4 E'a'
Gv€)ry.8F1 = +,"(? *)
tos!p+e.,r4#'cHDr e
.&Eex nnlnole- x
l'ot{-t^"ta'
shahc lndete,nnorrancX
{ ::HlL tndaLern^ri.ralo,nt'*k**'

Shahcqllq. {,ebrlntna[e shr,rclure


(
Avaltabl.
No '-r LtnLnows
or = No' ? eauatons
' I-eq*i\rh*urq tluatrons-) ,
t
l/\

* \(/1k
No. q ctnk-nows , Ra Rg 4 n, ,.t"P+ unLno,rros : M, Rv -@
-T '
EqUhons Avarlable , 1y=0)3r'4=o
Quatiorrs Ava,labe 5-V=0
tfl*
I ;LY=a *@ ,{D
rl/ -o
No gf untr',ourns: ffi,,H -€
llnhte, 5v=0 j5rr,=0 j 1r1= O-(,
Rv

tndeLer-*toa{e Ahuc [trte s'


Sbal,'ca\\1
,t

x NlO" -1 i (quct:1C'"=-t i
irq""!,bnUrn ,

Inclel-r-orriiDar?-= No !r{ r-trtr:cwS -,t...ry ii;,lnb1e


"r,.^,i,h.tiu* "o..
* :.

No g. unLoc'urs t %, Rg' M -@
A B -l
7
; r,t ,t 5-ti=0; (nz-nf1
.: zrr-r. 1v]=o:-t/
F4uahc'os Avallab\e
Rs

st*hc^\ to&[et-*'",4k ''(b'u'ck"ne q {"de'ta*t"tJ : \ "

B '{ tr.nLmwg-+.
No.ot
:
No- g+ 61u11,h's, tn e1'*o{'eP;3 avdloble &
n
Rs
fi'6 $tx"cl 'Suppwt,
*he \ndernnrrracY votu"n : 4-a @
,fr x\o'oj qeLnows - 6
R+' ye r.\o q etu-abons
ffi,,:fl:
RA RB
incle= noi na c'rX Va-lu.,L ^ (' -3 : 3
*'-*6oM G^d o'd Horn
"'*)
fia- Goruvenrl
Qe,-,eual "God,ofl (oo,,*.,::,q ";,
f n.li't*i nonl Va[..t =- 3.

No" q4 gpltnow5 '' I no. o{ E lra.tob!: l.&tut.,"Sa,t


\ie"l''ta-\ 4a.di.l Geo'etal&^{ I VU GL \IL iL
r C"kleve,l A & 3 &-&=O 3-3,o
r&'Si,nP\'1 i -. ,-3= LJ
" & .Ja= -.
&-il=D 1.

t1
.
.

F p*n-c^"tt i 3 3-& = I
.|'b:l

i-*""i
o*e4 4-9 = 9
|+ 6-3= 3

lr
1o

'+F P,,op-Can{il.vu, l" tr''tlete'orirrcc1 '

' -har
L* 3 un Lr'otorls a'd &e1too hoo ' ;

k' Sbve *he- Utkrgot^rns


Ne. 'r>..A -L e.ko a1t'o'hoo eluo{.''on,
-lBag .L roore a1u^hoo --E*--"* Compactib't\

neadoo)
q+ FBt*B.uool

&= $_!$
IA
@
is Y)o glorhc Ctrnve
rJo *here. P*P =)
A

qb_g
€ \a*hc Crrxr'e dw-to d6td P- P
clo*o rrq, H d4tuhoD Up''uxc)
clue {o *'*4 =- due -[o '

m
Sq, lo S0b'1, hre deal hiith Pryp-f-ar,b,levet-aho Nhictr A*
' 3unh-nordh$, Ag1\dftbaruro c1*rahoo, Iaornptf,h
ri

{'1.au I -T-"*\oh''"'el
f €isp\acerne.F -f*L* *"t^hcnqi +"q..tar
\

,€"{techoo[E) : \e,len{ dispk'orn*rr i


ol a Poinl e4 *t.o bec'rn
io'rAl ^r, y'rvflu"lat displau-rYrerlf
Bearo Slope f e):-
Posrtror) +t bea'ru '

'l.,.r"''t'*ta 'X-
'6of'nk n - -^-r-
tlearo -{-o
'@' alr rr.ts #"'
\ '''t (-e-\oq[c Cc^xve'
gent o$ \'-us" -

Ael,techoD (E) ; v€'hca{ *ton


\
cli$aor.'nP ofi a Potn\ oo*he
be.tro.
+ve,= ug wos d d"tr\echo*1 og it C'locb-ige
sh* '

'*ve': t"*x$*hc'r'
posi

9s is neSahg c\ ock-- uci s- 5''ecf',c,,


btvechon.

'tot-ahon i tr
t g' €' - cloc[t'cis. dt".ho 1
s(ope ,----^'*\
\ +ve
- e1E!:Ulk'ui,.
cluechoq.
x Achq ,.t o<o"da3 :) Car.s,€s toferrnaf {rrc.,
*] 8r' BY'
>* eorchon,oc[ B."o =+^iirr
*r^],'itr* ["*rot'
' P,.6ru i,€
=*-};f,;D:+ T'r?.*.1""
[^$t"'*oo t: *i*h bv Bry
sd, sp
ilX";J[63"o":
eE ..,;-r"J;';.';:;
;uffiffif,"iu?,
?enrrareJ
"-^ r.^iu
orcs.,vorir"

t^tF&]J ,N .curnre6.^\,t'^\
-
tK Ar_J_ r

Qo=-&'@hoef **/, |n*]Sgu otsglyo! at -g


6
foax, Q€achoD
= <qtrol
.S tropo,I
,! *1 o,,J cppos.le
^t-_dtts
unsvropel''
"*l
0 D(rddtiyl ,

"rd,^I
RB
llqx: Q€ochoq 6*>og
@ soppol=,*M, t{ax
rygl
_*^* s le obsexve{- el -{qgpr.t-
R4 = "d.
#^h
Observe*oo a
a

YNl"1 -{"' ssg i-s #c: -@


@ e :t +gU**
"f;u*rr*..
*F mqKium) Bendi'nfi r'{ornent SF
-o.
6sx'^"r*"t
r*taxBy:
d;:.. @c :> slor o.: o .
roid spal(
Mqx. dr_fitech.oo
*p^0.
B.d,nn r.loment,l{-} d.$hchon
=' n{id .

^it',cr.1 {',dino .
vlc\x 4e{tec hso[y) tlro
occsuxs {c'ctc{ point- on.1
rnid--po5nt-
s)

qk .{'l
ouWrzrnb.=* -rc- -y'l a'.nl*
v ran' - L'
];=tril"
+
r_jil
Slop. = -RvsF .,{ev,val,ve .l"fuleekoq
.q
obcse.ava.hon rr s
6'- dq tl1..^, >\
=X J''{
cJ ''r ff= 2".'",:
-=-V S\opcL r/rrll"ta ='0
r)-
g,,t_
+tz C"qva\wte tf ) = d rrL

[rnffi'r'
*{-cy SkcirThr ir,^u ,t
(erq,J ^
no\.{
ffi=o) - C..,...v.,k... = e"
,J--i ) R.rcli.Lr,r cf cu:,rval..r. = 4.
* Pr.{i*r o1 (.*voLr-.** =
+-.*;il
{om
,:,,
:i
{.rier - Be=ncrr{,'s p)ro.,f,}e

frr Rnular beerqs


#"o.
"f - di
c{."n-

Observahon: ( *
#:*
' 6LvctL-€
1"4!'oo
:) S+=S -t "${. u.*.qe{ sropr
rnre",qt*hnq
O, H6** *i''"'
'1 Elop..- .1..rhoo -:]
#= qfv;,'te=1.ahr tni.e'ty+i'tt
6' eqtect-'on
Oe r. r o1 :)n'Y t, . 1
f "1"th - xo f t,* * i-ds.--
4-"q*u. *
-n','* fS
.tr"l::, d; ,
o1o
y- dLer; r*'
<-d*4ieri*a*.
g"r-di,rT
,':l-*h h yv shca, $oru
Y: ev\
IL
. V]onoent
I

t
C,o S hear S"c. (s *)
#=n' # di66ercntu[.
$,et.S,, i.t JoL
er r tnteriiltr+ {wd,n1_ &_=€l-l'f
cttt> d{J

_ B.",J,nq yorn.nF
l,rl
(lN,*) !q =lL = Cu^rva-k*,". (V^)
cl-n> € I
dnn .S Frea_r €"ce
dr - Cu) 4r = stoPe LryO
c{r.
d1'1 f,"+rr'sl\ '+ o'6.J,n1 ttr : d%t"c ho n (nn)
F rfm)
lt
y
:i

u.rn *Itn
I N :J-+ */q *rn't{I"rAtF rno
.5lops o'd ,8r6techoo.
rl- +
Ccnhodid d,'shna ,{
ffiqx1,5lope oxfi l'1ax d.fitcchoo,

-11-
El *{'+ =08 :,
lvlaxBrn= rr1'
j!
#=qr*
,\,

-lnll
EI
=' x! NtL e^* .:\
'
!d
Bel
{ &er
Max Brq=wl

frN 9x e! :)x919
-i___E
Max Bry= rulL
rq
&el x!3 =..,,@ r^1.13
t,
E*r

_d x!
w[3 :; LU{V

6el +
JGi 3oe I

t"l.lL gxL :Y-. t^tl3


tdL xL 3 ' +Be1
MaxBrut: g{ lel I rcet
q
3
?8lo ru{> x, L u^J{ 9x& -1 5_*W{'-u
3. JqE It ' 3sq' el
MqxBM= t.l
E-A I

g
\J

C*roirrr* is nshf trJirotioo


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ry T *"
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propp.d Cao.{tl.vu, Beoro, SuUiec\".\ +o P'"t /',-*:r'i r' -t i

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1o *;^r\;"7tr^r) O
g'
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AB= Aa+ B.x CB


- wu}5
t 't4l,t
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ti'reu

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ll,

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3q a-.
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=iS* [{xb*r')(+f ..{,,
r,\€
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!

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f6 ooe axlo em<- Caxatea C-ornpreesioq


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a,L NA:) €=o


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aF exhoqrn" $UeLt €= rnax\nni,tYY)

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u-me*

Jt- .-""-.*- -'

SXrorok i c abou\ ctrrin.


boHo 'Axis (x-x 4Y-Y ) u's,6rntf"kic aborrt x x .

Ce,\Eold [,el aV a point- t'rrherg A/A $asser th"ough x*K


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t
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co.^pali[,1tr\ *loahon'

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EF
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a
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=
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tT
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o.tuo L> t".f., ev> cl>anXe
o,D wUth-. \

Shzo.r shess :> e


tlaxiahoo

is oo sudden crhange i q
(
wrdth, So no SrrddeD
o,o
CJnanqe sh<ar skp{s t_r
)

cft6;*

shearihccs
VartiahoO
* Shear Aesistanc€
k Bendrnq Slress
5sx\Starlt(
oflyted uc6 Eu = So-e5fi by t^:ehs " 4o-qs^-+ rw6u
+ lo - l5 "/. b,, -Phn
rtonft3,
{f'd 1
I 5- rD7. -b:)g.h
x rta"6es p*.f*. +-t RenAion,

!k l,{e b pu.tfog€ Sh..,..


=#

Sheor ghe&
'rtaruahorl

rF. Sh.o.^ is c-sr,slants ',,) r';lE ---**raqe ia\r' frE:-itft" $m-n*"b]


k Etr U*.( atonn l"nnlh. *-, ,t
,"
$fu\.'o
seu] -f.a'r,r.e

Shea, sFuess U*.( iD cls -+ T'ue b U ,,fodtutic tlaxtoh t D]


*lo, Shear -nr. f',t s*,-sezJ
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)F ,€roroo., {
* J- SecHoois BuE B"ndit? *"*-l--r-te .
'!ii?;- U
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' r +D
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f; : ivioto* f"enTth) _ ,-Ftr"e
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Bend rnq s hess Vaxrq l-,'o vr t [** e '


pox. quJr; c
d

'T'' &5"nd. o"'d E' [+' tffr:",':t[,1r rt- uqr'',^$*


L+
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-> rlano
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,

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f,'o a gt\v€r)
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n
r Sheo.'(
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+
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s) St..nqio 61od gLess ere-ho6.n$al {o c/s *Tmsioo-)
W":I,?"
clocL,rise, -Eoesio "tt*oti
X Tt'sio\D TA-- JF*"8
dn\t- -fou'sioo .
c\ocb.,c"rse
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f M,, -
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grn{h',,Jrwl")
-l6.sioo aU"
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+ R,Abt l^,qnd {f;.lnnbu,.le letate -t{^.d (.",ga.es ,,6 -tfig
i !' -> ::::::::

drrechoo Qf Twsioo; Rgt^'t Mnd ,<ho*o d,.ecttoo der-rAer-r cxlrAcxl'


\l

-Ia d.let*i',n. *cxl "b.,flF


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ho",c\ {rh.^n"b ekle i s rrre$r..,,,
\ .A . 1... t
t)
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. Az"aouc rvroob o* o{ ls i * 4c hl

k
ES<.t' 1
c ,
t(cx) b

&! (arur"r)

r[1.\,
AB
+r Bi",t'd:) B** *tri'st
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o'fi 'O --Angte o4 +ur"st I 4t'
#ont \teu': '
(= r.ai* o4 -tt,.lsh ' '
EhcarskaiD:f , ^W
Sde h'"sde v'e'o "
view -Atte o{ -{<^r-isL obset u"A
te$tbqsha$t-L'
s'l'u-olto is obset'veJ 4*n--'Ernt lE:g:
Sl^eav
S"cPoo {e"6tb -> Ro'
. AA\.= RO -) t-$ '

Rs=u{,

i
9{ +*:*f
:vFE
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| -- = T- -T-oa*,6, 4'lfic.t Poho
v)

lJ *- Tl
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rr,i, Jor
vatid - rir'' 'Lvv!
=pott*.rnoooents:Eoexbo"
\

r. sF,afif rnater.ioti .,.,,= s!a6t


+.{*sotid c,,Jt. JI"'i\X=
&au*&d\-Bd} :
*Bd.l
Is {\cr.,991e notr.L,tslkpc + + Qo=f
Llor{ic, ,fltr, {+oou'.t t"* f- 6be".t sl'e-ss -

>,sba6t is ertB.t Sotid


B= Rrdiur 4 sha6t/ *..^arol disfoncs
&rtulal
ce-nke
"4 {tbre 4^"'o ' :

Crrcrloa cor) *dol(o^ ' Q'-raodut,r {


3. Cs-ass - sech.oo is "ntl'\
@= gt -k^risb
pzis.oatic 1?n
*t* I sb^fit
q-. ptane Aechoo qewning
l^is[
l>lann befiore a'd olk '
'
q TL9e l^

-t
_r_
T_ B
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JRL^ ' -= g,e
a L

$)n t: e
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ffi r*_-__:_L
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t".98
un Y
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r=Td}
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k=#" x-d6 4-frS#-1? :

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li
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.
!:

='

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:
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o'-i!t ' .q-=
(l
1^ t, .. I
I
l€ i,i...=
-f*
n'l;r,*# a -, f \
-=-!
Vorn-,ohoo is [inea r-, 75qddew

+.triltrf,;.ili,:.:"1n.q
'' E#rx" a@ * .h-!:-,;il":1Til.-,
oD .ootexhl p^po,l,.s
t"*,n?
' 's[odo o*{u"f;q1?'n"rc{ior,g
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- q-.- con Le t^eJ,
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jr. {
,
17 .. }
l.ru,.i.
r-
coosbqnt aI
qf .' *t *':,, o',:'t"{
Ql=T6asi6661l Riqid,r-u
q T
t^ ./2 a",..ial sr,1,g,
!j';' u,;
t'
+ = J6usloool
9: -T1*. r^^ 1
Sh[$ness.
-TI M+
ft
-.>=
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f-- - t
a
X={ z
T*-f zr o r{= Bt'1 vo*l
| **,.* a3,"tI
T= TnfTo'sioo
._3fr.th. ItrR"El r.'f
@
..

* J6rsionq{ Cr"y"fl WU)


,+ shn6U dep"ncls o0 Ep
sk- ,
.-T-L=8o
xf-r=L=Q.q_ I j4_:t--e
,

fRT R T
l_r- I T=T-e
**:> =roel
rl*:)sh"r3tb
To'*,oe> (T *P+sklB Horo.nb v rniD f
?..Hq=
ro1rq1 **y" L=u -+ sbff"n'ess'
ur.g) :> s+rgfineJ
; T6'sionol sU"6t =..1 -{l"*w.o..l x["'1tb x E
"
Totstc*hat+SQ5ft** x(5 -Ftexn,"to'L shSness x EI'
':rii'i1 ""t..'r;,'
t.,'11*
T = qq-
-f==
-E-
l-TR; trI ,=E,fs):r#al-.a^ ,s,{:-r*dR
, diat r.feo - rYhxirou-H
^.(
Lr=*€;841--,d'
I= Y Y,"{; ibq---; d.td-

Gv\: LmAX

-4Dli
C.N

lGoax
s\"e""
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J;;" at sha[t il"^" \factahon ot,J
Penipha:.l
od *:ro tqdapodt* E'q,
' aU cenfce'
* -l-lolto.^r Crtc,,tlax.
-froax

fr,n T,nio ' fx*ri

-Qnqx
-frr,ax =
e_d.,6h **{o
)F Cor.rposite SecFioo Behavlowt,

&disL

)r- -T-oostep.{ Shear s l-uess


trrrearr [.'1 , o^J o\^o J"f.$ CID
! iht*
-C,r,ox oL Outeo ,,P*rl
-ii

)K
I Dou:er
l-

No' ot 'ae.',ot^r[ion" sl-,agt ?.ori,o


't T
geno,

PPs :) revot^rtioos fft sec o**u


)K- u",:k : P= Nott

-1Na*t.-l.l'nO
sec
J*l,P= *qe Natf
G-p*isioD b"[,^1""., .gtid e.Dd *bllow Ct.c*$ar Sha[ b.
*llotlo,^l C,.".^l-, 'U
.$tid a.c"Ja'l sfa[t- .

Aruo,, t qo-'l
+d
'n.v"a,TCaF d?)
Bl* Mof-=#r* Bl"" yor = gtdl-dl )
Prlort nood"Jr^r - *d' pl"x t.)od*ll,.r :h(oJ-di-)
Slo-..,qth oJ {Jollow &c[io9 -cx(z),
s k"nq+b soticl sec'lun>
= 3
Ts= r"G).
"{
1b both Sfr.5t dre .cl,d1 , p T {oru .*{r,x;ol.

H*-g=&q;'-dt)
(str n?tb)g Ts
TCT-
J''*fuffi dd
do*ds
du= O.rto. ch. q {ollouc sc.L,
.. ;, di = tnoet drq

1 sor,rd L,il
Obs"rv"{ioo l_, '*''*
d =- cl,i"
{" Sa.c,e Yo.t
'

"iol,
i",i r- :

"#:
Cr". r*)
Obs.'va*,.0O I, -$o{low
Sann. nakuiol and sotid d'o6a) = O.^Le. d;o Cd")

Szq\,*
r?fl--;-\r-
\-'o"'7D - dr*do3
Jr'-d.tr
---____ ,(#Je
)sr'a :
@

Obs.-rahoD Q: -5. Sa*o" noateso\, SsIdCjgg) - _o-sk*te_TlFjH (do)


:
q.,d
l-.rE4'I
/2"#e\
s
=,-tt)*
F*i
lor^t
/\
$h'"trtb)s"t*r
.-BJ*: €It.

ffi:f
\*/
.grd ca)
,l;
- dia
-f-|otlo.o ?'\ds
--,
dr=d = ldi
x -$l,d ;E s F"oq.r

Ob"."r{ob +:
frv &nce hq"to.l^l Cdu = zdi anJ ,6 r"zrTht
^",?I 1:ii 1,T'**'
st'ii - -4'e" q'-$ollow
ear*;*,, = G4r.rL,r".
+i tcd"-di) ;:;rrd sr.ngr d,,
qi +ai-a| do = O.^te" d,fn
"{er E *}otlo,^r

J di - d L,,,, ,= =,,
O, =
Inoev crlianrr"l.r
! +"ffr*
d,={6 dr=*d
.#;!Bt' -- eG
dr,6 T =- l"4tP'

-=t]rllo* is s l'"o"g"o -thao So lid o? g-

+k so* sr6e,
f,':j:1.r*'lJ.i:"="a'l
)! Sa.oe -Ay.c,. e{ bcth Sctid qnd *!o\1o.^,
it $ollow' "J,) Cdo=
/-; BaV -eechoo

@ 1'Id Gl""?b\,fiSo"Ts)*,,0

*; @.e*)O aQf*.L*a.-* r'';YY1' :f.*


Cb'",hn"d *,o6 ond

m,
, fr":"'sl'in6 Ftro*runL

M,+
1=+-
-L ,t

r- Y s= M 32H
oa( v -rT4,
*q.
+=F:'-;*=ffi
G_h".J achoo
' .
'

Pa"tipl
ct-.t-.--x- t- 3zv H nr lF

$baar > %ftd


S [r.s s- ',.- q #1"..d4
,.| ':.::+

'f 6* "*tr--

1':,{
*i fr-t[
"=

* t"lqx, B.&,nq *,
ffio (f )= ry --- r! )
ru Ypds
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.t ;g
't'd.
r'\r
- _^ Ca )
*& ls -aP1 7
\pr' #[u+r'Fl
E"ilr* =

€1t"1v^["nt Toostor)

qf;sr
-fu"o alu,valanc.6 {= \o"r afi'v^la"t
fo-
€=(Z*nJc',obrncd ,

W=reFr
f**-^lHar'
if* &"€k Su.{rousion)
::
C6if or,,no,

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w**" - -"{':_.f
r
l; -f,',o*= %-5lP
o
o(
> +* r#)
P".*ro{s ly*&* o(
o

U-r.or I +
' tur
/rrd\ - 16T
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l6t/ndr - +'
, n
L'n4x-JDt^te
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f
shear
!

,/r_

6bse,vehog -L- lb
14=
\= IgL
Jir 9r,no.hic Gndthog
setvaho j
g>b

€r Ursgmm.|ricq I C"nd,[ion
-ozochoo = Eg{r*gg
0
€ach {Qzact-,'oo VaLtrr
ttglT*-L y gttersade
1- =
.,,i
Ie n6+l
*?^r.
T.^risF \to.\rre_
io Bc paLror, ---i&o,
Gnn""hon-g : f-+ Sex,e,r Con.,eclioo
SlutL
4 L pre.*"\\u\ Ccnnec[rofi.

Co^
Cexig Gno""L.oos i t EnA "lo €nd Con",".hoq

* '.l6uat-oh."
Es,^,n,.odory
-
IB
: CI+e r O*J 6.o
* 6T= 2Q'
t, 'tff
I

y'l+
* Sh"6t Sublecfed -{D Tasisn af q^ea
.nd ,
* -T-og '-- Te"- TcD- T :) -[i.d.n.A*l a'€ &rqg,

O= *41.
E Tr^:ist- o:.d
v -E-xy,
L' P= Y
q
?
il= =i"o, slnaig
P.= Roriua E :?"t: e= $p,u ;= ,f-: t:5,* *ot ParF
le *"nB#,:,s:'-_Ftrl
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l= Lowtb q shnflk,
i^ rAc I,L66
-f^ Ui-'fiot"o cl.
\lX,lo""o cf3- I
9n. -- u I

LT JAc
Y*c ., ts

OAc = Rorahoo o-:[ point c xr't'L goiof A Lo"- no)

g3.n €"o
Or- ORB*

O-r'%-Ea )+ Cs.-88) +(oo-e")


ons= &/€ qAB JAB Gr= Q@-Pa
t

b*. Tg. Lg. oT = blao


= .

YBc JBc-
ScB = .-Teo LcD
qcD JcD
(
t" G'Po"=.fu qre
fu["1 CS.D <* $*"d b/' t':, s"pp""{s
4. Grp"*nt' long,{o.lal
-> crxis
othe.
faaatl +ooeocb
r++
c
C\ucL.,oise -> BBc P*[orle *ot^lattds c,l*-
Aato'^ig
-Anti *clock,,ci se -+ s '*oY '{*o- +
Jtrt.ow
Ac P*b. I
R"t"hoo @ c
slmlo A4\echoois
v -Savn €
OAc = ocB f
'G"opc[&*l..\
.CatoC shd,o^
"a Anc ='AcB
L; t".d l,t Tozsi6qS**,'&'"', .-Ll\'-\:iJ
i$artt1ft
\s.
sl^raxioT q+ 6ad d*- "l"p.nJ*( .q <*r=sho,tin.1
F.X;*da
I*;.,\ [.,q] d

I-* GrFn""fr pt .4rLt pt."\


[^,r,I,]l .

oaB= ot=% -

H
9i\ = ULr,=r,)
trl
\' -)
J--
(rTr -
Tz
ct))L'
-,

g =-> M"tLe;".\ F"f, kX

T:) Coropninf phf:.+


PoP*.?.
d+ F;es )F e""""\t.l
, d.ft..h.n/.14'*"10D o de6ieckool .1"h"*.nhoq - Sarn e
= .S,^**ho.r
= a[de[)r,.,a.r,,{*"f * a6,r"ls = Ss**^hoq
' Xcodc *l*o[ . L-* xlrr ne <ha'recl
^.H€
(&or=(oa),

AT= Al+ A-l-

{oad i,q
Soeoe

lac""n..ol q ,Serr,es
*
kl =
.,'i
:l-+. -f. I
.rV
: r)4
lt
h-
',Et ::] '
- -'! J
kz
k= hL
k3 A.

S%= hl,-o-hlr.\da
6.1, kt 'T;* q,
-,1 = J- +J- + I
f1 Yt Yr' v3
%pl"cennenL q paxalte\ sp',"Xs iDt eluitnrl.nL *P"T,
A, = Ar= 43
N = ld\ + h]>t 1"1-l

kaGZ) =h, A,*b'A'+ LaA-3

= Br,+ k2+ k3
(eq) x 2rr-Re
n= oT," 3{ TwisF = T!
9l
=
*
Q .Ta9
3r."

Str,C'o *"*{.4;b' fw"-sb"d dewu{ =*^prn.

-Axial d"
fo"n"oliol
,+
"p*.r' ,

(.s r )rpu,? 3', P'd"


-=-----i_
q.l ?

jx a"-"1 x p = .a > P'Blq


'tYr'tl 6id y

_ 6qpen-
.A"xial
sP'i1 -q.{,r -

X LU.,o{r.d ,Sp-i,Xs tor) Leab *rrT#,


Lp,"o - B<n.l,n6 tro, 4-Hl>'
")
Y= {*;t
A!1 - /. br>
\6
, 3.r*l
J= & bl>-
,,& .
n, ex ts,h"n
u S katn.€rrtt11 : #-
! -lk ul"v"lule^$ shttg
{ea$s Vo[ume .

1 = z"wfl
& btt
",
spaiogs : b\e c-orop.,"nh trhicb aye- *.b"1 '{o store stoa"q
-Ftexi
' \J du" {o Suddenl tnoPct Loods'
:) ""*tt
TBis 2""'7,6 r^ritl be- rretea.reJ ? .Fr"tr* 6ad""lt5 a-qt,

, -I-gpe^s 9f ,tpt"fl ba,'"d oD *fr" .^


l'-, ut*' €Elg : At""si P pa"Ha\ c\epmahovl
---(A#TJL,;fB

,*f3tr
I - 't Y> '7 N '3sr''*n
O,mo"4t noer ct6lfe' ::- p t3 = _Bi'
,%.mearoouot q X"^A +t u* eI 3eI"
w aelprrd cJruknHl

ory - at
Corl
q
aa ,-. - J t:',
*.,)g-lD

E
*-
P'o c;' I sp-*fl,*
'Twishnq
is qurntol- J
*
r= ,.1,;JH:1r".."^
(

o,n y*auc.d
>€
>:
P
du. -{o -lcorque a"'d
tpoi-eLe"
Sh"a' -{otco '

, '- no.
T of s , = 2TtR .-+ orrtco!
Y P
'\D'
Co,,i
f

- zTtRx n L= bx2TrQ
|

J=
f
L P=av; Rediutr q Cd,f
R
dtr d-.dia' q+ spr"t ma{otia I
f= +-
f,
:g'B)*q
4"av
t : l6T
= Sheo.v Shr<s TI"l3
T= l6PR
Trq 3
eU+ Gru*
.->(oopressioq l'1"n b.n) S,rUi.ob.d {o o.xiql (".d,on.
=,

# cblumo ceo Carl a6od


C'Coai^, Strbject)
f
co!ur"'n' P'j@ t(-,
plrlar tnoit\ ',oh h,'.r. onfl looc{irr7,

ril'
corumo, +4, e ffi '. ll4Tffil"'.-*
-the Compress?rre rn<ynber; ooF 'iD Ve'rticql posihor"

-Coturon, pedasba \ {, Cott*no ?s l*t*rl


*}roo padorhi.
L--, Fd.lhl is sho,ote" '{frac,e.veD sho"b CotqrDo
I
I* =n: €o{n7; a"trft
sFa{a^e.

Tttno n 1, '=
{
^.o €f,[r[orq,n.
r:

AP";
'su^ut" gTutlih
C*b. -*,t"rfi' ffi i'< Gihal Nood'

G*h.Nuu\""\ -fti,tr,,btru,-o :. applied o6od = C+hcol (led.


I
(c"i['c*t co,.,dr[on)

(vnsLaUt. C"nd;*on )
k *[,.r*j.,x Shco L ablu^rn
.) {orq Calunnn"
kttb "+ c"trPq
r" teaab" (
/!\
late"i{ drrncruioqg.il
/. tt
3rz >lL
z. s reqJ"on€Ss ,,a*io (#,) ( rro > t)-o

3, F^il,^". t'{echaoisnl brrect Gush;ng nr.o,tnfl c,i,ppltrV


f
*t sbstf c"lunoD *nv L$fl c"tin,
,
*
",1.:;J "-' vv
' trTffj ;i.T ffi"n #.:,t 1'
-b^Grp*sioD
xo*" aod rondihoq, l-oad Ca',*rtri1rDore_ o6od C*r,1tV l"sr.
diro"rxiort
Drraaf e]*rhinX
x c..lcJo.t- +,. Gf .t q+ c.[.,."nr) *l*
\ -> *rn
L-, g*L.li,,7,
_Aspech raho
th)
*"A Colunon -----------+ > tL

sho"h colunqg

ffi
Lon,+ Calur"rrl.
5. S{rruss
VaLt.e :

DLr c', qmD ).


ffi"ffiH"ffi#,!::'r.1, ''''-ofr'norrl' lsol"op'c' G oeo.r -l",sh c
2. Er co",*ro",i- i:rr'a{c,
(+tookets N^ro),
jlt
B, Colt^rnD sbor,ld b" 'Sl.1du,
l. Nor1-*'Cr " f .-:-:-l-
-n'€1 I
-rr?r -.rF
.1- I

4, H,lwre roechanism: bucblroq. , 'i %r,o;-€


lE *lris Lt I
t. &,il- r^er6ht is iTooreC, ( *'
*_",
_ ,P
,- 5I
6, bo,?'Goc"ntri. *tp"l,*W"g# raods]
+[
.4. Col,rrnl iohaltq Skarqh,i
1

ll JI
t6'-tiu.WIr-GJ;'*..nr,n,i t
^oor
P'-'

I
t'
Qo* "" 1"5- U= c,c'. JF"q + Jg"
q.,

.3n ,.,o i:; 11.*";Y.g - ,,. ,' ."" * q, {. ?r.,,

B"Lrr,:r,5'!%x-,'l = a*=
Bucktinq tJnnb o ') trqr =g W
"=;; *"k;
L= oveqo\\ tenntb E c,t^*, g

grh{" l=retu -,e,s q" .""t!:X.'ffiJf',"i;l


o
."",".ffi[:: * \nfitec[ions
ro,) t1., *,^,0
t"0 b/* -hoo consecrah.,-- '*"r",i,^?
rqornerf
xero pd,nt'.
a2,E.1*
I

+P n=l
Loo>(n)= 1
I
t$s b},o Ecta B{
{%b-t. ,

EF,
_a
ll€I
+K- D
lcr- Le*- dirUaoc" b;." *uro
Le
-- Conse.cqhve 7e.'0CI Anl
Pr","h
DLePe
t. ++tn6"- *hn3e
4 ' r
rrLr

& fixed- f,'*.d ,/, +rte


L
-t r

3.T:ixeJ * *ee_
&
+b

+, fixed- *T"a,
IL 4rftql
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tP.)*{,*">
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> tP" )
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ff
l"h:b
+k
"ftIn,$ *liH.? _

t. +Iin6.d #
t"* No
Ix.d No No

3, fr*e t4
s H"*
+. Soira\
' spd"? t{{U'tra) .du*.

5. Lrnear ap"nfl
t.n r"t" Lp^h"D
.'+?1"++io"l
\ *Fnt *:et}^t\) xr'flu)
[bc+ spital \ +nre.
'spnnl/
+k '& [ ##',,,,.
.i,
'*

+ i:==-.. i
ffr
!L)
Le f=_G=l
5L/o 2,
vr --BJ
*L- CL

'lir,r:,

.::i:::::.. .::::::::1.
"Wl
TI Va,trre,

->-
-44
Ll ,
- <ut-
,t
Yz l.-

W
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-
L_l
q^
k, --r

LL I a=-
LL,

,ur"d
{ *"Td
j

ti nu
Po,^X

?d*Y$ 1C-r.'nc-".tftk
' xri\h t^tivo)
f'*A
=SL vT
'fd{oe* Bend r Vr
Pthc, dtrc h
Bend I itvr ,
duelo rf (uii*[t.)
Pe =.r!rb2 Co\ttnn : F.= +krra.
rtv
La-

o= Mar
ffx1'
-T. E _Px o3 bd3
-x1 l;=E
* Trr,,

{F

dl
lr.
D
l€^ler-
nt -' 'i
:' :1rY)rD
^& 1z-'

z
t

ln BeatoS-
M-= g c f,64p6g :) T^boqt i^I a 541
-L?x* N*A
lr-
-l;f-Mxx"'1' *t-t \c Abl
I:.Y ' ( rle
'

H-
12-.

r'{ >h

6= H.L*Hj
-rxx
6-- MII {;i\
L-/
Ju{I
*dLnd*rre, R^\otI) = **
) = d'tL
{m"n
,,

N[o un',f, + ],
P. =
ft+,i,
L?
I"s fwi,r)
?* =
)rr=*ry /
-n"E fi-:^

lr,=-,.?flF
r='f llf;fu:oi
pr*#
ft,
sL*fd'o:q- *7 t' < fenJ"-@. f"ho
2, Vourq's r"od"ltu E
,\I-,\r.u-rra ti)

'(rrr e, ,q tb ard enJ CorrL kon s


{

P
's =G&

tzo z > 32--ro lnter"''ud^b ct[t^'oo -


r#
^+
),

7\-
.r^l
^
i*az shooF c-,tttr,,n' trE = Eolerts

-Er r'ri td sLe"l coturno =*


l*^'
E = P'X tob xr St-oesS.

% = Q5o Nf 'nnrt "'


!.

)= I@t=88-es-
V d50
r4i la sk-f
4t colurqn.

L=IF L, = C-.h co\ s ["n.l""nu ss Roh o


) > [+
ar6 cot,.*o .f"4?ff'.O udl
fu'to*n -
'r
P o(l
-Rom q1h.
';":; ,Sho, b co\t'r'mq Crt'r't tcl
mor€ r/aac\ 'than
tonX co[um 6 "
t* n[Hiuon n)
(l"rfl aotum

"--+;
Short Tone ,
{ nlCIrncJ'fi
calurn4
c{{ectton Cotl,'npl '
laxinosrn kk1ot 'h
Jt= q
:L '&. _.
,e
E
:i$i
::il=;:r"''\

. hg,rnx :,6ax
o
--l*mrD tl
dmaf
,,q ::1,:-,

B,

ernax = rnaximuro La terol,ffiW .

€mqx =
atnh {Atd' ii ir, *S'4 g,rfer's rncof '
art"ux
p r66rqx _ L P+ ?u ; #,*rr 3* 'ot T
r-tI

RanLinr\s ; inf"o-" Aiah a'tu'"' '


Euterts {o"A donq iu,ltnr)
--+
c-ushrn6 ,* -+ &*F c-'1*n '
_t? P"1Pe. Pe,r", =
$} I B*u= oZ'A
Po*r, ?",?e

P6 Pe
?"
Pe=
?r+?n t.+L
Ps
pc ?.
FR
l-r tLN
,r- ,-,
trze_t t-:-i-*
\rt Vt
[L"blne's
?u or =
->
*shanteel**r} eengtaok
otoygstu,trrl
UZru<,hinq
o{:7+ l,{"o2bb -fooo 4qro,
,,l4ild gbeel 1-/+roo

Nood/rirober 1/+ so

CagV lzoo 1/re oo

* ShorL coturnq sl^ra'qbb {.ine Sm"tq ' F


lS-+ )t.^,")r) {
a- p*loto &[*4)'- *[un;n']]

)r- (oactl"f cJ
?^,*,*g ' rA[*"a" 2r]
s*:fhi. .Ccturnos,.
--t--.'-'..-o ;
';'

x- '-ffi;.;pibJE)
$"''rtla'
f. SulertS

,d=ea*0.H +ezsrn(JEl --r cli[[et.t"{


{nalroo
?t
oa. Po'"'hi",e's q. lBod ,
' iiJ
::" ;qA
t:#
,_,,j. il
(*l'a)fr+
\_ 1$
zr)
2
J, s.cqrY Jr"rnlq +-r l*- rI
["1 l*nb oi C"

?L^.. P
=E-
roqx -
= ru.
+-
et,
+ Sec t -l--
[zt IHX
,
tr ttL
+, Prrt- r*Y +*
rR"d 7sft.r,^lla,
& e'1.
lT -,) , cra'
,TI [-
[-,l- z>
t
(g-"
€o c..
lndtte c

-b!l*sk) sls$tg) N-o:-rlt"-)Caaro71 ??ffit:i


%;;:# -;*.c'=t*# 4/o.=fr,t r=*i'' - f

r
$heaYAvea lrvi o

L_]
-
E -,.,Jr
Lrnitohrr,
,.bl
dfrz E -- ;.:,,
t=*p):d f=*':,
., - n kr_,
+=F=+
R"( 1=
llgrlfl
-.'- ;::..
.,
, ,,
trrsE
Qoxq

-> Anucf l"E*q.k *^tu*.


,
Nullml 9tr€sr
ttllil.
.
== t
,t1:,+
.,r.a,,',U,,,,, .l
Erurle @ Top
x *vt - t" lnd,relt- ={\
'U''t -=) N'F6.rr^\shrrr- co*pyax,oo@bogog
/l
:,-

t. %
',i,, |
'*..€,".r F o*',d
| '' lndttect- 6g7rrn]
. shn<sses.
cli,ech, f,G{,,.ecF.

f,rie* i c:nd,,.,, (* t.:*T.{


.----+ Bottor5 ]:, ro^p :5'?*+-r{
p
:>
-'' ; - f-r,i t \-fu+ I
*' \h,t -) qt ns.
- Ut"'''t\ug11 -' @ t(su\rcr)' ''
L)urrL''r' l.**foq.
(-L BcFirc,m
%ooct)
=+ ( ltes i @ go\\ono Y, 3uto
*Lh''ect '"v1--
t
.

- d''*g< L

q\oe s. @ Rot\oro is comprel-ri'o"


,T- , ( u'\ndivecF =-+
vdvecr

t"
fpl*ronS '-)" Gnopressive ro.-b"rg. (t"e )'
?t
L2 :",P
cb\unons
={* nru,ioo(- ve)
p,r..t- 1F,
CroSS sechors :+ S"bjec[td 'b CD '' LqI
,
@ trl""c[ s]'
ei=ft %=**.{, Co;

q+%=
&tH.t.
,#
P

:)[ lroax =
F* s-rt.=+ a-el*,.t f
cornpressroo
f% , %]
V";o
Ve:no ft=Ul
= Eilh TZrrrioo t% . o6]

(+s roos{\1 Cotumo( aq€


=* J j'* nTH" *at*tr^1)
-
fuuiorr,. tu*.,'l=oE$ T"ngioil 4^*r, Tcu io r)

'16 avoid
''So,' e' Sbould be- rclioinnuq
G qvcd -be'nsior) '

*'S*% l2-
[E]l:v'e- sho,Jd be less {ha" {a
[6- l' +o avoid{rnalon.
*[a4nJ >No?d"I,''d" &"doP'd
\
xav\r\ ^ e>dh
tto
Enaforr &veloPx@ i- dt.$f.

t# Vf
"*
L, -"*o*, develops
@ a dute to'Q'etccnl#c loa4
x-
l, €ceohic,\ sbou\d rroL exCeed d/,
2, Lo.d posihoo Cor, be an5 where- nrrlrldte -tht".c, ire dfr.
{
C6o^= qj+ub C[rio=q[-qt
=**ff" d/, -&-'E**-
P rE.a
= ,q -g[r*al
bqL EJ
L_"41
"&^
'$If,ni,-r=#{rlr:;,
'.= E
.: :::::

x
P\ ;=%+q
W O/
Ko
Yn, oinin = F,qb,

E--f; %=S,,,
-[)-

{tl
=&., b
dbB ''=;- _
l)_

E> % ==> To avoid {<ruion


P-P.*b
[email protected] ''iliil:r,. +i

utoax
bq' 4t'E,
l2-
l- €ccenh;"[,, Sbould
.,oF .* r"!d rn %
,.
r-z- d rrectfog
t oad
blz
posi hoD tartthiD
fr"
v rDqx -
*-&,* W6
:
+-
*['**,J
%,in = tbq@v
- P" *B
4
&t iJ
Cr,*l Aar> "+ S"c[ioos Condttiorl
-> "-f a(oad'n6, Jb qroid l6rrgior).
[, P."bana, larr c/s,
*E, * Sh".p
LxB E Co,r'e (or)

fHTI
F-b-{
I
*'h,?,
.1

arf Cove
ri
''<1'
r ri
::: I
#
Til
Gtors Ateq
t8 ,k *ooA Fos'hoo r,.ritrir;
'-b,+o^Y
E
d' Ct.c ".Io.x :k l. JA a.void -Ierraio q .

4e *46
b) r-*.i-psihon sltfu b" 1","'th1
"'*;diq
un

ba'tnfl #ta d/f


2"

3, i- = &.,
-7-rcpre
t?,
jfueg! :_
""'1ii
. i ,,

lTel.o Sbqoe --+ Squarn


xl I
1i-' :'

?1q/c
at
==$* ,' sbould be r"ritB:9 ols *T

.-Shap"
"+ k "o
1. Pecbagqte,
U
J*Sucliorr, T*Sechoo ---) Rbo-bus
g. Ctrcula:r Sechoos ---) Crrculo'r
z, ff,r.*te *Cechon-+ 6ltraxe,
*loL\0,^r Circ$ut_
&cho6'
Grt rrdia = 5
ti
l1 [rner d;o =d'
+'--.*\ ke< #'
\")
I

X dio ,{ berrhf to" =


&{'
+D

htb +"- o'x''s $ -oxi3 .tA Y*att'ts]


A..,$1c U"dY abo,^t-
L^^ odotanc' #ot.d-^i:
K-axts
€u = CJrsbonCa
6
fut
\'r'-
,/o\
xTP%
%'& '=,,'= .===%.
:*:-#'
:i= E-b-r^oE"t
,,,,,,,81

\@,/ '
*.r_.
y*rLry
+El",-o'}v
{f % -%
Mqx{ rRury)

t"trrrlooud" ih"o : diaqona.) -1" +PPl'eJ po',f oi.


\ ',
*
ubx= t\/
lxr x g
'.TU .
, 4xI.
'=''"",: obof
r.^ =y Bendty lYoroenf ff!'ls
=) ?xeq '
f
.-rx>( t-*o)L
l)-.
uC
la'

u- -b
C[v x"]r.
r?.d
t'{o*.nl ob"^* is'
Mq B'nd'n7 Y-t*
-= P* e*

ror > db3


l)- ,
&orh Cr^t t
M
Elro:#H D[-
"r? t
!'4o. = P^et

+,-

(rou", k,1)wc on *Be


:,* ;F -. J9-f&
s,,lx) T= %i iqr{E[',
tb.ord,nagg* "6 fuA -*(/ oi=%i+Dtr.,4
*r.- % + %a--o?
(ea, e?) I
-? (<"re:-)
"%- oe ,t

.i.i:ii.

::= z

I ltiitt
D 0
lzeSSure @k
.-16io on4 -I6ich Qtrnclerg Cor) Spl"rut<,r To sl-ore. -+ti'd '
(exa""g1e -f,.r pre3surr<-Vessets)-+
--'
Fk d
-F&*J
+lkld Preccurr. :" P" [:\;a kd>
c -) h\e- bote ctoseJ ov,J ffen tpe Pt$tm. Versels'

t .Gffi.tnecs'
skess c^Ic*Iatbg
Ne c"'"S}}6nJ
% is subjected $ norrnal €'ce tr) {oocef

. ffi'w,o^l -S=.# : h*![i::'


-Ttrin cTtndes,=+F= (or)
tutrA oD ,b *fo! *.*6
lr"ho -I6ick C"llind",
(l =\ clt '4.
., I

c,tlkoclet r (clos.d c,[od"t)


e
L=r\r"bness q{ ail,,J. ," tL -tt.., *+o! b,, *,+ dto"€r"
stresser d"":*P:J'
1".ftt'na"\,i..p
js_, , ff( L. q_ brg,tud,rq[ sh.s
D.t-{
S .o"t z,g ->hooi.?*:,:f,6*hot
tii=q 'ill, ur,n Skes
-D -L : v
. €xkrr,af "sl)e* Voht'* u' fiLaio.l skesces-
L= oi . exfe"r,al Xwlt, = p-+ q$,icl pr.". t,te.
Dn =%
% = Gnopresctve nct{*r. ,

% = Teruile \tqtt re,


c'L - T.r*f le NoLt e
t
r. *loo> Shuesg
I
g\atto
.+lold pressLee.=P
-
+h."cl €r"Ce -= pt *Arec{

: PxdxL,
)

Ga&dqc.
( {rrce-
Qe-s,stioq
D-h rk [zx r-x + )
l" D6oop - +t4e [f.r.r?[j
Q*rnh,',7 €rce = '+PPhe{ firce .
2"oEoop -#
e%[Z^e) - PxdYY :- {?f [rra" du. *o hoog sl'-ut
;-
"bE Pd -teru1te ' .!l
= tlo",6anlal tor, alo^c.
' unq,kd,.olt
*'4@s-l Ske ss a+

'\i^*rliF
*
, f luid app\,.J {p'ce
F*S q
ll,

r - ryx (trdt)
: +t^f,a appt,id --ht'e ' .
c€t'ct'^slo n
\ q *L
o*7] + t, cfu= +ve c-."r: l.;
@W = re
$lL- z- %.= Pd
+t +b
z' €r.lture Ptone due
-lo [onqt{trdrr,at Eloerr
de" ht l tor) pet pnJ,*I.ry to.
3, RaJial skess"a -o^ lind.rs t-o nnttudrmlar'[s,

% = CoroPressiv6

%.>Lew,
on= 34
'
e.t
o6= H
o(f
No ff'Ltrrte' fr- =_Pd- rL=o
+t
urt = 0' h. = o'
close4 aPu n
cylider 'ct6l;ocley,
rK -I6tn d*trnder tk*l u is Unifiorrq ,
0 Va:riohog'
+[= -I6fch Cqltnder sftesg is Non-Ur;,F"- ir" \p.obola Va't;ahoo"

rY)uvY) theav gb"es<


Vo*i
slaes,>e. <*L.noj -j--fi;,il:
4s sh€ar
fuadinfl l-* Shea.r st-oees -o.
pr""tpa gkesses ch*,a.krkcs-
ui # --.% (xi.,oo p*ndp^\ skess)
Eb - shesr
)
-fd- ----.o-r(nt.io' Fnn"dpo\
gb
oi=-o 3D
+
-Plan
:::,

-T-ox = q=.% l*p\one-


::' il;i:,

- 9-v_!c
Pd_
+b t
t-i=
.i;-
,. : uI-%
=rU
')L- $-,
r- --?4
8b
--=

ip +hie,E G@*E)
-Sbdns
Ev = €r+ E,r+€*.
tr' * E,r* Et^,+ 6t = 2 t6+[t
6r= +\oop sl^co"iY1
J d'tcpnr\onl
6)
=% r, uL
uft'"
F.,{dro E-[''E- E-
Eb=
?-p'F
= atE
-?d- -u"Pd-
4Le
of\,:j,5r., = +pd *+-u+"
.= _ u,p{
4be aLE Q;tu
L,JL:
'l

[op." t,,.0":,,
L Er: +-uP = - A{51e"b
v
*d,tr,u")J
ts
:U l
.J

e E,r=&trr*Et I
1

tx

tu= SC"-qu)
-....:::ii.:.i!:!.\
:i!,,.,-,
:: !:\
i:l:!
iqLi:i:+

ir'' !

, ..r,\rif

li
-Thin .Sph.'= , 3D - di"",.nd,oq "*I diom.[",
:=:-
r+ dltt

A% 5h"ssu.s i",J,^c.d ase -t,%


t_+ q

vD/ Vb*p
lo7** - #
%^a* = 6*0
Vlax, sh.o, S F"e s< r

Tn'o, = #-" -
a- sb!d_
S!"lqr,
(".-%_u5_&
t-b e E e tn==*€r,
tj,: PQ-ul Er= ffi'-u
d *.lhn"ite r
t,.F
tf
kness

=*:16icB C6tirrde-ts @Le oo*\eA by, J'

-As p., L-aroels TB<.o..r")


t, qcrtet{al is ho*(*oru;., [s. pic, paisncnti a

2. ptane aechon *"L j belore and a$+e-Y


".
tr
S he ss Vc..xta{ron 'ts Non* Unl $ot'D
""o
-"*k*=bo[q,"
-L, |
cl o?O -> i6it B
tttndu""

inn". St^rrficct.
= zA+p
bp""bulic
'{
n rio of oqter ---+_ ,

Redial
' slress -
t

A, B a:te 't[" Gtul^nls.


a/oad,n1 r JtuJ
+t ^,J Presstrre
P=
Po - Paditts q[
\f@nd[*h
Gx[evnal
oqter '
|rcx*'o1s )
Ri=Qadiu.^Einner
ol .
B Ro, R;
$rp shess =-! ui, - *OO -+ -fer,rl te B: Bndl"t dis[anec
sk*t +
P.d;^\ oa-=
*C^ --, b*p q -li ber
-Tbich Ct4lrryler : font.6 S,rbj""F""l .{€ Ft+td pr"<u,(e)
u6=*-*o %oe.= zA
f
o-RE \On.o,= zR+P
$-n
*to
l- .n.ni = 4e'ir
F, = $- a il

%, % val'ua
cleg""ds or; 4rt3

tl
caxril : -Tliel< Qtd", unlf Sublected "4, $twd Pr€rsru{e
{=4= lL
ql- Ri-

-.A= !g'
B = UtSo' ,i'r1-"
iTE, qLRr.
Ca*('r) : =Tff"h ontrtr xuf"cc[erl +" e-xf.*al
\lvder pressuqe_

B=@?
Rrt Put-
tnteunol pru:wrce;)
Enbem,a,l presstryt
" L?r)
A= nP,\ R Rf
q"-q'
o
S'qgsr +U

6*fftr €ru,6o st ./ io to'p:*l- d*. "tt


Siroio
- s*aa"n too n*tr:t
or. -rtc,,ia f

t*f-"ffi,In1:X*uehon,t'gp*
- r ftaduat [t *o) =] hlwbdone L ** rarotl* d tn ,
&'"4;"n7
r
n
ft -sucld en (_1=e,h +o)

Observahon 1 : NovLJone dec_r.6o;r1o order


: , trropqcb > srrddrn>(€,""d,^"t] ,

observah oo r rQr{0" Mu q
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