U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000

- Environmental Science and Engineering

Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Lecture 1: Introduction, Definition, Scope and Importance, need for public

Awareness

Lecture Description:

Explore the basics of environmental studies and the unique interdisciplinary methods used to
address the most challenging environmental issues with their importance in societal context.

Index or Content
 Basics of Environment
 Types and components of the environment
 Scope, need and importance of environmental studies
 Public awareness through student community

Materials
1.1 Introduction
The term environment, which means surroundings (derived from French word environ) is
taken to mean both the physical and chemical environment of air, soil and water and also
biological environment.
 The environment is sum total of water, air and land, inter - relationships among themselves
and also with the human beings, other living organisms and property.
 In order to study the environment, one needs knowledge inputs from various disciplines.
 Environment laws provide the tools to effective management and production of the
environment.
This subject is a multi - disciplinary subject where different aspects are dealt with a holistic
approach
Environment

French word
Environ (Surroundings)

eats nourishment
E.g.: COW PLANTS SOIL
Dead animals Dead Plants Nourishing matter

Dead bodies

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

1.1.1 DEFINITIONS
 Environment is derived from the French word Environ which means to encircle
or surround.
 Environment is sum total of water, air, and land, inter-relationships among
themselves and also with the human beings, other living organisms and property.
The above definition given in Environment Act, 1986 clearly indicates that
environment includes all the physical and biological surroundings and their
interactions.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

1.1.2 SCOPE
Scope of environmental science is broad. Some of the aspects of scope of environmental
science are:
 Studying the interrelationships among biotic and abiotic components for
sustainable human ecosystem,
 Carrying out impact analysis and environmental auditing for the further
catastrophic activities,
 Developing and curbing the pollution from existing and new industries,
 Stopping the use of biological and nuclear weapons for destruction of human race,
 Managing the unpredictable disasters and so on.

There are some major issues like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, dwindling forests
and energy resources, loss of global biodiversity etc., that are going to affect the mankind as a
whole and for that we have to think globally.

1.1.3 NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS

 Public awareness very essential to help understand pros and cons of
environmental problems.
 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de
Janerio in 1992 and popularly known as Earth summit followed by the world

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
summit on sustainable Development in 2002, have highlighted key issues of
global environmental concern.
 Environmental pollution cannot be removed by laws alone.
 The proper implementation and especially public participation are important
aspects.
 Public participation is possible only when the public is aware about the ecological
and environmental issues.
 A drive by the government to ban the littering of polythene cannot be successful
until the public understands the environmental implications of the same.
 The public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our
environment we are actually harming ourselves.

Exercises:
1. Define Environmental studies.
2. What are the principles of environmental education?
3. Mention the scope and importance of Environmental studies.

References:
1. Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, ‘Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science’, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.
2. https://sites.google.com/a/hindustanuniv.ac.in/preethi-v/ug-course-
materials/environmental-science-and engineering
3. https://pubs.acs.org/page/esthag/about.html
4. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-environmental-science-definition-and-scope-
of-the-field.html

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Lecture 2 & 3: Forest resources

Lecture Description:
Narrate the students about the benefits of forest resources, environmental impacts of
deforestation activities.

Index or Content

 Forest Resources - an overview

 Uses of forest in day today life
 Environmental impacts of deforestation

1.2 FOREST RESOURCES

1.2.1 Commercial uses
 Man depends heavily on a larger number of plant and animal products from
forests for his daily needs.
 The chief product that forests supply is wood, which is used as fuel, raw material
for various industries as pulp, paper, newsprint, board, timber for furniture items,
other uses as in packing articles, matches, sports goods etc.
 Indian forests also supply minor products like gums, resins, dyes, tannins, fibers,
etc.
 Many of the plants are utilized in preparing medicines and drugs; Total worth of
which is estimated to be more than $300 billion per year.
 Many forests lands are used for mining, agriculture, grazing, and recreation and
for development of dams.
Depending upon the climate conditions, forest may be classified as:
 Tropical Rain Forests: They are evergreen broadleaf forests found near the
equator. They are characterized by high temperature, high humidity and high
rainfall, all of which favor the growth of trees.
 Tropical deciduous forests: They are found a little away from the equator and
are characterized by a warm climate the year round. Rain occurs only during
monsoon.
 Tropical scrub forests: They are found in areas where the day season is even
longer.
 Temperate rain forests: They are found in temperate areas with adequate
rainfall. These are dominated by trees like pines, firs, redwoods etc.
 Temperate deciduous forests: They are found in areas with moderate
temperatures.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 Evergreen coniferous forests (Boreal Forests): They are found just south of
arctic tundra. Here winters are long, cold and dry. Sunlight is available for a few
hours only.

1.2.2 Ecological uses

The ecological services provided by our forests may be summed up as follows:
 Production of Oxygen: The main greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is absorbed by
the forests as a raw material for photo synthesis. Thus forest canopy acts as a sink
for carbon dioxide thereby reducing the problem of global warming caused by
greenhouse gas CO2
 Wild life habitat: Forests are the homes of millions of wild animals and plants.
About 7 million species are found in the tropical forests alone.
 Regulation of hydrological Cycle: Forested watersheds act like giant sponges,
absorbing the rainfall, slowing down the runoff. They control climate through
transpiration of water and seed clouding.
 Soil Conservation: Forests bind the soil particles tightly in their roots and
prevent soil erosion. They also act as wind breakers.
 Pollution moderators: Forests can absorb many toxic gases and can help in
keeping the air pure and in preventing noise pollution.

1.2.3 over Exploitation of Forests

 Man depends heavily on forests for food, medicine, shelter, wood and fuel.
 With growing civilization the demands for raw material like timber, pulp,
minerals, fuel wood etc. shot up resulting in large scale logging, mining, road-
building and clearing of forests.
 Our forests contribute substantially to the national economy.
 The international timber trade alone is worth over US $ 40 billion per year.
 The devasting effects of deforestation in India include soil, water and wind
erosion, estimated to cost over 16,400 cores every year.

1.2.4 Deforestation
 Deforestation means destruction of forests.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 The total forests area of the world in 1900 was estimated to be 7,000 million
hectares which was reduced to 2890 million ha in 1975 fell down to just 2,300
million ha by 2000.
 Deforestation rate is relatively less in temperature countries, but it is very
alarming in tropical countries.
 Deforestation is a continuous process in India where about 1.3 hectares of forest
land has been lost.
 The per capita availability of forest in India is 0.08 hectares per person which is
much lower than the world average of 0.8 hectares.
 The presence of waste land is a sign of deforestation in India.

1.2.4.1 Causes of Deforestation

Major causes of deforestation are listed below:
 Development projects
 Shifting cultivation
 Fuel requirements cutting and burning
 Construction of dams
 Growing food needs.

1.2.4.2 Consequences of deforestation

Some of the effects of deforestation are listed below:
a) Effect on climate
Global warming
Less rainfall
Hot climate.

b) Effect on biodiversity
Loss of medicinal plants.
Loss of timber, fuel wood.

c) Effect on resources
Loss of land resource

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Loss of soil fertility
Soil erosion
Drastic changes in biogeochemical cycles

d) Effect on economy
Increase in medicinal values
Demand of industrial products.

e) Effect on food
Loss of fruit production
Loss of root based foods.
1.2.5 Case Studies
Desertification in hilly regions of the Himalayas:
 Desertification in Himalayas, involving clearance of natural forests and plantation
of monocultures like Pinus roxburghi, Eucalyptus camadulensis etc., have upset
the ecosystem by changing various soil and biological properties.
 The area is invaded by exotic weeds. These areas are not able to recover and are
losing their fertility.
Disappearing Tea gardens in Chhota Nagpur
Following the destruction of forest rain fall declined in Chhota Nagpur to such an extent
that tea-gardens also disappeared from the region.

Waning rain fall in Udhagamandalam

The rainfall pattern was found to fluctuate with wooded land area in the hills. When the
Nilgiri mountains had luxuriant forest cover annual rainfall used to be much higher.

1.3.1 TIMBER EXTRACTION

 Logging for valuable timber such as teak and mahogany not only involves a few
large trees per hectare but about a dozen more trees since they are strongly
interlocked with each other by vines etc.
 Also road construction for making approach to the trees causes further damage to
the forests.
 In India, firewood demand would continue to rise in future mostly consumed in
rural areas, where alternative sources of energy, are yet to reach.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

1.3.2 MINING
 Mining is the process of removing deposits of ores from substantially very well
below the ground level.
 Mining is carried out to remove several minerals including coal.
 These mineral deposits invariably found in the forest region, and any operation of
mining will naturally affect the forests.
 Mining from shallow deposits is done by surface mining while that from deep
deposits is done by sub-surface mining.
 More than 80,000 ha of land of the country are presently under the stress of
mining activities.

1.3.2.1 Effects of mining resources

 Mining operation require removal of vegetation along with underlying soil mantle
and overlying rock masses. This results in destruction of landscape in the area.
 Large scale of deforestation has been reported in Mussorie and Dehradun valley
due to mining of various areas.
 Indiscriminate mining in Goa since 1961 has destroyed more than 50,000 ha of
forest land.
 Mining of radioactive mineral in Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka are posing
similar threats of deforestation.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

1.3.3 DAMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS AND TRIBAL PEOPLE

 Big dams and river valley projects have multi-purpose uses and have been
referred to as "Temples of modern India”.
 India has more than 1550 large dams, the maximum being in the state of
Maharashtra (more than 600) followed by Gujarat (more than 250) and Madhya
Pradesh (130).
 The highest one is Tehri dam, on river Bhagirathi in Uttaranchal and the largest in
terms of capacity is Bhakra dam on river Sutlej.

1.3.3.1 Effects on Tribal people

 The greatest social cost of big dam is the widespread displacement of local
people.
 It is estimated that the number of people affected directly or indirectly by all big
irrigation projects in India over the past 50 years can be as high as 20 millions.
 The Hirakud dam, one of the largest dams executed in fifties, has displaced more
than 20,000 people residing in 250 villages.

1.3.3.2 Effects on forests

Thousands of hectares of forests have been cleared for executing river valley projects
which breaks the natural ecological balance of the region. Floods, landslides become more
prevalent in such areas.
Eg:
The Narmada sagar project alone has submerged 3.5 lakh hectares of best forest
comprising of rich teak and bamboo forests.
The Tehri dam submerged 1000 hectares of forest affecting about 430 species of plants
according to the survey carried out by the botanical survey of India.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Exercise:
1. Write the ecological uses of forest.
2. What are the effects of dam construction on tribals?
3. How is mining the cause of change of landscape?

References:
1. The Forests Handbook: An Overview of Forest Science, Volume 1. Editors(s):Julian
Evans OBE BSc, PhD, DSc, FICF
2. T. V. Ramachandra, Bharath Setturu, K. S. Rajan and M. D. Subash Chandran, Modelling
the forest transition in Central Western Ghats, India, Spatial Information Research, 25,
1, (117), (2017).
3. Nazzareno Diodato and Gianni Bellocchi, Multiscale modelling of rainstorm-induced
historical intermediate floods (June–November) in the Rhone River Basin, Natural
Hazards, 65, 3, (1465), (2013).
4. Christiane W. Runyan, Paolo D'Odorico and Deborah Lawrence, Physical and biological
feedbacks of deforestation, Reviews of Geophysics, 50, 4, (2012).Wiley Online Library

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Lecture 4 & 5: Water resources

Lecture Description:
Describe the various sources of the water resources and the impacts of overutilization of surface
and ground water and the conflicts over water resources in national and global levels.

Index or Content
 Introduction to water resources
 Over utilization of surface and ground water
 Natural disasters
 Conflicts over water resources

1.4 WATER RESOURCES

Water is an important component of all living beings. Nearly 80% of earth’s surface is
covered by water.

1.4.1 Uses of Water

 Due to its unique properties, water is of multiple uses for all living organisms.
 Water is absolutely essential for life.
 Most of the life processes take place in water contained in the body.
 Uptake of nutrients, their distribution in the body, regulation of temperature, and
removal of wastes are all mediated through water.
 Human beings depend on water for almost every developmental activity.
 Water is used for drinking, irrigation, and transportation, washing and waste
disposal for industries and used as a coolant for thermal power plants.
 Water shaped the earth's surface and regulates our climate.

1.4.2 Hydrological cycle

1. Evaporation
2. Precipitation
3. Transpiration

Evaporation
The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or
bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere. The source of energy for evaporation is primarily
solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though
together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration. Total annual evaporation

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
amounts to approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km3 (104,000 cu mi)
of which evaporates from the oceans.

Precipitation
Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface .Most precipitation occurs as rain,
but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet. Approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000
cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year, 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.

Condensation
The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and
fog.

Transpiration
The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas that
cannot be seen.

Snowmelt
The runoff produced by melting snow.

Runoff
The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface
runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into the air,
become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.

Infiltration
The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water
becomes soil moisture or groundwater.

Subsurface Flow
The flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water may
return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans.
Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of
gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished
slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.

Sublimation
The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Flow chart

Fig.1.1 Water Cycle

1.4.3 OVER UTILIZATION OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
 With increasing human population and rapid development, the world water
withdrawal demands have increased many folds and a large proportion of the
water withdrawn is polluted due to anthropogenic activities.
 Out of the total water reserves of the world, about 97% is salty water and only 3%
is fresh water.
 Even this small fraction of fresh water is not available to us as most of it is locked
up in polar ice caps and just 0.003% is readily available to us in the form of
ground water and surface water.

Effects of over exploitation of water

 Subsidence: When ground water withdrawal is more than its recharge rate, the
sediments in the aquifer (a layer of rock that is highly permeable and contains
water) get compacted, a phenomenon knows as ground subsidence. It results in

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
sinking of overlying land surface. Due to this structural damage in buildings,
fracture in pipes etc., occurs.
 Lowering of water table: Mining of groundwater is done extensively for
irrigating crop fields. However, excessive mining would cause lowering of water
table.
 Water logging: When excessive irrigation is done with brackish water it raises
the water table gradually leading to water-logging and salinity problems.

1.4.4 FLOODS AND DROUGHT

 Heavy rainfall often causes floods in the low-lying coastal areas.
 Prolonged downpour can also cause the over-flowing of lakes and rivers resulting
into floods.
 When annual rainfall is below normal and less than evaporation, drought
conditions are created.

Fig.1.2 Drought
Causes of flood and drought
 Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, rapid industrialization, global warming etc.,
have contributed largely to a sharp rise in the incidence of floods.
 Deforestation leads to desertification and drought too. When the trees are cut, the
soil is subject to erosion by heavy rains, winds and sun.
 The removal of thin top layer of soil takes away the nutrients and the soil
becomes useless.
 The eroded soils exhibit droughty tendency.

Preventive measures
 Clear knowledge in control of drought and desertification can be very useful for
dealing with the problem.
 Carefully selected mixed cropping helps to optimize production and minimize the
risks of crop failures.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 Social forestry and Wasteland development can prove quite effective to fight the
problem, but it should be based on proper understanding of ecological
requirement and natural process.

1.5.1 CONFLICTS OVER WATER

Indispensability of water and its unequal distribution has often led to inter-state or
international disputes. Issues related to sharing of river water have been largely
affecting our farmers and also shaking our governments. Many countries are
engaged in bitter rivalries over this precious resource.
For instance,
Argentina and Brazil, dispute each other's claims to the La Plata river,
India and Pakistan fight over the rights to water from the Indus,
Mexico and USA have come in conflict over the Colorado river,
India and Bangladesh are fighting for Bhrahmaputra river, and
Iran and Iraq contest for the water from Shatt-Al- Arab River.

Fig.1.3 Conflicts of water

Within India, water conflicts are still being continues between the states.
For Eg.,
 Sharing of Krishna water between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh,
 Sharing of Siruvani water between Tamilnadu and Kerala, and others.
 Sharing of Cauvery between Karnataka and Tamilnadu
 On June 2,1990, the Cauvery Water dispute Tribunal was set up which through an
interim award directed Karnataka to ensure that 205 TMCF of water was made
available in Tamil Nadu's Mettur dam every year, till a settlement was reached.
 In 1991-1992 due to good monsoon, there was no dispute. In 1995, the situation
turned into a crisis due to delayed rains and an expert Committee was set up to

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
look into the matter which found that there was a complex cropping pattern in
Cauvery basin.
 Samba paddy in winter, Kuravai paddy in summer and some cash crops
demanded intensive water; thus aggravating the water crisis.
 Proper selection of crop varieties, optimum use of water, better rationing are
suggested as some measures to solve the problem

1.5.2 BIG-DAMS –BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS

Dams are built across the river in order to store water for drinking, agricultural, industrial
purpose. Now days they are mainly used for the hydropower production.

Benefits
 River valley projects with big dams play a key role in the development process
due to their multiple uses.
 These dams aim at providing employment for tribal people and raising the
standard and quality of life.
 Dams can help in checking floods and generate electricity and reduce water and
power shortage, provide irrigation water to lower areas, provide drinking water in
remote areas and promote navigation, fishery.

Problems
 The impacts of big dams can be upstream as well as downstream levels. The
upstream problems include the following:
 Displacement of tribal people
 Loss of forests, flora and fauna
 Changes in fisheries
 Saltation and sedimentation of reservoirs
 Loss of non-forest land
 Stagnation and water logging near reservoir
 Breeding vectors and spread of vector –borne diseases
 Reservoir induces seismicity causing earthquakes
 Microclimatic changes
 Growth of aquatic weeds

Downstream problems include the following

 Water logging and salinity due to over irrigation

 Microclimatic changes
 Reduced water flow and slit deposition in river
 Flash foods
 Salt water intrusion at river mouth
 Loss of land fertility

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 Outbreak of vector-borne diseases like malaria.

Exercises :

1. WATER1DER APP:

Water1der is a free groundwater awareness trivia game app from The Groundwater Foundation.
It's simple to challenge your groundwater knowledge just by playing it!

2.

References :

1. Encyclopedia of Water by David E. Newton ISBN: 1573563048

2. Encyclopedia of Water Science by B. A. Stewart (Editor); Terry A. Howell (Editor)

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Lecture 6: Mineral resources

Lecture Description:
Students will able to know about the various types of mineral resources available and the
environmental impacts of mining activities

Index or Content
 Over view of mineral resources
 Environmental impacts of mining activities
 Remediation techniques

1.6 MINERAL RESOURCES

Minerals are naturally occurring substances with definite chemical and physical
properties.

1.6.1 Uses of minerals

Mineral is an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally. The main uses of minerals
are as follows:
 Development of industrial plants and machinery
 Generation of energy e.g. coal, lignite, uranium
 Construction, housing, settlements
 Defense equipments- weapons, settlement
 Transportation
 Communication-telephone wires, cables, electronic devices
 Medical system- particularly in Ayurvedic System
 Formation of alloys for various purposes
 Agriculture- as fertilizers, seed dressings and fungicides
 Jewellery- e.g. Gold, silver, platinum, diamond

Table 1.1 Distribution and uses of major reserves and metals

Metals Major world reserves Major uses

Aluminum Australia, Jamaica Packing food items, transportation,

utensils, electronics

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Chromium CIS(The common For making high strength steel alloys,
wealth of Independent in textiles and tanning industries
states), South Africa
Copper U.S.A, Canada, CIS Electronic and electrical goods,
building, construction, vessels
Iron CIS, Canada, U.S.A Heavy machinery, steel production
transportation means.
Manganese South Africa, CIS For making high strength heat
resistant steel alloys
Platinum South Africa, CIS Use in automobiles, catalytic
converters, electronics, medical uses.
Gold South Africa, CIS, Ornaments, medical use, electronic
Canada use, in aerospace
Silver Canada, South Africa Photography, electronic jewellery.
Nickel CIS, Canada Chemical industry, steel alloys

Table 1.2 Major uses of some of the non metallic minerals

Non-metal mineral Major uses

Silicate minerals Sand and grovel for construction, bricks, paving

etc.
Limestone Used for concrete, building stone, used in
agriculture for neutralizing acid soils, used in
cement industry
Gypsum Used in plaster wall-board, in agriculture
Potash, phosphorite Used as fertilizers

Sulphur pyrites Used in medicine, car battery, industry

1.6.2 Environmental impacts of mineral extraction

Major mines which are known for causing severe problems are given below:
 Jaduguda Uranium Mine, Jharkhand- exposing local people to radioactive
hazards.

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 Jharia coal mines, Jharkhand- underground fire leading to land subsidence and
forced displacement of people.
 Sukinda chromite mines, Orissa- Seeping of hexavalent chromium into river
posing serious health hazard, Cr6+ being highly toxic and carcinogenic.
 Kudremukh iron ore mine, Karnataka- causing river pollution and threat to
biodiversity.
 East coast Bauxite mine, Orissa-Land encroachment and issue of rehabilitation
unsettled.
 North-Eastern Coal Fields, Assam-Very high sulphur contamination of
groundwater.

Impacts of mining: Mining is done to extract minerals from deep deposits in soil.
Environmental damages caused by mining activities are as follows:

 Devegetation and defacing of lands: Mining requires removal of vegetation

along with underlying soil mantle and overlying rock masses. This results in
destruction of landscape in the area.
 Subsidence of land: Subsidence of mining areas results in tilting of buildings,
cracks in houses, buckling of roads, bending of rail tracks and leaking of gas from
cracked pipe lines leading to serious disasters.
 Groundwater contamination: Mining pollutes the groundwater. Sulphur,
usually present as an impurity in many ores is known to get converted into
sulphuric acid through microbial action, thereby making the water acidic.
 Surface water pollution: The acid mine drainage often contaminates the nearby
streams and lakes. The acidic water, radioactive substances like uranium, heavy
metals also contaminate the water bodies and kill aquatic animals.
 Air pollution: In order to separate and purify the metal from other impurities in
the ore, smelting is done which emits enormous quantities of air pollutants.
Oxides of sulphur, arsenic, cadmium and lead etc. shoot up in the atmosphere near
the smelters and the public suffers from several health problems.
 Occupational Health Hazards: Miners working in different type of mines suffer
from asbestosis, silicosis, black lung disease.
Remedial measures
 Adopting eco-friendly mining technology
 Utilization of low grade ores by using microbial – leaching technique. In this
method, the ores are inoculated with the desired strains of bacteria like
Thiobacillus ferroxidans, which remove the impurities and leave the pure mineral.
 Re-vegetating mined areas with appropriate plants
 Gradual restoration of flora
 Prevention of toxic drainage discharge.

1.6.3 Case studies

1. Mining and quarrying in Udaipur

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 Soap stones, building stone, and dolomite mines spread over 15,000 hectares in
Udaipur have caused many adverse impacts on environment.
 About 150 tons of explosives are used per month in blasting.
 The Maton mines have badly polluted the Ahar river.
 The hills around the mines are suffering from acute soil erosion.
 The waste water flows towards a big tank of “Bag Dara".
 Due to scarcity of water people are compelled to use this effluent for irrigation
purpose.
 The animals like tiger, lion, deer, and birds have disappeared from the mining
area.
2. Mining in Sariska and Tiger Reserve in Aravallis
 The Aravalli range is spread over about 692 Km in the North-west India covering
Gujrat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi.
 The hill is rich in mineral resources.
 Mining operations within and around the Sariska Tiger reserve has left many
areas permanently infertile and barren.
 The precious wild life is under serious threat.

Exercise:

1. List out the environmental impacts of mining activities in India

2. Select the areas rich in metallic and non- metallic minerals

References:

1. G. Tyler Miller and Scott Spoolman, ‘Environmental Science’, Fourteenth Edition,

Brooks Cole, 2012.
2 Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, ‘Introduction to Environmental
Engineering and Science’, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.
3. https://dmse.mit.edu/news/category/environment

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Lecture 7 & 8: Food resources

Lecture Description
Narrate the food resources and the impacts of overgrazing and discusses the traditional and
modern agricultural practices.

Index or Content
 Traditional Vs modern Agriculture
 Impacts of Modern agriculture practices

1.7 FOOD RESOURCES

1.7.1 World Food Problems
 During the last 50 years world grain production has increased almost three times.
 The per capita production is increased by about 50%.
 At the same time population growth increased at such a rate in less developed
countries.
 Every 40 million people die of undernourishment and malnutrition.
 This means that every year our food problem is killing as many people as were
killed by the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima during World War II.
 This statistics emphasize the need to increase our food production, and also to
control population growth.
 It is estimated that 300 million are still undernourished.

1.7.2 Impacts of overgrazing and agriculture

Overgrazing
Overgrazing can limit livestock production. Over grazing occurs when too many animals graze
for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a grass land area.

Impact of overgrazing
 Land degradation: Overgrazing removes the grass cover. The humus content of
the soil is decreased and it leads to poor, dry, compacted soil.
 Soil erosion: The soil roots are very good binders of soil. When the grasses are
removed, the soil becomes loose and susceptible to the action of wind and water.

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 Loss of useful species: Due to overgrazing the nutritious species like cenchrus,
panicum etc. are replaced by thorny plants like Parthenium, Xanthium etc. These
species do not have a good capacity of binding the soil particles and, therefore,
the soil becomes more prone to soil erosion.

1.8 AGRICULTURE
Traditional Agriculture and its impacts
 Usually involves a small plot
 Simple tools
 Naturally available water
 Organic fertilizer and a mix of crops

Main impacts
 Deforestation
 Soil erosion
 Depletion of nutrients

1.8.1 MODERN AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPACTS

 It makes use of hybrid seeds of selected and single crop variety.

 High-tech equipments, lots of energy subsidies in the form of fertilizers and,
pesticides
 Irrigation water

Main impacts
 Impacts related to high yielding varieties (HYV): The uses of HYVs encourage
monoculture i.e. the same genotype is grown over vast areas. In case of an attack
by some pathogen, there is total devastation of the crop by the disease due to
exactly uniform conditions, which help in rapid spread of the disease.

Fertilizer related problems
 Micronutrient imbalance: Chemical fertilizers have nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium (N, P and K) which are essential macronutrients. Excessive use of
fertilizers cause micronutrient imbalance. For example, excessive fertilizer use in
Punjab and Haryana has caused deficiency of the micronutrient Zinc in the soils,
which is affecting productivity of the soil.
 Nitrate Pollution: Nitrogenous fertilizers applied in the fields often leach deep
into the soil and ultimately contaminate the ground water. The nitrates get
concentrated in the water and when their concentration exceeds 25 mg/L, they

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become the cause of a serious health hazard called "Blue Baby Syndrome" or
methaemoglobinemia. This disease affects the infants to the maximum extent
causing even death.

Fig.1.4 Blue baby syndrome

 Eutrophication: A large proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus used in crop

fields is washed off along with runoff water and reach the water bodies causing
over nourishment of the lakes, a process known as Eutrophication. (Eu=more,
tropic=nutrition). Due to Eutrophication the lakes get invaded by algal blooms.
These algal species grow very fast by rapidly using up the nutrients. The algal
species quickly complete their life cycle and die thereby adding a lot of dead
matter. The fishes are also killed and there is lot of dead matter that starts getting
decomposed. Oxygen is consumed in the process of decomposition and very soon
the water gets depleted of dissolved oxygen. This further affects aquatic fauna and
ultimately anaerobic conditions are created where only pathogenic anaerobic
bacteria can survive. Thus, due to excessive use of fertilizers in the agricultural
fields the lake ecosystem gets degraded.

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Fig.1.5 Eutrophication
 Pesticide related problems: Thousands of types of pesticides are used in
agriculture. The first generation pesticides include chemicals like sulphur, arsenic,
lead or mercury to kill the pests. They have number of side effects as discussed
below:
 Creating resistance in pests and producing new pests: About 20 species of
pests are now known which have become immune to all types of pesticides and
are known as "Super pests".
 Death of non-target organisms: Many insecticides not only kill the target
species but also several non-target species that are useful to us.
 Biological magnification: Many of the pesticides are non-biodegradable and
keep on accumulating in the food chain, a process called biological magnification.
This is very harmful.

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Fig.1.6 Biomagnification
 Water Logging: Over irrigation of croplands by farmers for good growth of their
crop usually leads to water logging. Inadequate drainage caused excess water to
accumulate underground and gradually forms a continuous column with the water
table. Under water-logged conditions, pore-spaces in the soil get fully drenched
with water and the soil- air gets depleted. The water table rises while the roots of
plants do not get adequate air for respiration, Mechanical strength of the soil
declines, the crop plants get lodged and crop yield falls. In Punjab and Haryana,
extensive areas have become water-logged due to adequate canal water supply or
tube-well water. Preventing excessive irrigation, sub-surface drainage technology
and bio-drainage with trees like Eucalyptus are some of the remedial measures to
prevent water-logging.
 Salinity Problem: At present one third of the total cultivable land area of the
world is affected by salts. Saline soils are characterized by the accumulation of
soluble salts like sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium
chloride etc. in the soil profile. Their electrical conductivity is more than 4 ds/m.
So dic soils have carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, the pH usually exceed
8.0 and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) is more than 15%.

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Remedy
(i) The most common method for getting rid of salts is to flush them out by applying more good
quality water to such soils.

(ii) Another method is laying underground network of perforated drainage pipes for flushing out
the salts slowly.

Case studies

 Salinity and water logging in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan:

 The first alarming report of salt-affected wasteland formation due to irrigation
practices came from Haryana in 1858.
 Several villages in Panipat, and Delhi lying in Western Yamuna Canal were
suffering from salinity problems.
 The floods of 1947, 1950, 1952, 1954-55 in Punjab resulted in aggravated water
logging with serious drainage problems.
 Introduction to canal irrigation in 1.3 m ha in Haryana resulted in raise in water
table followed by water-logging and salinity in many irrigated areas as a result of
fall in crop productivity.
 Rajasthan too has suffered badly in this regard following the biggest irrigation
project "Indira Gandhi Canal Project".

Exercise:

1. Take a survey on your nearby area and record the micro and macro nutrient imbalances
in food and agricultural practices.

References:

1. G. Tyler Miller and Scott Spoolman, ‘Environmental Science’, Fourteenth Edition,

Brooks Cole, 2012.
2. Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, ‘Introduction to Environmental Engineering
and Science’, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.
3. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/101104065/10
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7atjIvE-hk&t=223s

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Lecture 9 & 10: Energy sources

Lecture Description:
Students will be able to understand the emerging needs of renewable energy resources and their
importance in current scenario

Index or Content
 Renewable and Non- renewable energy resources
 Growing energy needs and their importance

1.9 ENERGY RESOURCES

Definition
Energy may be defined as, “any property, which can be converted into work.” (or)
Energy is defined as, “the capacity to do work.”

 Forms of energy, some of immediately used to do work; others require some

process of transformation
 Life is unthinkable without energy.
 All the developmental activities in the world are directly or indirectly dependent
upon energy.
 Energy production and energy utilization are the indicators of a country’s
progress.

Development of energy
 The first form of energy is the fire.
 The early man discovered fire and used it for cooking and heating purposes
 Wood is the main source of energy, which is later replaced by coal.
 Coal is now being replaced by the oil and gas.
 Now due to insufficient availability and price hike, people started of thinking and
using several alternative sources of energy.

Woodcoaloilalternate energy (solar, wind, tidal energy)

Growing energy Needs

 Energy is essential to all human societies.
 All industrial process like, mining, transport, living, heating and cooling in
buildings, all require energy.
 With the demands of growing population, the world is facing further energy
deficit,

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 Our life style is also changing from al simple way of life to luxurious life style. At
present 95% of the commercial energy is available only from the fossil fuels like
coal, oil and natural gas, and are not going to last for many years. It would be
really ironic if fuel becomes more expensive than food.

Energy Distribution –World Scenario

 U.S.A and Canada 5% of the world’s population- consume 25% of the available
world’s energy resources.
 It has been observed, that in U.S.A and Canada an average person consumes 300
GJ (Giga Joules; equal to 60 barrels of oil) per year.
 But in poor countries like Bhutan, Nepal and Ethiopia, an average person
consumes less than 1 GJ per year.
 So a person in a developed country consumes almost as much energy in a single
day as one person consumes in a whole year in a poor country.
 From the above scenario it is clear that our life style and standard of living are
closely related to energy needs.

1. Renewable energy resources (or) non-conventional energy resources

Natural resources can be regenerated continuously and are inexhaustible. They can be
used again and again in an endless manner.
Example: Wood, solar energy, wind energy, hydropower energy, etc.,

Merits of renewable energy resources

1. Unlimited supply.

2. Provides energy security.

3. Fits into sustainable development concept.
4. Reliable and the devices are modular in size.
5. Decentralized energy production.

2. Non- Renewable energy resources (or) Conventional energy resources

Natural resources which cannot be regenerated once they are exhausted. They cannot be
used again.
Example: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear fuels.
 Even our renewable resources can become non-renewable if we exploit them to
such extent their rate of consumption exceeds their rate of regeneration.
 Wood is renewable resources but not coal-why?

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 Wood is renewable resources because we can get new wood by growing sapling
into a tree within 15-20 years.
 But the formation of coal from trees has taken million of years and cannot be
regenerated in our life time.

1.9.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

 Renewable resources are parts of our natural environment and form our eco-
system

1.9.1.1 SOLAR ENERGY

 The energy that we get directly from the sun is called solar energy.
 The nuclear fusion reactions occurring inside the sun release enormous amount of
energy in the form of heat and light.
 The solar energy received by the near earth space is approximately1.4 kJ/s/m2
known as solar constant.

Methods of Harvesting Solar Energy

1. Solar cells (or) photovoltaic cells (or) PV cells
 Solar cells consist of a p-type semiconductor (such as Si doped with B) and n-type
semi-conductor (Si doped with P).
 They are in close contact with each other.
 When the solar rays fall on the top layer of p-type semi-conductor, the electrons
from the valence band get promoted to the conduction band and cross the p-n
junction into n-type semi-conductor.
 There by potential difference between two layers is created, which causes flow of
electrons (ie.,an electric current)

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Fig.1.7 Solar cell

Uses

 Used in calculators, electronic watches. Street lights, water pumps to run radios
and TVs.

Solar Battery
 When a large number of solar cells are connected in series it form a solar battery.
 Solar battery produce more electricity which is enough to run water pump, to run
street-light, etc.,
 They are used in remote areas where conventional electricity supply is a problem.

Solar heat collectors

Solar heat collectors consists of natural materials like stones, bricks, (or) materials like glass,
which can absorb heat during the day time and release it slowly at night.

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Fig. 1.8 Solar heat collector

Uses
Used in cold places, where houses are kept in hot condition using solar heat collectors.

Solar water heater

It consists of

 An insulated box inside of which is painted with black paint.

 Provided with a glass lid to receive and store solar heat.
 Inside the box it has black painted copper coil, through which cold water is
allowed to flow in, which gets heated up and flows out into a storage tank.
 From the storage tank water is then supplied through pipes.

1.9.1.2 WIND ENERGY

Definition
Moving air is called wind.
 Energy recovered from the force of the wind is called wind energy.
 The energy possessed by wind is because of its high speed.
 The wind energy is harnessed by making use of wind mills.

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Harvesting of wind energy
1. Wind Mills
The strike of blowing wind on the blades of the wind mill makes it rotating continuously.
The rotational motion of the blade drives a number of machines like water pump, flour mills and
electric generators.

Fig. 1.9 Wind mill

2. Wind farms
When a large number of wind mills are installed and joined together in a definite pattern
it forms a wind farm.
The wind farms produce a large amount of electricity.

Conditions
The minimum speed required for satisfactory working of a wind generator is 15 km/hr.

Advantages
It does not cause any air pollution
It is very cheap.

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1.9.1.3 OCEAN ENERGY

It can be generated by following ways.

1. Tidal energy (or) Tidal power

Ocean tides, produced by gravitational forces of sun and moon, contain enormous amount
of energy.
 The “high tide” and “low tide” refer to the rise and fall of water in the oceans.
 The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage.
 During high tide, the sea-water is allowed to flow into the reservoir of the barrage
and rotates the turbine, which intern produces electricity by rotating the
generators.
 During low tide, when the sea level is low, the sea water stored in the barrage
reservoir is allowed to flow into the sea and again rotates the turbine.

Fig. 1.10 Tidal energy

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2. Ocean thermal energy (OTE)

There is often large temperature difference between the surface level and deeper level of
the tropical oceans.

 This temperature difference can be utilized to generate electricity.

 The energy available due to the difference in temperature of water is called ocean
thermal energy.

Fig. 1.11 Ocean thermal energy

Condition
The temperature difference should be of 200C or more is required between surface water
and deeper water.

Process
 The warm surface water of ocean is used to boil a low boiling liquid like
ammonia.
 The high vapour pressure of the liquid, formed by boiling is then to turn the
turbine of the generator and generates electricity.
 The cold water from the deeper ocean is pumped to cool and condense the vapour
into liquid.

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1.9.1.4 Geo thermal Energy

1. Temperature of the earth increases at a rate of 20-750C per km, when we move down
the earth surface.

2. High temperature and high pressure steam fields exists below the earth’s surface in
many places.
3. The energy harnessed from the high temperature present inside the earth is called
geothermal energy.

Fig. 1.12 Geothermal energy

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1. Natural geysers
In some places, the hot water (or) steam comes out of the ground through cracks naturally
in the form

2. Artificial geysers
In some places, we can artificially drill a hole up to the hot region and by sending a pipe
in it, we can make the hot water or steam to rush out through the pipe with very high pressure.
Thus, the hot water (or) steam coming out from the natural (or) artificial geysers is allowed to
rotate the turbine of a generator to produce electricity.

1.8.1.5 BIOMASS ENERGY

Biomass is the organic matter, produced by plants or animals, used as sources of energy.
Most of the biomass is burned directly for heating, cooling and industrial purposes.
Eg: Wood, crop residues, seeds, cattle dung, sewage, agricultural wastes.

Biogas
 Mixture of methane, carbondioxide, hydrogen sulphide, ete.
 It contains about 65% of methane gas as a major constituent
 Biogas is obtained by the anaerobic fermentation of animal dung or plant wastes
in the presence of water.
2. Bio fuels
Biofuels are the fuels, obtained by the fermentation of biomass.
Eg: Ethanol, Methanol

(a)Ethanol
Ethanol can be easily produced from the sugarcane. Its calorific value is less when
compared to petrol, and produces much less heat than petrol.

(b)Methanol
Methanol can be easily obtained from ethanol or sugar-containing plants.
Its calorific value is also too low when compared to gasoline and diesel.

(c)Gasohol
Gasohol is a mixture of ethanol+gasoline.

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 In India trial is being carried out to use Gasohol in cars and buses.
 Gasohol is common fuel in Brazil and Zimbabwe for running cars and buses.
 Methanol is very useful since it burns at a lower temperature than gasoline or
diesel. Due to its high calorific value, hydrogen can serve as an excellent fuel.
 Moreover it is non-polluting and can be easily produced.
 Presently H2 is used in the form of liquid hydrogen as a fuel in spaceships.

3. Hydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen can be produced by thermal dissociation or photolysis or electrolysis of

water.
It possesses high calorific value.
It is non polluting, because the combustion product is water.
2H2+O2---->2H2O+150KJ

Fig. 1.13 Hydrogen fuel cell

Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel
1. Hydrogen is highly inflammable and explosive in nature
2. Safe handling is required
3. It is difficult to store and transport.

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1.10.1 NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

1.10.1.1 Coal
Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed in several stages as buried remains of land plants that
lived 300-400 million years ago were subjected to intense heat and pressure over millions of
years.

Various stages of coal

Wood Peat Lignite Bituminous coal Anthracite
1. The carbon content of Anthracite is 90% and its calorific value is 8700 k.cal.
2. The carbon content of bituminous, lignite and peat are 80, 70 and 60% respectively
3. India has about 5% of world’s coal. Indian coal is not good because of poor heat
capacity.

Disadvantages
1. When coal is burnt it produces CO2 causes global warming
2. Since coal contains impurities like S and N, it produces toxic gases during burning.

1.10.1.2 Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil = hydrocarbons +small amount S, O, N.

Occurrence
The fossil fuel formed by the decomposition of dead animals and plants that were buried
under lake and ocean at high temperature and pressure for million years

Fractional distillation
Hydrocarbons are separated by fractioning the crude oil.

Petroleum World Scenario

1. 67% oil reserves.
2. 25% of the oil reserves in Saudi Arabia.
At the present rate of usage, the world’s crude oil reserves are expected to get exhausted in just
40 years.

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- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Fig. 1.14 Fractionating column

1.10.1.3 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
1. The petroleum gas, converted into liquid under high pressure as LPG

2. LPG is colorless and odorless gas.

3. During bottling some mercaptans is added, to detect leakage of LPG from the
cylinder.

1.10.1.4 Natural Gas

1. Mixture of 50-90% methane and small amount of other hydrocarbons.

2. Its calorific value ranges from 12,000-14,000 k-cal/m3.

(i)Dry gas
If the natural gas contains lower hydrocarbons like methane and ethane, it is called dry
gas.

(ii)Wet gas
If the natural gas contains higher hydrocarbons like propane, butane along with methane
it is called wet gas.

Occurrence
Formed by the decomposition of dead animals and plants, those were buried under lake
and ocean, at high temperature and pressure for millions of years.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
1.10.1.5 NUCLEAR ENERGY
Dr. H. Bhabha –father. India has 10 nuclear reactors, which produce 2% of India’s
electricity.

Nuclear Fission
Heavier nucleus is split into lighter nuclei, on bombardment by fast moving neutrons, and
a large amount of energy is released.
Eg:
Fission of U235
When U235 nucleus is hit by a thermal neutron, it undergoes the following reaction with the
release of 3 neutrons.

U92235 + n10Ba13956 + Kr 9436+ 3n10 + Energy

 Each of the above 3 neutrons strikes another U235 nucleus causing (3x3) 9
subsequent reactions.
 These 9 reactions further give rise to (3x9) 27 reactions.
 This process of propagation of the reaction by multiplication in threes at each
fission is called chain reaction.

Fission reaction of U235 is given below.

92U
235
+0n1 → 36Kr
92
+ 56Ba
141
+ 3 0n1 + energy

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Fig. 1.15 Nuclear fission-chain reaction

Nuclear fusion:
Lighter nucleuses are combined together at extremely high temperatures to form heavier
nucleus and a large amount of energy is released.
Eg:
Fusion of H21 .Two hydrogen-2 (Deuterium) atoms may fuse to form helium at 1
billion0C with the release of large amount of energy

2
1H +1H
2
→ 2 1
3He +0n +energy

Nuclear power of India

 Tarapur(Maharashtra),
 Ranapratap Sagar (Rajasthan)
 Kalpakkam (Tamilnadu)
 Narora (U.P).

1.10.2 USES OF ALTERNATE (RENEWABLE) ENERGY SOURCES

Why Alternate (Renewable) Energy Sources are required?

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
The importance of solar energy can be emphasized particularly in view of the fact that
fossil fuels and other conventional sources are not free from environmental implications.

 least pollution, safety and security snags and are universally available have the
best enhance of large scale utilization in future
 Hydro-electric power generation is expected to upset the ecological balance
existing on earth
 Besides space heating, hydel power plants critically pollute the aquatic and
terrestrial biota.
 Radioactive pollutants released from nuclear power plants are chronically
hazardous.
 The commissioning of boiling water power reactors (BWRS) have resulted in the
critical accumulation of large number of long lived radionuclides in water\
 The dangerous radiowaste cannot be buried in land without the risk of polluting
soil and underground water.
 Nor the waste can be dumped into the rivers without poisoning aquatic life and
human beings as well
 The burning of coal, oil, wood, dung cakes and petroleum products has well
debated environmental problems. The smoke so produced causes respiratory and
digestive problems leading to lungs, stomach and eye diseases.
 The disposal of fly ash requires large ash ponds and may pose a severe problem
considering the limited availability of land. Thus the non-conventional sources of
energy are needed.
Objectives
 To provide more energy to meet the requirements of increasing population.
 To reduce environmental pollution
 To reduce safety and security risks associated with the use of nuclear energy.

Exercises:
1. List out the renewable and non-renewable energy resources available in India with their
statistics..
2. Explain the need of renewable resources in futuristic objective.

References:
1. G. Tyler Miller and Scott Spool man, ‘Environmental Science’, Fourteenth Edition,
Brooks Cole, 2012.
2. Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, ‘Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science’, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gZcbzCAF7Q
4. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc18_ge09/preview

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Lecture 11 & 12: Land resource

Lecture Description:
Students will be able to understand the land resources and natural disasters like landslides, soil
erosion etc..

Index or Content
 Land resources - an overview
 Impacts and preventive measures take to conserve land resources

1.11 LAND RESOURCES

 It provides food, fibre, wood, medicine and other biological materials
 Soil is the mixture of inorganic materials (rocks and minerals) and organic
materials (dead animals and plants).
 Top soil is classified as renewable resources.
1.11.1 Uses of land resources
 Land provide, food, wood, minerals, etc., for us
 Land nurtures the plants and animals that provide our food and shelter.
 Land is used as watershed or reservoir
 Land acts as a dust bin for most of the wastes, created by the modern society.
 Land is used for construction of buildings, industries.
1.11.2 Land degradation
Process of degradation of soil or loss of fertility of the soil.

Harmful effects of land degradation

 The soil texture and soil structure are deteriorated
 Loss of soil fertility, due to loss of invaluable nutrients
 Increase in water logging, salinity, and alkalinity and acidity problems.
 Loss of economic social and biodiversity.
Causes of land degradation
1. Population
Land resources degraded by over population &over exploitation.

2. Urbanization
Urbanization leads to deforestation, reduces the land

3. Fertilizers and pesticides

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Increased applications of fertilizers and pesticides leads to pollution of land and water
and soil degradation.

4. Damage of top soil

Increase in food production generally leads to damage to top soil through nutrient
depletion.

5. Water-logging
Soil erosion, salination and contamination of the soil with industrial wastes all cause land
degradation.

6. Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the process of removal of superficial layer of the soil from one place to
another.

Harmful effects of soil erosion

1) Soil fertility is lost because of loss of top soil layer.
2) Loss of its ability to hold water and sediment.
3) Sediment runoff can pollute water and kill aquatic life.

Types of soil erosion

(i)Normal erosion
Gradual removal of top soil by the natural process.
The rate of erosion is slower.

(ii)Accelerated erosion
Caused by man-made activities
The rate of erosion is much faster than the rate of formation of soil.

Man induced landslides

Various anthropogenic activities like hydroelectric projects, large dams,
reservoirs, construction of roads and railway lines, construction of buildings,
mining etc are responsible for clearing of large forested areas.
Earlier there were few reports of landslides between Rishikesh and Byasi on
Badrinath Highway area. But, after the highway was constructed, 15 landslides
occurred in a single year.
During the construction of roads, mining activities etc. huge portions of fragile
mountainous areas are cut or destroyed by dynamite and thrown into adjacent
valleys and streams.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
These land masses weaken the already fragile mountain slopes and lead to
landslides.
They also increase the turbidity of various nearby streams, thereby reducing their
productivity.
Causes of soil erosion
(i)Water
 Affects soil erosion in the form of rain, run-off, rapid flow, wave action.
 Sheet erosion: When there is uniform removal of a thin layer of soil from a large
surface area, it is called sheet erosion.
 Rill erosion: when there is rainfall and rapidly running water produces finger-
shaped grooves or rills over the area, it is called rill erosion.
 Gully erosion: When the rainfall is very heavy, deeper cavities or gullies are
formed, which may be U or V shaped.
 Slip erosion: This occurs due to heavy rainfall on slopes of hills and mountains.
 Stream bank erosion: During the rainy season, when fast running streams take a
turn in some other direction, they cut the soil and make caves in the bank.
(ii)Wind
 Wind is the important climatic agent, who carry away the fine particles of soil and
creates soil erosion.
 Saltation: This occurs under the influence of direct pressure of stormy wind and
the soil particles of 1-1.5 mm diameter move up in vertical direction.
 Suspension: Here fine soil particles (less than 1mm diameter) which are
suspended on the air are kicked up and taken away to distant places.
 Surface creep: Here the large particles (5-10 mm diameter) creep over the soil
surface along with wind.
(iii)Biotic agents
 Overgrazing, mining and deforestation are the major biotic agents, cause soil
erosion.
 Deforestation without reforestation, overgrazing by cattle, surface mining without
land reclamation, irrigation techniques that lead to salt build- up, water logged
soil, make the top soil vulnerable to erosion.
 .
 35% of world soil erosion is due to overgrazing.
 30% of world soil erosion is due to deforestation.

(iv) Landslides
-Causes soil erosion.

(v) Construction
-Construction of dams, buildings, roads removes the protective vegetal cover and leads to
soil erosion.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Control of soil erosion (or) soil conservation practices .

1. Conservational till farming (or) no-till-farming

 In tradition method, the land is ploughed and soil is broken up and leveled to
make a planting surface.
 This disturbs the soil and makes it susceptible to erosion
 However, no-till-farming causes minimum disturbance to the top soil
 Here the tilling machines make slits in the unploughed soil and inject seeds,
fertilizers and water in the slit. So the seed germinates and the crop grows.

2. Contour farming
 It involves planting crops in rows across the contour of gently sloped land.
 Each row acts as a small dam to hold soil and to slow water runoff.

Fig. 1.16 Contour farming

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U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
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Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

3. Terracing
 It involves conversion of steep slopes into broad terraces, which run across the
contour.
 This retains water for crops and reduces soil erosion by controlling runoff.

Fig. 1.17 Terracing

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

4. Alley cropping (or) Agro forestry

 It involves planting crops in strips or alleys between rows of trees of shrubs
that can provide fruits and fuel wood.
 Even when the crop is harvested, the soil will not be eroded because trees and
shrubs still remain on the soil and hold the soil particles.

Fig. 1.18 Alley cropping

5. Wind breaks or shelter belts

 The trees are planted in long rows along the boundary of cultivated lands, which
block the wind and reduce soil erosion.
 Wind breaks help in retaining soil moisture, supply of some wood for fuel and
provide habitats for birds.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Fig. 1.19 Wind breaks

1.12.1 Desertification
Progressive destruction or degradation of arid or semiarid lands to desert.
Desertification leads to the conversion of range lands or irrigated croplands to
desert.
Desertification is characterized by devegetation, depletion of ground water,
salination and soil erosion.
Harmful effect of desertification

 Around 80% of the productive land in the arid and semi-regions are converted
into desert.
 Around 600 million people are threatened by desertification.

Causes of Desertification
(a)Deforestation
 The process of denuding and degrading a forest land initiates a desert.
 If there is no vegetation to hold back the rain water, soil cannot soak and
groundwater level do not increases.
 This also increases, soil erosion, loss of fertility.
(b)Over grazing
 The increase in cattle population heavily grazes the grass land or forests and as a
result denudes the land area.
 The denuded land becomes dry, loose and more prone to soil erosion and leads to
desert.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

(c)Water management
Over utilization of ground water, particularly in the coastal regions, is resulting in saline
water intrusion into aquifers which is unfit for irrigation.

(d)Mining and quarrying

These activities are also responsible for loss of vegetal cover and denudation of extensive
land area leading to desertification.

(e)Climate change
Formation of deserts may also take place due to climate change, ie., failure of monsoon,
frequent droughts.

(f)Pollution
Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides and disposal of toxic water into the land also
leads to desertification.

1.12.2 LANDSLIDES
Landslides are the downward and outward movement of a slope composed of earth
materials such as rock, soil, artificial fills. Other names of landslides are rockslide, debris slide,
slump, earth flow and soil creep.

Man induced landslides

During construction of roads and mining activities huge portions of fragile
mountainous areas are cut and thrown into adjacent areas and streams. These land masses
weaken the already fragile mountain slopes and lead to landslides called man induced landslides.

Causes of landslides
1. Removal of vegetation
In the sloppy area creates soil erosion, which leads to landslides.

2. Underground mining
Cause subsidence of the ground.

3. Transport
Due to the movement of buses and trains in the unstable sloppy region cause landslides.

4. Addition of weight
Addition of extra weight (or) construction on the slope areas leads to landslide.

5. Ground water level

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Over exploitation of ground water also leads to landslides.

Harmful effect of landslides

 Landslide increases the turbidity of nearby streams, thereby reducing their

productivity.
 Destruction of communication links.
 Loss of habitat and biodiversity.
 Loss of infrastructure and economic loss.

Exercises:
1. Record the recent landslides occurred in India
2. What are the preventive measures undertaken to overcome landslides a natural disaster.

References:

1. G. Tyler Miller and Scott Spool man, ‘Environmental Science’, Fourteenth Edition,
Brooks Cole, 2012.
2. Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, ‘Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science’, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.
3. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105110/pdf/m1l01.pdf

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Lecture 13: Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources

Lecture Description:
Students will able to realize their role of an individual at home, work place, public to conserve
the natural resources.

Index or Content
Specifying the role of an individual for the conservation of natural resources.

1.13 CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES - ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL

Different natural resources like forests, water, soil, food, mineral and energy resources
play a vital role in the development of a nation. While conservation efforts are underway at
National as well as International level, the individual efforts for conservation of natural resources
can go a long way.

I. Conserve Water

 Don't keep water taps running while brushing, shaving, washing or bathing.
 Check for water leaks in pipes and toilets and repair them promptly. A small pin-
hole sized leak will lead to the wastage of 640 liters of water in a month.
 Use drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation to improve irrigation efficiency and
reduce evaporation.
 Install a small system to capture rain water and collect normally wasted used
water from sinks, cloth-washers, bathtubs etc. which can be used for watering the
plants
 Build rain water harvesting system in your house. Even the President of India is
doing this.

II. Conserve energy

 Turn off lights, fans and other appliances when not in use.
 Obtain as much heat as possible from natural sources. Dry the clothes in sun
instead of drier if it is a sunny day.
 Use solar cooker for cooking your food on sunny days which will be more
nutritious and will cut down on your LPG expenses.
 Grow deciduous trees and climbers at proper places outside your home to cut off
intense heat of summers and get a cool breeze and shade. This will cut off your
electricity charges on coolers and air-conditioners.
 Try riding bicycle or just walk down small distances instead of using your car or
scooter.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
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III. Protect the soil

 While constructing your house, don't uproot the trees as far as possible. Plant the
disturbed areas with a fast growing native ground cover.
 Make compost from your kitchen waste and use it for your kitchen-garden or
flower-pots.
 Do not irrigate the plants using a strong flow of water, as it would wash off the
soil.
 If you own agricultural fields, do not over-irrigate your fields without proper
drainage to prevent water logging and salinisation.
 Use mixed cropping so that some specific soil nutrients do not get depleted.

IV. Promote Sustainable Agriculture

 Do not waste food. Take as much as you can eat

 Reduce the use of pesticides.
 Fertilize your crop primarily with organic fertilizers.
 Eat local and seasonal vegetables. This saves lot of energy on transport, storage
and preservation.
 Control pests by a combination of cultivation and biological control methods.

Exercise:
1. Write any ten points on conservation of natural resources by the individual in and around
you.

References:

1. G. Tyler Miller and Scott Spool man, ‘Environmental Science’, Fourteenth Edition,
Brooks Cole, 2012.
2. Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, ‘Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science’, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhzBgorn-5c

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Lecture 14: Equitable use of resources for sustainable development

Lecture Description:
To discuss the sustainable usage of the resources in and around the world

Index or Content
Sustainable life style to be adopted by individual to conserve resources for the future generation

1.14 EQUITABLE USE OF RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFE STYLE

 There is a big divide in the world as North and South, the more developed
countries (MDC'S) and less developed countries (LDC'S), the haves and the have
nots.
 The MDC's have only 22% of world's population, but they use 88% of its natural
resources, 73% of its energy and command 85% of its income.
 As the rich nations continue to grow, they will reach a limit.
 If they have a growth rat of 10% every year, they will show 1024 times increase
in the next 70 years.
 Will this much of growth be sustainable? The answer is 'No' because many of our
earth's resources are limited and even the renewable resources will become
unsustainable if their use exceeds their regeneration.
 Thus, the solution to this problem is to have more equitable distribution of
resources and wealth.
 We cannot expect the poor countries to stop growth in order to check pollution
because development brings employment and the main problem of these countries
is to tackle poverty.
 The poor in the LDC'S are at least able to sustain their life.
 Unless they are provided with such basic resources, we cannot think of rooting
out the problems related to dirty, unhygienic, polluted, disease infested
settlements of these people-which contribute to unsustainability.
 Thus, the two basic causes of unsustainability are over population in poor
countries who have under consumption of resources and over consumption of
resources by the rich countries, which generate wastes.
 In order to achieve sustainable life styles it is desirable to achieve a more
balanced and equitable distribution of global resources and income to meet
everyone's basic needs.
 The rich countries will have to lower down their consumption levels while the
bare minimum needs of the poor have to be fulfilled by providing them resources.
 A fairer sharing of resources will narrow down the gap between the rich and the
poor and will lead to sustainable development for all and not just for a privileged
group.

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry

U17CHT30 U17CHT3000/U17CHT4000/ U18CHT3000/ U18CHT4000
- Environmental Science and Engineering
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Exercise:
1. Suggest some methods for sustainable life styles

References:

1. G. Tyler Miller and Scott Spool man, ‘Environmental Science’, Fourteenth Edition,
Brooks Cole, 2012.
2. Gilbert M. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, ‘Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science’, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDCa-JIVbEs
4. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/122102006/15

Course Materials prepared by: S. DANIEL, Department of Chemistry