Lecture-33

On

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ESO203)

▪ Induction Machine.

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 Induction Motors (Cont…)
❑ Example:
A 208 V, 10hp, 4-pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a full-load slip of
5 percent.
(a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
(b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at the rated load?
(c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at the rated load?
❑ Solution:
(a) Synchronous speed of the motor is:
120𝑓𝑒 120×60
𝑛𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐 = = = 1800 rpm
𝑃 4
(b) Rotor speed of the motor is given by:
𝑛𝑚 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑛𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐
(c) Rotor frequency is given by:
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠𝑓𝑒 = 0.05 × 60 = 3 𝐻𝑧
Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)
 Induction Motors (Cont…)
❑ Frequency of the Rotor E.M.F and Current:
• For a three-phase winding with p pairs of poles supplied at a frequency of 𝑓 hertz,
the speed of the rotating flux is given by n s revolutions per second,

𝑓 = 𝑛𝑠 𝑝

• The speed at which the rotor conductors are being cut by the rotating flux is (𝑛𝑠 −𝑛𝑟 )
revolutions per second.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 = 𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛𝑟 𝑝
⇒ 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠𝑛𝑠 𝑝 = 𝑠𝑓
𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛𝑟
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 =
𝑛𝑠
• Polyphase currents in the stator winding produce a resultant magnetic field, the
axis of which rotates at synchronous speed, 𝑛 𝑠 revolutions per second, relative to
the stator.
 Induction Motors (Cont…)
❑ Frequency of the Rotor E.M.F and Current:
• Polyphase currents in the rotor winding produce a resultant magnetic field, the
axis of which rotates at a speed 𝑠𝑛 𝑠 revolutions per second relative to the rotor
surface, in the direction of rotation of the rotor.
• Rotor is revolving at a speed 𝑛 𝑟 revolutions per second relative to the stator
core.
 Induction Motors (Cont…)
❑ Frequency of the Rotor E.M.F and Current:
• Polyphase currents in the stator winding produce a resultant magnetic field, the axis of which
rotates at synchronous speed, ns revolutions per second, relative to the stator.
• Polyphase currents in the rotor winding produce a resultant magnetic field, the
axis of which rotates at a speed 𝑠𝑛 𝑠 revolutions per second relative to the rotor
surface, in the direction of rotation of the rotor.
• Rotor is revolving at a speed 𝑛 𝑟 revolutions per second relative to the stator
core. The speed of the resultant rotor magnetic field relative to the stator core is
𝑠𝑛 𝑠 + 𝑛 𝑟 = (𝑛 𝑠 −𝑛 𝑟 ) + 𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

• Axis of the resultant rotor field m.m.f. is travelling at the same speed as that of
the resultant stator field m.m.f., so that they are stationary relative to each other.
• Equivalent to a transformer having an airgap separating the steel portions of the
magnetic circuit carrying the primary and secondary windings.
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
• When the ‘primary’ winding (the stator) of an induction motor is energized from
an AC source, a magnetic field results that induces e.m.f.s in the ‘secondary’
winding (the rotor). Secondary currents flow, the magnitude and phase angle of
which depend on the rotor speed. A primary current results, of opposite polarity
and of magnitude proportional to the secondary current to preserve the m.m.f.
balance in the iron core. The primary current drawn determines the energy
supplied to drive the rotor and mechanical load.
• At standstill, however, the machine acts as a simple transformer with an air gap
and a short-circuited secondary winding. The frequency of the rotor-induced emf
is the same as the stator frequency at standstill.
• The resultant air-gap flux is produced by the combined mmfs of the stator and
rotor currents.
• For the sake of conceptual and analytical convenience, the total flux is divided
into a mutual flux (linking both the stator and the rotor) and leakage fluxes,
represented by appropriate reactances.
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)
• At standstill, 𝜔𝑚 = 0, 𝑺 = 1, 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑓𝑠
• Machine acts as a simple transformer with an air gap and a short-circuited
secondary winding.
• To produce a steady unidirectional torque, the rotating fields of stator and rotor
must be traveling at the same speed.
• A steady starting torque is produced: the polyphase induction motor is self-
starting.
• At synchronous speed 𝜔𝑚 = 𝜔𝑠 , 𝑺 = 0, 𝑓𝑟 = 0
• No induction takes place because there is no relative motion between flux and
rotor conductors. Secondary m.m.f is zero, no torque is produced: the induction
motor cannot run at synchronous speed.
• The no-load per-unit slip is about 0.005, and the full-load per-unit slip is on the
order of 0.05.
• The polyphase induction motor is effectively a constant-speed machine.
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

𝑋𝑚 : magnetizing reactance of the induction motor.

𝑅 𝑐 : the hysteresis and eddy-current losses i.e. the ‘iron loss.
• The establishment of a travelling flux wave → m.m.f. to cross both the airgap of
the machine and the iron paths of the magnetic circuit.

• As the motor speeds up, the slip is reduced and the effective reactance of the
rotor cage is reduced.
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

• The total flux is divided into a mutual

flux (linking both the stator and the
rotor) and leakage fluxes, represented
by appropriate reactances.
• The synchronously rotating air-gap
wave generates balanced polyphase
ഥ1 = 𝐸
ഥ1 + 𝐼1ҧ 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋𝑙1 counter emfs in the phases of the stator.
𝑉
ഥ1 : stator terminal voltage
𝑉
• The value of the magnetizing reactance
ഥ1 : counter emf generated by the
𝐸 tends to be relatively low compared to
resultant air-gap flux that of a transformer. The leakage
𝐼1ҧ : the stator current reactance is larger in proportion to the
𝑅1 : stator effective resistance magnetizing reactance than it is in
transformers.
𝑋𝑙1 : stator-leakage reactance
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

𝑠𝐸2 • Because the frequency of the rotor

𝐼1 = 𝐼2 =
𝑍2 voltages and currents is the slip
𝑺𝐸2 frequency, the magnitude of the voltage
𝐼2 =
𝑅 22 + 𝑺𝑋𝑙2 2 induced in the rotor circuit is
𝐸2 proportional to the slip.
⇒ 𝐼2 =
𝑅2 2 • In terms of the standstill per-phase rotor
2
+ 𝑋𝑙2 leakage reactance 𝑋𝑙2 , the leakage
𝑺
reactance at a slip 𝑺 is given by 𝑠𝑋𝑙2 .
• All rotor electrical phenomena, when viewed from the stator, become stator-
frequency phenomena because the stator winding sees the m.m.f and flux waves
traveling at synchronous speed.
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

per-phase standstill rotor resistance

referred to the stator

𝑅2′
:
Combined effect of the shaft load and the rotor 𝑅2′ ′
𝑅2′ (1 − 𝑺)
𝑺 = 𝑅2 +
𝑺 𝑺
resistance

dynamic resistance that depends on

the rotor speed and corresponds to
the load on the motor
Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

• The slope of the induction motor’s mmf-flux curve is

much shallower than the curve of a good transformer.
This is because there must be an air gap in an induction
motor, which greatly increases the reluctance of the flux
path.

• The higher reluctance caused by the air gap means that a

higher magnetizing current is required to obtain a given
Fig. Magnetization curve of
flux level. Therefore, the magnetizing reactance 𝑋𝑚 in induction motor compared
the equivalent circuit will have a much smaller value to that of transformer
than it would in a transformer.
 Induction Motors (Cont…)
❑Power flow diagram of an induction motor:
 Induction Motors (Cont…)
❑Power flow diagram of an induction motor:
 Induction Motors (Cont…)
❑Power flow diagram of an induction motor:
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)
❑ Power and Torque:
• The relationship between the input electric power and the output mechanical power of this
motor is shown below:

Fig. Power flow diagram of an induction motor

• Since an induction motor normally operates at a speed near synchronous speed, the
relative motion of the magnetic fields over the rotor surface is quite slow, and the
rotor core losses are very tiny compared to the stator core losses.
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

• 𝑚1 is the number of stator phases

′ ′
′ 2 𝑅2 ′ 2 𝑅2 (1−𝑺)
𝑃𝑔 = 𝑚1 𝐼2 = 𝑇𝜔𝑠 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑔 1 − 𝑺 = 𝑇𝜔𝑚 = 𝑚1 𝐼2
𝑺 𝑺

• Of the total power delivered to the rotor, the fraction 1-S is converted to mechanical
power and the fraction S is dissipated as rotor copper loss. An induction motor operating
at high slip values will be inefficient.

𝑃𝑜
The per-unit efficiency 𝜂 =
𝑃𝑖
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

• If the power losses in the iron core of the Stator are neglected
′
𝑅 2
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝐼1 2 = 𝑅1 + 𝐼1 2 𝑊/𝑝ℎ
𝑠
• The power dissipated in the resistance of stator and rotor windings is
𝑃Ω = (𝑅1 +𝑅2′ ) 𝐼1 2 𝑊/𝑝ℎ

• The mechanical shaft power 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃Ω

𝑅 2′
= 𝑅1 + 𝐼1 2
− (𝑅1 +𝑅 2′ ) 𝐼1 2
𝑠
′
𝑅 2
= 𝐼1 2 𝑅1 + − (𝑅1 +𝑅 2′ )
𝑠
′
𝑅 2
= 𝐼1 2 − 𝑅 2′
𝑠
1−𝑠
= 𝑅 2′ 𝐼1 2
𝑠
 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit (Cont…)

1−𝑠 ′
𝑃3𝜙𝑚 = 3 𝑅2 𝐼1 2 𝑊
𝑠
𝑃𝑚 𝜋
𝑇= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔𝑚 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝜔𝑚 30
1−𝑠 ′
3 𝑅2 𝐼1 2 90 𝑅 ′
𝑇= 𝜋𝑠
2
= × × 𝐼1 2 𝑁 𝑚
1 − 𝑠 𝑛𝑠 𝜋𝑛𝑠 𝑠
30
𝑉1
|𝐼1 | =
2
𝑅2′
𝑅1 + + 𝑋1 + 𝑋2′ 2
𝑠
𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
 Torque-Slip Characteristics

❑ When a motor is started with full voltage applied:

• The motor is initially stationary and develops locked-rotor
torque.
• Some motors produce a slight dip in torque as these
accelerate, the lowest point being called the pull-in or pull-
up torque.
• As the speed increases further, the torque reaches the highest
point on the curve called the pull-out or breakdown torque.
• When the motor is loaded to its full-load torque, the motor
speed stabilizes.
90 𝑅2′ 𝑉1 2

• If the motor is not driving anything, the speed increases to 𝑇= × × 2

𝜋𝑛𝑠 𝑠 𝑅2′
𝑅1 + 𝑠 + 𝑋1 + 𝑋2′ 2
the no-load or synchronous speed.

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