2022BCSE051

YASH MODI

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

National Institute of Technology Srinagar
Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir - 190006, India.

LABORATORY REPORT
Computer Graphics Lab (CSL355)

Submitted by

YASH MODI
2022BCSE051
B.Tech. CSE
th
(6 Semester – Section ‘A’)

Submitted to

Dr. Pramod Kumar Yadav

Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
National Institute of Technology Srinagar
Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir - 190006, India.

SPRING 2025
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CONTENTS

Page Faculty
Week # Date Experiment
No. Sign

Self-Declaration

I have done all the above programs on my own to the best of my knowledge.

Student’s Signature
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LAB: 01

Graphics.h Library

1. The graphics.h library in C is a classic graphics library used primarily in Turbo

C++ for simple 2D graphics programming.
2. It provides various functions to create graphical elements such as lines,
circles, rectangles, and text, making it a great tool for beginners learning
computer graphics.

Functions in graphics.h library:

▪ line(): Draws a straight line from (x1, y1) to
(x2, y2). Syntax: void line(int x1, int y1, int x2,
int y2);
▪ x1, y1: Starting point coordinates.
▪ x2, y2: Ending point coordinates.

▪ circle() : Draws a circle centred at (x, y) with the specified

radius. Syntax: void circle(int x, int y, int radius);
▪ x, y: centre of the circle.
▪ radius: Radius of the circle.

▪ arc() : Draws an arc (a portion of a circle) from start_angle to

end_angle. Syntax: void arc(int x, int y, int start_angle, int
end_angle, int radius);
▪ x, y: centre of the arc.
▪ start_angle: The angle (in degrees) where the arc
starts, measured counterclockwise from the
positive X-axis..
▪ end_angle: Ending angle (in degrees).
▪ radius: Radius of the arc.

▪ ellipse() : Draws an ellipse with specified horizontal and vertical

radii. Syntax: void ellipse(int x, int y, int start_angle, int end_angle,
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int xradius, int yradius );

▪ x, y: Center coordinates.
▪ start_angle, end_angle: Angle range for the arc of the ellipse.
▪ xradius, yradius: Horizontal and vertical radii.

▪ rectangle() : Draws a rectangle using the given coordinates for the

top-left and bottom-right corners.
▪ Syntax: void rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
▪ left, top: Top-left corner coordinates.
▪ right, bottom: Bottom-right corner coordinates.

▪ initgraph() : Initializes the graphics mode by detecting the appropriate

graphics driver and setting the display mode.
▪ Syntax: void initgraph(int *graphdriver, int *graphmode, char
▪ *pathtodriver);
▪ graphdriver: A pointer to an integer that specifies the
graphics driver (use DETECT for automatic detection).
▪ graphmode: A pointer to an integer specifying the graphics mode.
▪ pathtodriver: The directory path where BGI files
are stored ("C:\\Turboc3\\BGI" for Turbo C++).

▪ closegraph() : Closes the graphics mode and frees memory

allocated for graphics operations.
Syntax: void closegraph();

▪ bar() : Draws a filled rectangle.

▪ Syntax: void bar(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
▪ left, top: Top-left corner coordinates.
▪ right, bottom: Bottom-right corner coordinates.

▪ drawpoly() : Draws a polygon with num

vertices. Syntax: void drawpoly(int num, int
*points);
▪ num: Number of vertices.
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▪ points: Array of 2*num integers specifying the

(x, y) coordinates of each vertex.

▪ setcolor() : Sets the current drawing

color. Syntax: void setcolor(int color);
▪ color: The color to use (e.g., RED, BLUE).

▪ setbkcolor() : Sets the background color of the

screen. Syntax: void setbkcolor(int color);
▪ color: The background color.

▪ floodfill() : Fills an enclosed area with the current fill

color. Syntax: void floodfill(int x, int y, int
border_color);
▪ x, y: A point inside the region to fill.
▪ border_color: The border color that defines the enclosed region.

▪ getmaxx() : Returns the maximum X-coordinate for the current

graphics mode. Syntax: int getmaxx();

▪ getmaxy() : Returns the maximum Y-coordinate for the current

graphics mode. Syntax: int getmaxy();

▪ pieslice() : Draws and fills a pie slice (a sector of a circle).

▪ Syntax: void pieslice(int x, int y, int start_angle, int
end_angle, int radius);
▪ x, y: Center of the pie slice.
▪ start_angle, end_angle: Start and end angles (in degrees).
▪ radius: Radius of the pie slice.

▪ detectgraph() : Detects the best available graphics driver and

mode. Syntax : Detects the best available graphics driver and
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mode.
▪ graphdriver: Pointer to store detected driver.
▪ graphmode: Pointer to store detected mode.

▪ fillellipse() : The fillellipse() function is used to draw and fill an ellipse

with the current fill style and color.
▪ Syntax: void fillellipse(int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);
▪ x, y → Coordinates of the center of the ellipse.
▪ xradius → Horizontal radius (width).
▪ yradius → Vertical radius (height).

▪ outtextxy() : Displays a string at position

(x, y). Syntax: void outtextxy(int x, int y,
char *text);
▪ x, y: Position to display the text.
▪ text: The string to display.

▪ settextstyle() : Sets the text style for outtextxy().

Syntax : void settextstyle(int font, int direction, int
size);
▪ font: Font type (e.g., DEFAULT_FONT).
▪ direction: Orientation (HORIZ_DIR for horizontal,
VERT_DIR for vertical).
▪ size: Text size.

▪ putpixel() : Draws a single pixel at (x, y) in the specified

color. Syntax : void putpixel(int x, int y, int color);
▪ x, y: Coordinates of the pixel.
▪ color: The color to set for the pixel.
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LAB 2

Q1- Write programs in C++ to draw the following shapes?

1.STAR

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void) {
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xmax, ymax;

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c://turboc3/bgi");

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) {
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}

setcolor(getmaxcolor());
xmax = getmaxx();
ymax = getmaxy();

line(350, 300, 450, 300);

line(350, 300, 400, 250);
line(400, 250, 450, 300);

line(400, 320, 350, 265);

line(350, 265, 450, 265);
line(445, 265, 400, 320);

getch();
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closegraph();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

2.HUT:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void) {
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int left, top, right, bottom;

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c://turboc3/bgi");

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) {
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}

left = getmaxx() / 2 - 50;

top = getmaxy() / 2 - 50;
right = getmaxx() / 2 + 50;
bottom = getmaxy() / 2 + 50;
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rectangle(150, 200, 300, 350);

line(150, 200, 225, 100);
line(225, 100, 300, 200);

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

3.Concentric Circle:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void) {
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int radius = 100;

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c://turboc3/bgi");

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) {
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printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

circle(midx, midy, radius);

circle(midx, midy, 150);

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
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4.Moving Car:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <winbgim.h>
#include <conio.h> // For getch()

void drawCar(int x1, int y1) {

rectangle(x1 - 40, y1 - 40, x1 + 180, y1 + 30); // Body

int tire_centre = (x1 - 40 + x1 + 180) / 2;

int tire_centre_y = y1 + 30;

arc(tire_centre - 70, tire_centre_y, 180, 360, 30); // Wheels

arc(tire_centre + 40, tire_centre_y, 180, 360, 30);

circle(tire_centre - 40, tire_centre_y, 30);

circle(tire_centre + 70, tire_centre_y, 30);

line(0, tire_centre_y + 30, getmaxx(), tire_centre_y + 30); // Road

line(x1, y1 - 100, x1 + 140, y1 - 100); // Roof
line(x1, y1 - 100, x1 - 40, y1 - 40);
line(x1 + 140, y1 - 100, x1 + 180, y1 - 40);

int line_x = (x1 + x1 + 140) / 2;

line(line_x, y1 - 60, line_x, y1 - 50); // Windows

line(line_x, y1 - 60, line_x - 60, y1 - 60);
line(line_x, y1 - 60, line_x + 60, y1 - 60);
line(line_x - 85, y1 - 50, line_x + 85, y1 - 50);
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line(line_x + 85, y1 - 50, line_x + 60, y1 - 60);

line(line_x - 85, y1 - 50, line_x - 60, y1 - 60);
}

int main() {
initwindow(getmaxwidth(), getmaxheight(), "Car Animation");
int y1 = getmaxy() / 2;
int page = 0;

for (int x1 = 0; x1 < getmaxx(); x1 += 1) {

setactivepage(page);
cleardevice();
drawCar(x1, y1);
setvisualpage(page);
page = 1 - page;
delay(5);
}

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
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LAB 03

1.Implementation of DDA Algorithm

#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <dos.h> // Required for delay()

// Function to implement DDA algorithm

void drawLineDDA(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
int dx = x2 - x1;
int dy = y2 - y1;

int steps = (abs(dx) > abs(dy)) ? abs(dx) : abs(dy);

float xIncrement = (float)dx / steps;

float yIncrement = (float)dy / steps;

float x = x1, y = y1;

for (int i = 0; i <= steps; i++) {

putpixel((int)x, (int)y, WHITE); // Plot pixel
x += xIncrement;
y += yIncrement;
delay(10); // Small delay to visualize drawing
}
}

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");

// Four different line cases

drawLineDDA(100, 100, 300, 200); // Case 1: Left to Right (Positive Slope)
drawLineDDA(100, 300, 300, 100); // Case 2: Left to Right (Negative Slope)
drawLineDDA(300, 100, 100, 200); // Case 3: Right to Left (Positive Slope)
drawLineDDA(300, 300, 100, 100); // Case 4: Right to Left (Negative Slope)

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
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}
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LAB 04

1. Bresenham’s Line Generation Algorithm

#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
int dx = (x2 > x1) ? (x2 - x1) : (x1 - x2);
int dy = (y2 > y1) ? (y2 - y1) : (y1 - y2);
int sx = (x1 < x2) ? 1 : -1;
int sy = (y1 < y2) ? 1 : -1;
int err = dx - dy;
while (1) {
putpixel(x1, y1, WHITE);
printf("(%d, %d)\n", x1, y1);
delay(50); // Adding delay to visualize the drawing process
if (x1 == x2 && y1 == y2) break;
int e2 = 2 * err;
if (e2 > -dy) {
err -= dy;
x1 += sx;
}
if (e2 < dx) {
err += dx;
y1 += sy;
}
}
}
int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int x1, y1, x2, y2;

printf("Enter x1, y1: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x1, &y1);
printf("Enter x2, y2: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x2, &y2);

drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2);

getch();
closegraph();

return 0;
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Output: