Operating System

Operating System

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 Contents
1 Operating System.................................................................................................................................. 5
2 System Component of Operating System ............................................................................................. 5
Kernel ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Memory management .................................................................................................................. 5
Processor Management ................................................................................................................ 5
Device/Hardware management.................................................................................................... 6
Data management ........................................................................................................................ 6
Storage Management ................................................................................................................... 6
User Interface ............................................................................................................................... 6
3 Other Functions of Operating System .................................................................................................. 6
Evaluates the system's health ....................................................................................................... 6
Security ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Time Management ........................................................................................................................ 6
Deadlock Prevention ..................................................................................................................... 7
Interrupt Handling ........................................................................................................................ 7
4 Types of Operating System ................................................................................................................... 7
Batch Processing Operating System ............................................................................................. 7
Multiprogramming Operating System .......................................................................................... 7
Multitasking Operating System..................................................................................................... 7
Multiprocessors Operating System ............................................................................................... 8
Single User Operating System ....................................................................................................... 8
Multi-user Operating System ........................................................................................................ 8
Time Sharing Operating System .................................................................................................... 8
Distributed Operating System....................................................................................................... 8
Real-Time Operating System......................................................................................................... 8
4.9.1 Hard Real-Time Systems ....................................................................................................... 8
4.9.2 Soft Real-Time Systems ......................................................................................................... 8
Network Operating System ........................................................................................................... 9
5 User Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Graphical User Interface (GUI) ...................................................................................................... 9
Character User Interface (CUI) .................................................................................................... 10
Touch-based Interface ................................................................................................................ 10

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 Voice-based Interface ................................................................................................................. 10
Gesture-based Interface ............................................................................................................. 10
6 Some Important Operating System .................................................................................................... 10
UNIX ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Apple Macintosh (Mac OS) ......................................................................................................... 10
LINUX........................................................................................................................................... 10
SOLARIS ....................................................................................................................................... 11
BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions) ................................................................................ 11
Mobile Operating System ........................................................................................................... 11
6.6.1 Android................................................................................................................................ 11
6.6.2 Symbian............................................................................................................................... 11
6.6.3 iOS ....................................................................................................................................... 11
6.6.4 BlackBerry ........................................................................................................................... 11
MS-DOS (Microsoft-Disk Operating System) .............................................................................. 11
6.7.1 Structure of DOS ................................................................................................................. 11
6.7.2 Configuration of DOS .......................................................................................................... 12
6.7.3 Types of DOS Commands .................................................................................................... 12
Microsoft Windows ..................................................................................................................... 14
6.8.1 Important versions of MS-Windows ................................................................................... 14
Window Desktop......................................................................................................................... 16
6.9.1 Icons .................................................................................................................................... 17
6.9.2 Task Bar ............................................................................................................................... 18
6.9.3 Start Menu .......................................................................................................................... 18
6.9.4 Title Bar ............................................................................................................................... 18
6.9.5 Scroll Bar ............................................................................................................................. 18
6.9.6 Menu Bar............................................................................................................................. 18
6.9.7 Dialog Box ........................................................................................................................... 19
Main Programs Inside the Window ............................................................................................ 19
6.10.1 Notepad .............................................................................................................................. 19
6.10.2 WordPad ............................................................................................................................. 19
6.10.3 Paint .................................................................................................................................... 19
6.10.4 Calculator ............................................................................................................................ 19
6.10.5 Media Player ....................................................................................................................... 19
6.10.6 Games ................................................................................................................................. 19
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 6.10.7 Files ..................................................................................................................................... 19
MS-Windows Shortcut Keys ........................................................................................................ 21
MS Windows Touchpad gestures................................................................................................ 22
Common File Operations Used in Operating Systems ................................................................ 23
7 Utilities and tools available for managing processes and resources in OS ......................................... 24

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 1 Operating System
An operating system is a type of software without which you cannot operate or run a computer.
It acts as an intermediary or translation system between computer hardware and application
programs installed on the computer.

Examples – Linux (Ubuntu), Windows (Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 etc.),
DOS, Apple IOS (MacOS 10.15), etc.

2 System Component of Operating System

Kernel
✓ A kernel is the central part of an operating system. It manages the operations of the
computer and the hardware, most notably memory and CPU time.

Memory management
✓ It manages both the primary and secondary memory such as RAM, ROM, hard disk, pen drive,
etc. It checks and decides the allocations and deallocation of memory space to different
processes.
✓ When a user interacts with a system, the CPU is supposed to read or write operations, in this
case, OS decides the amount of memory to be allocated for loading the program instructions
and data into RAM.
✓ After this program is terminated, the memory area is again free and is ready to be allocated
to other programs by the OS.

Processor Management
✓ It facilitates processor management, where it decides the order for the processes to access
the processor as well as decides the processing time to be allocated for each process.
✓ Besides this, it monitors the status of processes, frees the processor when a process is
executed then allocates it to a new process.

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 Device/Hardware management
✓ A driver is a type of translation software that allows the operating system to communicate
with devices, and there are different drivers for different devices as each device speaks a
different language.
✓ Run software applications: It offers the environment to run or use software applications
developed to perform specific tasks, for example, MS Word, MS Excel, Photoshop, etc.

Data management
✓ It helps in data management by offering and displaying directories for data management.
You can view and manipulate files, folders, e.g., you can move, copy, name, or rename,
delete a file or a folder.

Storage Management
✓ The storage management function of an operating system involves organizing and
controlling access to data storage resources such as hard drives and memory. It oversees
tasks like allocating storage space, managing file systems, ensuring data integrity, and
optimizing performance for efficient storage utilization and retrieval.

User Interface
✓ An operating system provides an interface between the computer user and the hardware.
We will Discuss this in detail in coming part of this concept notes.

3 Other Functions of Operating System

Evaluates the system's health
✓ It gives us an idea about the performance of the hardware of the system. For example, you
can see how busy the CPU is, how fast the data is retrieved from the hard disk, etc.

Security
✓ It has a security module to protect the data or information stored in the memories of the
computer against malware and unauthorized access. Thus, it not only manages your data but
also helps to protect it.

Time Management
✓ It helps CPU in time management. The Kernel OS keeps checking the frequency of processes
that requests CPU time.

Unix Time

Unix time, also known as Epoch time, is a system for tracking time in computing. It is defined as the
number of seconds that have elapsed since midnight on January 1, 1970, UTC (Coordinated Universal
Time).

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 Deadlock Prevention
✓ Sometimes a resource that is supposed to be shared by two or more processes is held by one
process due to which the resource cannot continue. This situation is known as deadlock.

Interrupt Handling
✓ OS also responds to interrupts, which are signals generated by a program or a device to seek
the attention of the CPU.
✓ The OS checks the priority of the interrupt, and if it is more important than the currently
running process, it stops the execution of the current process and preserves this state of CPU
then executes the requested process. Thereafter the CPU returns to the same state where it
was stopped. Types of Operating System

Response time

Response time is the time elapsed from when a request is submitted until the first response is produced.
In the context of process management in an operating system, it represents the time it takes for a
process to start executing after it arrives in the system.

4 Types of Operating System

Batch Processing Operating System
✓ The interaction between a user and the computer does not occur in this system. The user is
required to prepare jobs on punch cards in the form of batches and submit them to the
computer operator.
✓ It is designed to execute one job at a time. Jobs are processed on a first-come, first-serve
basis, i.e., in the order of their submission without any human intervention.
✓ Examples: IBM OS/360, UNIVAC EXEC 8, Burroughs MCP.

Multiprogramming Operating System

✓ Multi programming operating system which in addition to supporting multiple concurrent
process allows the instruction and data from two or more separate process to reside in
primary memory simultaneously.
✓ Multiprogramming System are multitasking, multiprocessing and multiuser Operating
Systems.
✓ Examples: UNIX, Linux, Windows 95/98 (to some extent)

Multitasking Operating System

✓ Multitasking is the ability of a computer to run more than one program, or task, at the same
time. A multitasking operating system supports two or more active processes
simultaneously.
✓ Examples: Windows 10, macOS, Linux (e.g., Ubuntu).

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 Multiprocessors Operating System
✓ A multiprocessing operating system is one that can run on computer systems that contain
more than one processor.
✓ Examples: Windows Server, Linux Kernel, FreeBSD.

Single User Operating System

✓ A single User OS as the name suggests is designed for one user to effectively use a computer
at a time.
✓ Examples: MS-DOS, Classic Mac OS, Palm OS

Multi-user Operating System

✓ This type of OS allows multiple users to simultaneously use the system, while here as well,
the processor splits its resources and handles one user at a time, the speed and efficiency at
which it does this makes it apparent that users are simultaneously using the system, some
network systems utilize this kind of operating system.
✓ Examples: Unix-like systems (Linux, BSD variants), Windows Server, IBM z/OS.

Time Sharing Operating System

✓ It enables multiple users located at different terminals to use a computer system and to
share the processor's time simultaneously. In other words, each task gets time to get
executed, and thus all tasks are executed smoothly.
✓ Examples: CTSS, Unix, Windows Server.

Distributed Operating System

✓ It uses or runs on multiple independent processors (CPUs) to serve multiple users and
multiple real-time applications. Communication between processors is established through
many communication lines such as telephone lines and high-speed buses.
✓ Examples: Amoeba, Plan 9 from Bell Labs, GNU Hurd.

Real-Time Operating System

✓ It is developed for real-time applications where data should be processed in a fixed, small
duration of time. It is used in an environment where multiple processes are supposed to be
accepted and processed in a short time. RTOS requires quick input and immediate response.
✓ Examples: VxWorks, QNX, FreeRTOS.

4.9.1 Hard Real-Time Systems

✓ These are used for the applications where timing is critical, or response time is a major
factor; even a delay of a fraction of the second can result in a disaster. For example, airbags
and automatic parachutes that open instantly in case of an accident. Besides this, these
systems lack virtual memory.
✓ Examples: RTLinux, INTEGRITY RTOS, eCos.

4.9.2 Soft Real-Time Systems

✓ These are used for application where timing or response time is less critical. Here, the
failure to meet the deadline may result in a degraded performance instead of a disaster.
For example, video surveillance (cctv), video player, virtual reality, etc. Here, the deadlines
are not critical for every task every time.
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 ✓ Examples: Linux with PREEMPT-RT patch, Windows CE, Android

Network Operating System

✓ This OS connects computers and devices to a local area network and manages network
resources over LAN.
✓ Besides this, all users in the network are aware of each other's underlying configuration and
individual connections.
✓ Examples: Novell NetWare, Windows Server, Linux (with Samba)

Operating System Type Examples

1. Batch Processing Operating System IBM OS/360, UNIVAC EXEC 8, Burroughs MCP

2. Multiprogramming Operating System UNIX, Linux, Windows 95/98 (to some extent)

3. Multitasking Operating System Windows 10, macOS, Linux (e.g., Ubuntu)

4. Multiprocessors Operating System Windows Server, Linux Kernel, FreeBSD

5. Single User Operating System MS-DOS, Classic Mac OS, Palm OS

6. Multi-user Operating System Unix-like systems (Linux, BSD variants), Windows
Server, IBM z/OS
7. Time Sharing Operating System CTSS, Unix, Windows Server
8. Distributed Operating System Amoeba, Plan 9 from Bell Labs, GNU Hurd
9. Real-Time Operating System VxWorks, QNX, FreeRTOS
a. Hard Real-Time Systems RTLinux, INTEGRITY RTOS, eCos
b. Soft Real-Time Systems Linux with PREEMPT-RT patch, Windows CE, Android
10. Network Operating System Novell NetWare, Windows Server, Linux (with Samba)

5 User Interface
✓ An operating system provides an interface between the computer user and the hardware.
✓ It allows users to easily access and communicate with the applications and the hardware.
✓ The user can interact with the computer by using mainly two kinds of interfaces.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

✓ Graphical User Interface (GUI) lets users run programs or give instructions to the computer
in the form of icons, menus, and other visual options. Icons usually represent files and
programs stored on the computer and windows represent running programs that the user
has launched through the operating system.
✓ The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox Corporation in 1970s.
✓ Examples of operating systems with GUI interfaces include Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu,
Fedora and Macintosh, among others.

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 Character User Interface (CUI)
✓ It is also known as Command Line Interface (CLI). CUI is a mechanism of interacting with a
computer system or software by typing commands to perform specific tasks.

Touch-based Interface
✓ Today smartphones, tablets and PCs allow users to interact with the system simply using the
touch input.
✓ Examples of popular operating systems with touch-based interfaces are Android and iOS.
Windows 8.1 and 10 also support touch-based interfaces on touchscreen devices.

Voice-based Interface
✓ Modern computers have been designed to address the needs of all types of users including
people with special needs and people who want to interact with computers or smartphones
while doing some other tasks.
✓ Some operating systems that provide voice-based control to users include iOS (Siri), Android
(Google Now or “OK Google”), Microsoft Windows 10 (Cortana), and so on.

Gesture-based Interface
✓ Some smartphones based on Android and iOS as well as laptops let users interact with the
devices using gestures like waving, tilting, eye motion, and shaking.

6 Some Important Operating System

Some popular operating systems are as follows:

UNIX
✓ The first version of Unix was developed in 1969 by Ken-Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT
& T Bell Laboratories. It is primarily used to a server rather than a workstation and should
not be used by anyone who does not understand the system.

Apple Macintosh (Mac OS)

✓ It was introduced in January 1984 by Steve Jobs and was initially named system software,
which was later renamed as Mac OS. The most recent version of the OS is based on Unix
because it has a good graphical interface. Version of Mac OSX are Yosemite, Mavericks,
Mountain Lion, Tiger, Tiger Oanther, Jaguar etc.

LINUX
✓ The first Linux Kernel was released in October 1991 by Linus Torvalds. It is an open-source
software, means anyone can download it and use it without any fees. Linux is similar to Unix
in operation.
✓ Kernal is the core of the Operating System that supports the process by providing path to
the peripheral devices.
Linux in Space

Linux has been used in various space missions and aerospace applications due to its stability, flexibility,
and open-source nature. For instance, NASA's Mars rover Curiosity runs on Linux, as do many satellites and
space station systems.

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 SOLARIS
✓ It is a free UNIX based OS developed by Sun Microsystems. The first version of Sun
Microsystems was published in 1992 and coined as SunOS.

BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions)

✓ BOSS GNU/Linux (or simply BOSS) developed by C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing) was initially released in 2007 and derived from Debian for enhancing the use of
Free/Open-Source Software throughout India. BOSS Linux provides GUI to the user.

Mobile Operating System

✓ This OS operates on Smartphones, Tablets and Digital Mobile devices. It controls mobile
devices and its design supports wireless communication and different types of mobile
applications. It has built-in support for mobile multimedia formats.
✓ Some popular mobile operating systems are as follows:
6.6.1 Android
✓ It is a mobile OS developed by Google, which is based on Linux Kernel. It is basically
designed for touch screen mobile devices like Tablets, Smartphones, etc. Nowadays, it is
most used in mobile phones.
✓ Android 14 is the fourteenth major release and the 21st version of Android. It was
released to the public and the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) on October 4, 2023.
6.6.2 Symbian
✓ It is the OS developed and sold by Symbian Ltd. It is an open-source mobile OS designed
for Smartphones. It has been used by many major handset manufacturers including
Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, etc. The Symbian operating system was discontinued.
6.6.3 iOS
✓ It is a popular mobile operating system developed by Apple Incorporation. This operating
system is commonly used in Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, etc. The latest version of iOS
is 17.3.1.
6.6.4 BlackBerry
✓ It is the most secure operating system used in leading Smartphones developed by
BlackBerry company. It also supports WAP 1.2. The BlackBerry operating system was
discontinued.

MS-DOS (Microsoft-Disk Operating System)

✓ The DOS OS was developed by Microsoft in 1980 for microcomputers. MS-DOS was the first
operating system that run on PC developed by IBM corporation in 1981. DOS is a single user
operating system. It is the only operating system which can be loaded in the main memory
of the computer using a single disk.

6.7.1 Structure of DOS

✓ There are four essential programs associated with the control of computers and the way
it interacts with them.
6.7.1.1 Boot Record
✓ It includes loading the operating system into main memory. It is the main program of
MS-DOS.
6.7.1.2 Basic Input/ Output System (BIOS)
✓ It provides an interface between the hardware and programs.
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 6.7.1.3 MSDOS.sys Program
✓ It is a collection of program routines and data tables that provides high level programs
such as application programs.
6.7.1.4 Command.com Program
✓ It provides a standard set of commands that gives users access to file management,
configuration, and miscellaneous functions.

6.7.2 Configuration of DOS

✓ Config.sys, Autoexec.bat provide the environment to computer to set commands.
• Config.sys – It adjusts the system according to commands.
• Auto Exec.bat – When the system is powered On, this file executes in automatically
command line.
Extension Meaning
.txt Text file
.doc/.docx Microsoft Word document
.exe Executable file
.csv Comma-Separated Values
.com Command file (executable)
.bat Batch file (script)
.prg Program file
.ovr Overlay file
.sys System file

6.7.3 Types of DOS Commands

✓ There are two types of DOS command.
• Internal Commands – These commands are automatically loaded into main memory
when the booting process gets completed e.g. DATE, TIME, VER, VOL, DIR, COPY, etc
• External Commands – These commands require external file to be loaded in the
computer to run e.g. Checking disk, comparing disk, formatting, etc.
✓ Following are some fundamental commands of MS-DOS

6.7.3.1 Internal Commands

Command Description
CD Changes the current directory.
COPY Copies one or more files.
DEL Deletes one or more files.
DIR Lists the contents of a directory.
MD / MKDIR Creates a new directory.
RD / RMDIR Removes a directory.
REN Renames a file or directory.
TYPE Displays the contents of a text file.
VER Displays the operating system version.

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 CLS Clears the command prompt window.
DATE Displays or sets the system date.
TIME Displays or sets the system time.
EXIT Exits the command interpreter.
HELP Provides help information for commands.
VOL Displays the disk volume label and serial number.
PROMPT Changes the command prompt.

6.7.3.2 External Commands

Command Description
CHKDSK Checks a disk and displays a status report.
FORMAT Formats a disk for use with the file system.
ATTRIB Displays or changes file attributes.
MOVE Moves one or more files from one directory to another.
FC Compares two files or sets of files.
SET Displays, sets, or removes environment variables.
ECHO Displays messages or enables or disables echoing of the command
line.
FIND Searches for a text string in files.
MORE Displays output one screen at a time.
TREE Displays the folder structure of a directory or drive.
XCOPY Copies files and directory trees.
PING Tests connectivity between two hosts.
TASKKILL Terminates processes by process ID (PID) or image name.
TASKLIST Displays a list of currently running processes.
NET Manages network resources.
SHUTDOWN Shuts down or restarts the computer.
SORT Sorts input.
DISKPART Manages disk partitions.
LABEL Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk
REG Manages the Windows registry.
POWERCFG Configures power settings.
WMIC Provides command-line access to WMI (Windows Management
Instrumentation).
SFC Scans and repairs corrupted system files.
SC Manages Windows services.
IPCONFIG Displays TCP/IP network configuration information.
COMMAND to load the DOS command interpreter (COMMAND.COM) into
memory.

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 Microsoft Windows
✓ It is an operating system, based on GUI, developed by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced
an operating environment named Windows in November 1985.
✓ Microsoft Windows stands for ‘Microsoft – Wide Interactive Network Development for
Office Work Solution’.
✓ Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating system developed, marked
and sold by Microsoft. It enables you to work with a wide variety of programs on your
computer, often simultaneously.

6.8.1 Important versions of MS-Windows

6.8.1.1 Windows NT (New Technology)

✓ A version of Windows introduced in July, 1993 and made specifically for businesses
offering better control over workstation capabilities to help network administrators.
Features:
• It is based on High Level Language.
• It is able to run on DOS, Windows 3 and Win 32 applications.
• It has a 32-bit Windows applications.
• It uses preemptive multitasking.
• It provides higher stability and security.

6.8.1.2 Windows 95
✓ It is a graphical user interface-based operating system. It was released on 24th August,
1995 by Microsoft.
Features
• It is a mixed of 16-bit/32-bit Windows operating system.
• It is consumer-oriented.
• It supports graphical user interface operating system.
• It supports FAT32 file system, multi-display, Web TV and the Internet Explorer.

6.8.1.3 Windows 98
✓ It was developed in 1998. This was produced in two main versions. The first Windows 98
version was plagued with programming errors but the Windows 98 second edition came
out later was much better with many errors resolved.
Features
• It supports Internet Explorer 4.0.1.
• It has Intel 80486DX2/66 MHz or a compatible CPU with a Math coprocessor (Pentium
processor recommended).
• Windows 98 was the first operating system to use the Windows Driver Model (WDM).
• It includes a FAT32 converter utility for converting FAT16 drives to FAT32 without
formatting the partition.
• It also supports many peripherals devices (MX, USB, DVD).

6.8.1.4 Windows ME
✓ An upgraded version from Windows 98 (Millennium Edition) launched in June 2000, but
it has been historically plagued with programming errors which may be frustrating for
home users.
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 Features
• It is designed for single CPU or SMP 32-bit Intel X86 computer.
• It supports 8 or more CPU (the maximum 32 CPU).
• The minimum internal storage is 64MB and maximum 4GB.
• It introduced Multilingual User Interface (MUI).

6.8.1.5 Windows XP
✓ It is an OS produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. Microsoft released
Windows XP on 25th October, 2001.
✓ Some versions of Windows XP are as follows:
• Windows XP Home edition is a version made for home users.
• Windows XP Professional is made for business users.
Features
• It has various users with independent proles.
• It has 3.75 GB free space on the disk and that the total size of the disk is 19.5 GB.
• At least 64 MB of RAM internal storage.
• It provides 1.5 GB of available space on the hard disk.
• It includes a video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 X 600) or higher
resolution.
• It supports sound card, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM drive, speakers or headphones.

6.8.1.6 Windows Vista

✓ It is an operating system by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and
business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs. It was released worldwide
on 30th January, 2007.
Features
• It can be installed Pentium 4, higher, 512MB RAM, 32 MB video card and 40 GB hard
disk.
• It enhances the features of visual style.

Blue Screen of Death

The Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) is an error screen displayed by Microsoft Windows operating systems
when the system encounters a critical error that it cannot recover from, forcing a system crash. It is often
accompanied by a cryptic error message and a blue background.

6.8.1.7 Windows 7
✓ It is an OS released by Microsoft on 22nd July, 2009. It is an upgrade of Windows XP and
Vista. It does not include some standard applications like Windows Movie Maker,
Windows Mail, etc.
Features
• It supports 64-bit processor.
• It provides touch, speech, handwriting recognition.
• It supports a playback of media in MP4, MOV.
• It includes Windows Bio-metric framework.
• It provides multiple firewall.

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 6.8.1.8 Windows 8
✓ It is a part of Windows NT family as personal OS developed by Microsoft and released on
1st August, 2012.
Features
• It is a 64-bit logical CPU.
• It supports 64 TB Dynamic Virtual Disk.
• It provides 3D Graphic supports and Internet Explorer-10.
• It enhances feature of NTML-5 is assumed.
• It is based on Microsoft’s ‘Metro design language’.
• It supports new emerging technology like USB 3.0, cloud computing.

6.8.1.9 Windows 10
✓ It is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part
of the Windows NT family operating system. The first version of the operating system
entered a public beta testing process in October 2014, leading up to its consumer released
on 29 July, 2015.
Features
• It is easy to use social media sites like Facebook, Twitter.
• Windows 10 will also include a “game DVR” mode to allow recordings of the last 30
seconds of play, all better for social gaming.
• Windows 10 interface adapts based on the hardware it is running on.

6.8.1.10 Windows 11
✓ Windows 11 is the latest iteration of Microsoft's operating system, released on October
5, 2021, as a successor to Windows 10. It introduces several new features and
improvements aimed at enhancing productivity, gaming, and user experience.
Features
• It features a centered Start Menu and Taskbar, providing a more streamlined and
modern look.
• Windows 11 introduces DirectX 12 Ultimate, Auto HDR, and Direct Storage
technologies, enhancing gaming performance and visuals.
• Windows 11 allows users to download and install Android apps from the Microsoft
Store, expanding the ecosystem of available applications.
• It introduces updated system requirements, including support for newer processors,
TPM 2.0 (Trusted Platform Module), and Secure Boot for enhanced security.

Window Desktop
✓ When we turn ON the computer then the first screen, which will be displayed on the
computer is known as desktop.
✓ The background image of desktop is called wallpaper.
✓ A small arrow or blinking symbol, moving on the desktop, is called cursor.

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 • Desktop contains Start menu, Task bar, icons, gadgets, etc.

Some important components of desktop are organized as follows:

6.9.1 Icons
✓ A small image of a program, shown on the desktop with program name is known as icon.
Icons are small pictures that represent files, folders, programs and other items.
✓ If you move an icon on your desktop, this is called ‘dragging’ and after releasing it, it will
be called ‘dropping.’
✓ Some of the icons displayed on the desktop are as follows:
6.9.1.1 Computer/PC
✓ It is the most important icon on the desktop, which contains icons of document
folders, hard disk’s partition, each removable disk drive, e.g. floppy disk, CD, DVD, etc.
✓ It also allows the users to access drives, printers, removable disk or other system
applications. It is the main part of our Windows where all the programs and software
backup are stored.
6.9.1.2 Recycle Bin
✓ It is also a form of icon on the desktop, which contains deleted files, folders or
shortcuts. From recycle bin, we can restore the deleted files or folders on the proper
place.
6.9.1.3 Network
✓ It consists of all network connections, which make it possible to connect to the
computer via the Intranet.

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 6.9.1.4 Documents
✓ This folder contains all your files which you have created and saved in it. This folder
contains all types of file format Word processor, Spreadsheet, PowerPoint, image, etc.

6.9.2 Task Bar

✓ Initially, the long horizontal box at the bottom of our desktop is known as Task bar. When
we open a program or any window, then the button of that program will be displayed on
the task bar.

6.9.3 Start Menu

✓ This menu is the main gateway of our computer’s program such as files, folders, and settings.
Start menu also contains most recently opened program.

✓ Start menu have following options

• Program – It contains a list of installed programs. When we installed any software, it
automatically shows in this menu.
• Favorites – It is a collection of book-marked Web pages.
• Documents - It shows a list of most recently opened documents.
• Setting - It includes Control Panel, Printers, Taskbar, etc.
• Find - It searches for specific files or folders.
• Log Off – End access to a computer system or a website.
• Turn Off (Shut down) - To shut down or restart the system.
6.9.4 Title Bar
✓ It is located at the top of window or any dialog box, which displays the name of the
window or software program. Title bar contains at least three small buttons:
• Close Button – At the right edge of the title bar, there is a square containing a [X]
called the Close button. It helps to terminate the running program.
• Minimize Button – It reduces to window to a button on the task bar. It helps to shrink
the window.
• Maximize Button – It enlarges the window to occupy the whole desktop. It expands
the size of window t to the desktop.

6.9.5 Scroll Bar

✓ It appears at the right (or left) side or at the bottom of the window. A window can display
a document, i.e. larger than the window area, so with the help of scroll bar arrow, the
user can scroll a document in the window area to bring the view of hidden portion of
document.
✓ There are two types of scroll bars
• Horizontal scroll bar
• Vertical scroll bar.
6.9.6 Menu Bar
✓ Each window contains its own menu which performs specific actions when they have
been selected.
✓ The menu bar consists of several options as follows:
• File Menu – Contains options like New, Open, Close, Save, Save As and Print, etc.
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 • Edit Menu/Home Menu – Contains options like Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Clear, etc.
• View Menu – Like Normal, Toolbar, Print layout, etc.
• Insert Menu - Contains options like Header, Footer, etc.
• Help Menu – for tutorials or helpful information.

6.9.7 Dialog Box

✓ When we perform certain operation on your document and click on the Close button
without saving your document then dialog box will appear on the screen.
✓ Generally, dialog box contains message, Close button, Yes button, No button and Cancel
button. It is mainly used to suggest what to do next.

Main Programs Inside the Window

6.10.1 Notepad
✓ It is a text editor program. Notepad is most commonly used to the edit or view text files.
The extension of Notepad files is .txt (text document).
✓ To open Click on
Start menu —> All Programs —> Accessories —> Notepad
6.10.2 WordPad
✓ It is another text editor program including some few features such as complex formatting,
pictures, etc. The extension of WordPad le is .rtf (rich text format).
✓ To open Click on
Start menu —> All Programs —> Accessories —> WordPad
6.10.3 Paint
✓ It is a drawing program, used to create drawing or edit digital pictures (images). The
extension of paint file is .png or. jpg or. bmp.
✓ To open Click on
Start menu —> All Programs —> Accessories —> Paint
6.10.4 Calculator
✓ It performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
✓ To open Click on
Start menu —>All Programs —>Accessories —> Calculator
6.10.5 Media Player
✓ Windows media player is an easy-to-use interface to play digital media files, organize
digital media collection, burn CDs, etc.
✓ To open Click on
Start menu —> All Programs —> Windows Media Player
6.10.6 Games
✓ Windows have some games like Chess titans., Hearts, Freecell, Mahjong titans, Purble
place, Solitaire, Spider solitaire, etc.
✓ To open Click on
Start menu —> All Programs —> Games
6.10.7 Files
✓ These are the collection of data stored on auxiliary storage media. In Windows, files are
the basic unit to store data. The name given to a file or document by the user is called file
name. Filename is used to identify the type of file format. Each file has a specific filename
and has a file extension that identifies the file type.
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 ✓ Some common filename extensions are as
Common File Meaning Output Type
Extension
.txt Text file Plain Text
.doc/.docx Microsoft Word document Rich Text Format (RTF)
.pdf Portable Document Format Document
.jpg/.jpeg Joint Photographic Experts Group Image
.png Portable Network Graphics Image
.gif Graphics Interchange Format Image
.html/.htm Hypertext Markup Language Web Page
.css Cascading Style Sheets Style Sheet
.js JavaScript Script
.xls/.xlsx Microsoft Excel spreadsheet Spreadsheet
.ppt/.pptx Microsoft PowerPoint presentation Presentation
.zip ZIP archive Compressed Archive
.mp3 MPEG Audio Layer III Audio
.mp4 MPEG-4 Part 14 Video
.rtf WordPad document Rich Text Format (RTF)

✓ These are containers that you can use to store files. Folders can also store other folders,
i.e. sub-folders. You can create any number of sub-folders and each can hold any number
of files and additional subfolders.
✓ Different types of library are as follows
• Documents Library
It is used to organize and arrange Word processing documents, Spreadsheets,
Presentation and other text related files. It is used to store in My Document folder.
• Pictures Library
It is used to organize and arrange your digital pictures. By default, it is saved in the
Pictures folder.
• Music Library
It is used to organize and arrange your digital music, such as songs, etc. By default, it is
saved to the Music Library folder.
• Videos Library
It is used to organize and arrange your videos, such as clips, recording, etc. By default,
it is stored in My Videos folder.

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 MS-Windows Shortcut Keys

Keys Description
Ctrl + C Copy
Ctrl + X Cut
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + Z Undo
Ctrl + Y Redo
Ctrl + A Select All
Ctrl + S Save
Ctrl + P Print
Ctrl + F Find
Ctrl + N New (File or Window)
Ctrl + W Close window or tab
Alt + F4 Close active program/window
Win + D Show Desktop (minimize or restore all windows)
Esc Cancel the current task
Win () key To display or hide the start menu
Alt + Tab Switch between open applications or windows
Win + Tab Opens Task View (thumbnail view of open
applications)
Alt + F4 Close active program/window
Win + Arrow Keys Snap window to sides or corners of the screen
Win + E Open File Explorer
Win + M To minimize all open window
Alt + Up Arrow Go up one level in File Explorer
F2 Rename selected file/folder
Ctrl + Shift + N Create new folder
Ctrl + Mouse Wheel Up/Down Zoom in/out in File Explorer
Alt + Enter Open Properties for selected file/folder
Win + 1, 2, 3, ... Open the corresponding program pinned to the
taskbar
Windows key + Ctrl + Left Switch between windows (while using a virtual
Arrow/Right Arrow desktop)
Shift + Click on Taskbar icon Open a new instance of the program
Ctrl + Shift + Click on Taskbar icon Open a program as Administrator
Win + Plus (+)/Minus (-) Zoom in/out (Magnifier)
Win + Ctrl + Enter Activate Narrator (Screen reader)
Win + U Open Ease of Access Center
Ctrl + Shift + Esc Open Task Manager directly
Win + L Lock your PC or switch accounts
Win + R Open the Run dialog box
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 Ctrl + Shift + Esc Open Task Manager
Win + Pause/Break Open System Properties
Ctrl + Alt + Delete Open Security options menu
F3 Search for a file or folder in Windows Explorer
Alt + Spacebar Opens the shortcut menu for the active window
Ctrl + Esc Display the Start Menu
F5 Refresh the active window
Esc Cancel the current task

File Explorer

IIn Windows, File Explorer (previously known as Windows Explorer in older versions) allows users to perform
various tasks such as creating, deleting, copying, moving, and renaming files and folders. It also includes
features like searching for files, sorting and filtering files, previewing files without opening them, and
managing file properties.

Home Tab offers Copy, Paste, Cut, Move to, Copy to, Rename, New Folder, Properties

Share Tab offers Share, Email, Zip, Burn to disc, Print, Fax, Remove Access and Advanced Security

View Tab offers Navigation pane, Icon style, Sort by, Hidden Selected item and options

MS Windows Touchpad gestures

Action Gestures

Select an item Tap touchpad

Scroll Place two fingers on the screen and slide horizontally or

vertically
Zoom in or out Place two fingers on the touchpad and pinch in or stretch out

Show more commands (like Tap the touchpad with two fingers or press down in the lower-
right-clicking) right corner/ Press and hold the item
Show all open windows Swipe with three fingers up on the screen

Show the desktop Swipe with three fingers down on the screen

Switch between open apps or Swipe with three fingers left or right on the screen
windows
Switch desktops Swipe with four fingers to the left or right on the screen

Switch to the last open app Swipe with three fingers to the left or right on the screen

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 Open notification center Swipe with one finger in from the right edge of the screen

See widgets Swipe with one finger in from the left edge of the screen

Common File Operations Used in Operating Systems

Open: Opening a file establishes a connection between the file and the program, allowing the
program to read from or write to the file.

Read: Reading from a file involves retrieving data from the file and transferring it into memory
for processing by the program. This operation typically requires specifying the number of bytes
to read and the location in memory to store the data.

Write: Writing to a file involves transferring data from memory to the file for storage. This
operation typically requires specifying the data to write and the number of bytes to write.

Rename: Renaming a file involves changing its name while keeping its contents intact. This
operation is commonly used to give files more meaningful or descriptive names.

Close: Closing a file refers to terminating the connection between the file and the program
accessing it. This operation releases the resources associated with the file and ensures that any
pending data is written to the file system.

Truncate: Truncating a file involves reducing its size to a specified length. This operation typically
removes the contents of the file beyond the specified length while preserving the initial data up
to that point.

Delete: Deleting a file removes it from the file system, freeing up storage space. This operation
permanently erases the file and its contents, making it irrecoverable unless a backup exists.

Copy: Copying a file involves creating a duplicate of the original file with the same contents. This
operation is useful for creating backups or duplicating files for sharing or distribution.

Move (or Rename and Move): Moving a file involves changing its location within the file system
while preserving its contents. This operation is commonly used to organize files into different
directories or folders.

Lock (or Exclusive Access): Locking a file prevents other programs or users from accessing or
modifying it simultaneously. This operation is used to ensure data integrity and prevent conflicts
when multiple programs or users interact with the same file.

Seek: Seeking in a file involves moving the file pointer to a specified position within the file. This
operation allows programs to navigate within the file to read or write data at specific locations.

Append: Appending to a file involves adding data to the end of an existing file without modifying
its existing contents. This operation is commonly used to add new data to files, such as log files
or data storage files, without overwriting existing information.

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 7 Utilities and tools available for managing processes and resources in OS
There are numerous utilities and tools available for managing processes and resources on various
operating systems. Here are some commonly used ones:

• Task Manager (Windows): Task Manager is a built-in utility in Windows that allows users
to view and manage running processes, monitor system performance, and manage
startup programs. The primary purpose of a Task Manager is to manage tasks in a project
or workflow and monitor the performance of a computer system.
• Activity Monitor (macOS): Activity Monitor is a built-in utility in macOS that provides
information about processes, CPU usage, memory usage, disk activity, and network
activity. It allows users to monitor and manage system resources.
• htop: htop is an interactive process viewer for Unix-like systems (Linux, macOS, FreeBSD)
that provides a customizable, colorized view of system processes. It allows users to
monitor and manage processes, CPU usage, memory usage, and more.
• top: top is a command-line utility available in Unix-like systems that provides a dynamic,
real-time view of system processes. It displays information such as CPU usage, memory
usage, and process IDs, and allows users to manage processes interactively.
• Sysinternals Suite (Windows): Sysinternals Suite is a collection of advanced system
utilities for Windows developed by Microsoft. It includes tools such as Process Explorer,
which provides detailed information about processes, and Process Monitor, which
monitors file system, registry, and process activity.
• System Monitor (Linux): System Monitor, also known as System Monitor Tool or GNOME
System Monitor, is a graphical utility available in Linux-based distributions (e.g., Ubuntu)
that provides information about system processes, resource usage, and file systems.
• Windows Resource Monitor (Windows): Windows Resource Monitor is a built-in utility
in Windows that provides detailed information about CPU, memory, disk, and network
usage. It allows users to monitor and analyze resource usage by processes and services.
• GNU Parallel: GNU Parallel is a command-line utility for Unix-like systems that allows
users to execute multiple commands or processes in parallel. It can be used for
parallelizing tasks, managing resources efficiently, and speeding up data processing.

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