SUMMARY SHEET

Emerging Trend

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 Contents
1 Artificial Intelligence ....................................................................................................................3
1.1 Machine Learning ................................................................................................................3
1.2 Natural Language Processing (NLP) .......................................................................................3
1.3 Machine Learning ................................................................................................................3
1.4 Immersive experiences.........................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Virtual Reality (VR)........................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Augmented Reality (AR) ................................................................................................4
1.5 Robotics ..............................................................................................................................4
2 Big Data ......................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Characteristics of Big Data ....................................................................................................4
2.2 Data analytics ......................................................................................................................5
2.3 Internet of Things (IoT).........................................................................................................5
2.4 Web of Things (WoT) ...........................................................................................................5
2.5 Smart Cities .........................................................................................................................5
3 Grid Computing...........................................................................................................................5
4 Blockchain technology .................................................................................................................6

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 1 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence aims to replicate human-like intelligence in machines, enabling them to
exhibit intelligent behavior. Intelligent machines are designed to mimic various cognitive
functions of humans, including learning, decision-making, and problem-solving. By programming
machines to establish a knowledge base and autonomously perform tasks with minimal human
intervention, AI seeks to enhance efficiency and productivity in various domains.

1.1 Machine Learning

✓ It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence, empowers computers to learn from data using
statistical techniques, without explicit programming by humans. It entails the utilization of
algorithms that autonomously learn and make predictions based on data. These algorithms,
known as models, are initially trained, and tested using separate sets of training and testing
data.

Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced computer programs trained to understand and generate
human-like text. They use machine learning techniques to analyze vast amounts of written content and
learn the patterns of human language. LLMs can perform various language tasks such as text generation,
summarization, translation, and question answering. Notable examples include GPT-3, BERT (Bidirectional
Encoder Representations from Transformers).

LLMs are valuable for applications in health care, software development and language translation, content
generation, customer service chatbots, language translation, text summarization, personal assistants,
educational tools, creative writing, research, legal assistance, and accessibility support iInto machine
language know as Object code.

1.2 Natural Language Processing (NLP)

✓ It involves the interaction between humans and computers using human languages, such as
Hindi or English. Examples include predictive typing features in search engines and spell -
checking functionalities. NLP enables various applications, such as web searching and device
control through voice commands. NLP systems can also convert text to speech and vice
versa.

1.3 Machine Learning

✓ Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence where computers can learn from data
using statistical methods without direct human programming. It involves algorithms that
autonomously learn from data and make predictions.

1.4 Immersive experiences

✓ Immersive experiences have been revolutionized by three-dimensional (3D) videography,
enhancing the joy of watching movies in theaters and elevating video game experiences.
These experiences enable us to visualize, feel, and react by engaging our senses, resulting in
heightened interaction and engagement. Immersive technologies like virtual reality and
augmented reality are utilized to create realistic and engaging environments. They have
found applications in training, such as driving and flight simulators, providing hands-on
experience in a simulated setting.

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 1.4.1 Virtual Reality (VR)
✓ It is a computer-generated, three-dimensional simulation of the real world that allows
users to interact with and explore environments while feeling immersed in them. This
immersion is typically achieved through VR headsets, which present sensory information
such as sound, smell, motion, and temperature to enhance realism. VR has diverse
applications including gaming, military training, medical procedures, entertainment,
social science, psychology, engineering, and other fields requiring simulation for learning
and understanding.

1.4.2 Augmented Reality (AR)

✓ It involves overlaying computer-generated perceptual information onto the existing
physical surroundings. It integrates digital elements into the real world, creating an
interactive and manipulable environment. AR provides users with additional information
about their surroundings, such as nearby places and user reviews, enhancing their
interaction with the physical world. Location-based AR apps allow users to access real-
time information about historical sites simply by pointing their camera viewfinder at
subjects.

1.5 Robotics
✓ A robot is a machine capable of performing tasks automatically with accuracy and precision,
programmable by a computer to follow instructions through computer programs. They find
applications in industries, medical science, bionics, scientific research, and the military.
✓ Examples of robots include
• NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) for studying Mars
• Sophia the humanoid utilizing artificial intelligence and facial recognition
• Drones - unmanned aircraft controlled remotely or autonomously through software-
controlled flight plans. Drones are used in journalism, filming, aerial photography,
shipping, disaster management, search and rescue operations, healthcare, geographic
mapping, structural safety inspections, agriculture, and wildlife monitoring.

2 Big Data
With technology permeating nearly every aspect of our lives, data production has skyrocketed.
With over a billion Internet users and the majority of web traffic stemming from smartphones,
an astonishing amount of data is generated daily - approximately 2.5 quintillion bytes. This pace
is accelerating with the continuous evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT)

This results in the generation of data sets of enormous volume and complexity called Big Data.

Traditional data processing tools struggle to handle Big Data due to its voluminous and
unstructured nature, including posts, instant messages, photographs, tweets, blog articles, news
items, opinion polls, and more.

2.1 Characteristics of Big Data

✓ Big data is characterized by five key attributes:
• Volume: Big data is defined by its massive size, often too large to be processed efficiently
with traditional database management tools.

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 • Velocity: It refers to the speed at which data is generated and stored. Big data is
generated at an exponentially higher rate compared to traditional datasets.
• Variety: Big data encompasses diverse types of data, including structured, semi-
structured, and unstructured data such as text, images, videos, and web pages.
• Veracity: Big data can be inconsistent, biased, noisy, or contain abnormalities due to
issues with data collection methods. Veracity refers to the trustworthiness of the data
and the potential for incorrect results if processed without scrutiny.
• Value: Beyond its sheer size, big data holds hidden patterns and valuable insights that can
have significant business value. However, the investment of resources in processing big
data should be carefully evaluated to ensure its potential is realized.

2.2 Data analytics

✓ It is the method of scrutinizing datasets to extract insights and conclusions, facilitated by
specialized systems and software. These technologies are increasingly utilized across various
industries to support informed decision-making.
✓ Pandas, a library in the Python programming language, serves as a powerful tool for
simplifying data analysis processes.

2.3 Internet of Things (IoT)

✓ The term 'Internet of Things' (IoT) describes a network of devices fitted with embedded
hardware and software, allowing them to communicate within the same network.
✓ IoT aims to unite household devices, facilitating collaboration to establish an intelligent
network of interconnected entities. For instance, appliances like microwave ovens, air
conditioners, door locks, CCTV cameras, and others can connect to the Internet, enabling
remote access and control via smartphones from any location.

2.4 Web of Things (WoT)

✓ The concept of Web of Things (WoT) allows for leveraging web services to connect anything
in the physical world, alongside human identities on the web. This approach opens up
possibilities for creating smart homes, smart offices, smart cities, and beyond.

2.5 Smart Cities

✓ Smart Cities leverage computer, communication technology, and IoT to efficiently manage
resources and address urban challenges like traffic congestion and infrastructure
maintenance. Sensors in buildings, bridges, and tunnels detect issues such as earthquakes,
structural abnormalities, and congestion, enabling timely alerts and responses. Through
integrated systems, smart cities optimize operations across transportation, utilities, waste
management, and community services, aiming for resilience and sustainability.

3 Grid Computing
Grid computing is a network of geographically dispersed and heterogeneous computational
resources, forming a virtual supercomputer with significant processing power and storage. It
brings together various nodes, ranging from handheld devices to workstations, to collectively
solve complex tasks. Grids offer an economical solution for computationally intensive scientific
and research problems by utilizing existing resources without costly hardware procurement.

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 To establish a grid, middleware such as the open-source Globus toolkit is used to implement
distributed processor architecture. This toolkit provides software for security, resource
management, data management, communication, and fault detection, facilitating the creation
and management of grid networks.

There are two types of grids:

(i) Data Grid: This type of grid is utilized for managing large and distributed datasets, providing
multi-user access. Data grids facilitate efficient storage, retrieval, and sharing of data across
geographically dispersed locations.

(ii) CPU or Processor Grid: In a CPU grid, processing tasks are distributed among multiple
computing nodes. This approach allows for workload balancing and parallel processing, where a
large task is divided into smaller subtasks and assigned to different nodes for simultaneous
execution. This maximizes computational efficiency and speeds up the overall processing time.

4 Blockchain technology
A blockchain consists of blocks, which are secured chunks of data or transactions, linked together
to form a chain. Each block contains visible header data accessible to every node, while private
data remains encrypted. Transactions are authenticated by all nodes in the network before being
added to the append-only ledger, ensuring data integrity.

While blockchain is widely known for its application in digital currency, its decentralized nature
and security features make it ideal for enhancing transparency, accountability, and efficiency
across various sectors. In healthcare, blockchain facilitates better data sharing among providers,
leading to accurate diagnoses and cost-effective care delivery. It also finds use in land registration
to prevent disputes and in voting systems to ensure transparency and authenticity.

Overall, blockchain technology holds promise for transforming industries like banking, media,
telecom, travel, and hospitality by fostering trust and streamlining processes through
decentralized and secure transactions.

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