INDEX

1. MATRIX

2. ORDER OF MATRIX

3. TYPES OF MATRICES

4. OPERATION ON MATRICES

5. TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX

6. INVERTICAL MATRICES

7. APPLICATION
MATRIX DEFINITION :

A matrix is a function that consists of an ordered rectangular

array of numbers.

The numbers in the array are called the entities or the

elements of the matrix.

The horizontal array of elements in the matrix is called rows,

and the vertical array of elements are called the columns.

 Example :
ORDER OF A MATRIX :

 If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then it is

known as the matrix of order m x n.

 EXAMPLE :

2 3 4
The order of the matrix [ ] is 2 x 3
5 6 7

2 1
The order of the matrix [0 8] is 3 x 2
1 4

4 2
The order of the matrix [ ] is 2 x 2
4 7
TYPES OF MATRIX :

1. Row Matrix

2. Column Matrix

3. Square Matrix

4. Diagonal Matrix

5. Scalar Matrix

6. Identity Matrix

7. Zero Matrix
1. ROW MATRIX
 A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one
row.
 EXAMPLE :

[1/2 3 5] 1 x 3

2. COLUMN MATRIX
 A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only
one column.
 EXAMPLE :

5
[7] it is a 3 x 1 matrix.
9

3. SQUARE MATRIX
 A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to
the number of columns is said to be a square matrix.
 EXAMPLE :

1 2
[ ] is a square matrix of order 2.
3 4
4. DIAGONAL MATRIX
 A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix if
all its non diagonal elements are 0.
 EXAMPLE :

2 0 0
[0 1 0]
0 0 3

5. SCALAR MATRIX
 A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its
diagonal elements are equal.
 EXAMPLE :

4 0 0
[0 4 0]
0 0 4

6. IDENTITY MATRIX
 A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal
are all 1 and the rest are all 0.
 EXAMPLE :

1 0
[ ]
0 1
7. ZERO MATRIX
 A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix
if all its elements are 0.
 EXAMPLE :

0 0
[ ]
0 0

EQUALITY OF MATRICES
 Two matrices A = [ aij ] and B = [ bij ] are said to be
equal if ,
i. they are of the same order.
ii. each element of A = corresponding element of
B (i.e) [aij] = [bij] for all i and j

 EXAMPLE :
4 3 𝑦 𝑧
[ ] = [ ]
𝑥 5 1 5

 By equality of two matrices, equating the

corresponding elements we get,
x=1
y=4
z=3
OPERATION ON MATRICES :
1. Addition of matrices
 EXAMPLE:

2 4 1 3
A= [ ] AND B= [ ]
3 2 2 5
2 4 1 3
A+B= [ ] + [ ]
3 2 2 5

3 7
=[ ]
5 7

2. Difference of matrices
 EXAMPLE:

2 4 1 3
A =[ ] AND B=[ ]
3 2 2 5

2 4 1 3
A–B= [ ] - [ ]
3 2 2 5

1 1
= [ ]
1 −3
3. Multiplication of matrices by its scalar
 EXAMPLE:
2 4
A =[ ]
3 2

2 4
3A = 3 [ ]
3 2

6 12
=[ ]
9 6

4. Multiplication of matrices
 EXAMPLE:
2 4 1 3
A=[ ] AND B =[ ]
3 2 −2 5

2 4 1 3
AB = [ ] [ ]
3 2 −2 5
2 + (−8) 6 + 20
= [ ]
3 + (−4) 9 + 10

−6 26
= [ ]
−1 19
 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

 Definition:
The transpose of a matrix A is obtained by making the
rows of A the columns of a new matrix (the transpose).
 Notation:
If A is a matrix, its transpose is commonly denoted as A'
or AT.
 Order:
If A is an m x n matrix, then A' will be an n x m matrix.
 Properties:
 The transpose of a transpose is the original matrix:
(A')' = A.
 The transpose of a sum is the sum of the transposes:
(A + B)' = A' + B'.
 The transpose of a scalar multiple is the scalar multiple
of the transpose:
(kA)' = kA'.
 The transpose of a product is the product of the
transposes in reverse order:
(AB)' = B'A'.
 Applications: Transpose operations are used in various
areas, including linear algebra, data analysis, and
computer graphics.
 EXAMPLES :

5
 A = [1/2]
−1

AT = [5 1/2 −1]

−1 5 6
 A=[ 4 5 6]
2 3 −1

−1 4 2
AT = [ 5 5 3]
6 6 −1

1 −1
 A=[ ]
2 3

1 2
AT = [ ]
−1 3
SYMMETRIC MATRICES
 A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if
AT = A.
 EXAMPLE:

1 −1 5
A = [−1 0 1]
5 1 3

1 −1 5
AT = [−1 0 1]
5 1 3

SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES

 A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew
symmetric matrix if AT = -A.
 All the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric
matrix are 0.
 EXAMPLE:

0 −1 1 0 1 −1
A=[ 1 0 −1] then AT = - [−1 0 1]
−1 1 0 1 −1 0
 INVERTICAL MATRICES

 If A and B are two square matrices such that,

 AB = BA = I

 Then B is the inverse matrix of A and is denoted by A-1

and A is the inverse of B. In that case A is said to be
invertical.

 APPLICATIONS :
 Inverse matrices are used to solve systems of
linear equations and in various other areas of
mathematics and physics.
 APPLICATIONS

1. Physics & Engineering:

 Electrical Circuits:

Matrices are used to solve AC network equations and analyze

complex circuits.

 Quantum Mechanics:

They are fundamental for representing and manipulating

quantum states and operators.

 Optics:

Matrices help in analyzing and simulating light propagation

and lens systems.

 Robotics:

Matrices are used to represent the position and orientation of

robotic arms and to control their movements.

 Signal Processing:
They are used for modeling and processing wireless signals,
as well as in sensor array signal processing and adaptive filter
design.
 2. Computer Science & Technology:

 3D Graphics & Animation: Matrices are essential for

performing transformations like scaling, rotation, and
translation of 3D objects, crucial for creating realistic motions
and rendering 3D images.

 Data Compression: Matrix rank reduction techniques are

used in data compression algorithms.

 Encryption: Matrices and inverse matrices are used for

coding and encrypting messages.

 Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence: Matrices are

used to represent and manipulate data, train models, and
perform various tasks in machine learning, deep learning,
computer vision, and natural language processing.

 Google's Page Rank Algorithm: Matrices are used to

calculate the importance of web pages and rank search
results.