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File: chapter6TextBank.docx, Chapter 6, Architecture and Infrastructure

Multiple Choice

1. “Reuse” is a benefit of service-oriented architecture because it supports:

a) Using sensitive data again and again
b) The breaking apart of functionality into small services that can be used by many
different systems
c) Access to servers from many locations.
d) The selection of a specific computing device by each employee.
e) Reliable capacity-on-demand

Ans: b (Medium)
Response: See page 174

2. Google Maps is a web mapping service that provides street maps and directions. A
Google Maps component can be added to a business’s web site to provide customers
directions to the business location. This use of Google’s service by a business is an
example of __________.
a) Centralized architecture
b) Decentralized architecture
c) Service-oriented architecture
d) Internet-based architecture
e) Enterprise architecture

Ans: c (Medium)
Response: See page 174

3. Valero’s growth required a change to its IT architecture. SOA was chosen by Valero
because Valero:
a) Needs flexibility to efficiently integrate new applications with existing
independent systems
b) Wants to eliminate the dependency on its ERP system.
c) Needs to upgrade its infrastructure components to meet the increased IT demands.
d) Believes that SOA provides the appropriate level of security it did not have with
its original architecture.
e) Benefits from standardizing on the SAP suite of products and reducing its reliance
on multiple vendors.

Ans: a (Medium)
Response: See page 167-168

4. The architecture that the large oil company Valero adopted enables the company to
build applications from components and realize gains as a result of this flexibility.
The architecture is called:
a) Centralized
b) Decentralized
c) Service-oriented
d) Internet-based
e) Mainframe

Ans: c (easy)
Response: See page 167

5. A manager must know enough about the IT architecture and IT infrastructure so that
he or she can:
a) Select the correct wireless provider.
b) Make realistic use of IT and know what to expect from IT.
c) Choose the appropriate IT infrastructure components.
d) Limit future business options.
e) Ensure a rigid IT structure.

Ans: b (Medium)
Response: See page 169.

6. Which of the following best describes cloud computing?

a) Virtual desktop computing
b) Lightweight software that takes up little storage space
c) Computing services that can be accessed on demand across the Internet
d) The World Wide Web
e) Mobile-based social IT

Ans: c (Medium)
Response: See page 183

7. The components of enterprise architecture are: shared data, the linking and automation
technology used to share the data, the people who are served by the system and:
______________,
a) Enterprise software
b) A centralized architecture
c) IT systems
d) Core business processes
 e) A framework

Ans:d (Hard)
Response: See page 182

8. This architecture is a complex framework whose main objective is to map how the
organization’s IT supports the business processes.
a. Centralized architecture
b. Decentralized architecture
c. Service-oriented architecture
d. Web-based architecture
e. Enterprise architecture

Ans: e (Hard)
Response: See page 180

9. This provides a blueprint for translating a business strategy into a plan for IS.
a) IS infrastructure
b) IS architecture
c) ERP systems
d) Centralized architecture
e) SOA

Ans: b (Medium)
Response: See page 169

10. The IT infrastructure components should be evaluated based on their expected

financial value. All of the following are used to evaluate the financial value of IT
components EXCEPT for the:
a) Usability
b) Risks
c) Benefits
d) Costs
e) Maintenance

Ans: a (Hard)
Response: See page 190

11. The type of architecture where larger software programs are broken down into
services which are then connected to each other, in a process called orchestration, is
called:
a) SOA
 b) ERP
c) SAP
d) ISP
e) OSP

Ans: a (Medium)
Response: See page 175

12. Mary from sales is asking about the plan to implement Salesforce.com’s application.
You explain to her that you are in the process of getting technical specifications and
pricing so that you can move forward with the rollout. This would be part of which of
the following plans?
a) IT architecture
b) IT infrastructure
c) System architecture
d) Server upgrade program
e) IT strategy

Ans: b (Hard)
Response: See page 173

13. Marketing has repeatedly asked the IT department about the possibility of aligning
the new marketing plan with the company's web site. They would like the new web site
to be able to support more active content and permit customers to query an online
catalog. You let them know that this is currently being considered and that you’re
determining if this new business strategy can be translated into a viable plan of action.
This would be part of which of the following?
a) IT architecture
b) IT infrastructure
c) System architecture
d) Server upgrade program
e) IT strategy

Ans: a (Hard)
Response: See page 170

14. The type of software used in SOA architecture is often referred to as what?
a) Services-oriented architecture
b) Software-as-a-service
c) Systems software
d) Software-as-an-architecture
e) System-as-a-service
Ans: b (Medium)
Response: See page 175

15. Which type of computer/IT architecture is limited to a central computer system?

a) Mainframe
b) Web-services
c) Peer-to-peer
d) Wireless
e) Server-to-server

Ans: a (Medium)
Response: See page 173

16. _______________________ is the architecture where significant hardware, software

and possibly even data elements reside on the Internet.
a) Internet-oriented architecture
b) TCP/IP architecture
c) Web-based architecture
d) Mobile architecture
e) Centralized architecture

Ans: c (Medium)
Response: See page 176

17. A small company in Des Moines wants to set up an IT architecture for its workforce.
The company recently moved to an older building that has solid walls and ceilings.
Furthermore, most of the staff likes the flexibility of moving around the open office space
to perform work on their laptops. Which communication architecture makes most sense
for this company?
a) Mainframe
b) Web-services
c) Peer-to-peer
d) Wireless
e) Server-to-server

Ans: d (Medium)
Response: See page 176

18. All of the following are IT platforms EXCEPT for the _________.
a) iPhone platform
b) Android platform
c) Windows platform
 d) MS Office platform
e) Mac platform

Ans: d (Medium)
Response: See page 172

19. A computer’s hardware and ____________ specify its platform.

a) system software
b) software applications
c) hardware
d) storage
e) mobility

Ans: a (Medium)
Resposne: See page 172

20. Understanding the life span of the IT infrastructure and architecture is called?
a) IT life cycle
b) Strategic timeframe
c) Architecture life cycle
d) IT life span
e) System timeframe

Ans: b (Medium)
Response: See page 186

21. Hypercompetition implies that any architecture must be designed with maximum
scalability and _____________ to ensure it can handle the imminent business
changes.
a) modularity
b) speed
c) flexibility
d) sustainability
e) availability

Ans: c (Medium)
Response: See page 187

22. During an ice storm, JetBlue Airlines had an IT infrastructure that demonstrated
which one of the following technical issues?
a) Security
b) Scalability
 c) Adaptability
d) Maintainability
e) Standardization

Ans: b (Medium)
Response: See page 188

23. Risks associated with cloud computing include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Increased dependency on third-party suppliers
b) Security
c) Lack of standards for virtual infrastructures
d) Retooling existing applications to move to the cloud
e) Scalability

Ans: e (Medium)
Response: See page 185

24. All of the following are reasons why a company may choose to use cloud computing
for its IT infrastructure EXCEPT:
a) Cost savings
b) Speed to provision additional capacity
c) Reduce dependency on third-party suppliers
d) Consolidation of servers and even the elimination of a data center
e) Reduce server maintenance costs

Ans: c (Hard)
Response: See page 184-185

25. Using a cloud service from Amazon.com, the New York Times was able to
a) Establish a strong social media presence.
b) Virtualize its mobile application.
c) Quickly digitize old articles without needing to purchase additional
infrastructure components.
d) Build a web-based application to search past articles for keywords
e) Standardize its virtualization infrastructure.

Ans: c (Medium)
Response: See page 185

True/False
26. It is predicted that cloud computing utilization will decrease in time.

Ans: False (Easy)

Response: See page 185

27. An IT architecture with a high level of flexibility and agility will be in a position to
support changing business needs.

Ans: True (Medium)

Response: See page 181

28. The idea of concurrently designing IT and business processes is outdated. Instead, IT
should be aligned with existing business processes.

Ans: False (Hard)

Response: See page 182

29. An enterprise architecture is a complex framework for establishing an IT architecture

and infrastructure by defining how IT supports the business processes of the firm.

Ans: True (Medium)

Response: See page 180

30. The enterprise architecture ensures the appropriate linkage between IT investment
and business needs.

Ans: True (medium)

Response: See page 183

31. There are very few mainframe computers still in operation today.

Ans: False (medium)

Response: See page 173

Short Answer
32. Rigid architectures and organizational models are known to hamper the agility needed
to grow a business it today’s hypercompetitive environment. Which one of the
traditional IT architectures do you consider to be “rigid”?

Ans: Centralized
Response: See page 173

33. This type of architecture is popular in many organizations where a high level of
security is required to protect the infrastructure assets.

Ans: Mainframe architecture

Response: See page 189

34. Consumerization of IT is growing at a phenomenal rate because employees and

___________ want to use their own devices to access a company’s IS.

Ans: Customers
Response: See page 177

35. The primary reason to base an organization’s architecture on its strategic goals is to
prepare for inevitable changes in the __________.

Ans: future
Response: See page 185

36. The functional specifications such as hardware, software and storage specifications
are all part of this.

Ans: IT Infrastructure
Response: See page 171

37. This is the physical location where a company will run and manage centralized
computing needs such as servers and mainframe computers.

Ans: Data center

Response: See page 173

38. As a result of social business, companies are being asked to include _______ in thier
architecture.
Ans: mobile or social mobile
Response: See page 192

39. A platform refers to the hardware and ______________ on which application

software run.

Ans: Operation system or system software

Response: See page 172

40. This is the electronic representation of numbers and text.

Ans: data
Response: See page 173.

41. Software-as-a-service (Saas) applications that are delivered over the Internet are often
referred as this.

Ans: Web-services
Response: See page 175.

Essay

42. As a small, newly formed organization, which IT architecture do you think you would
choose and why?

43. Explain how cloud computing services benefit from virtualization.

44. Why would an organization use cloud computing for its IT infrastructure needs?

45. Explain what cloud service the New York Times successfully utilized and the benefit
this solution provided.

46. Why must an organization’s IT architecture be based on an organization’s strategic

goals?
Matching

47. Match the term to the right that best describes the IT architecture on the left.

Centralized Architecture Mainframe

Decentralized Architecture Server-based
Service Oriented Architecture Web-based

48. Match the IT architecture with the quality that best identifies it.

Centralized Architecture Easiest to secure

Decentralized Architecture Very Scalable
Service Oriented Architecture Provides a high degree of agility

49. An organization should translate its 1. _________ into a(n) 2._____________ and
then translate the later into the 3. ______________.

1. Business Strategy
2. IT Architecture
3. IT Infrastructure

50. Match each software product below to its classification as either system software or
an application.

System software Microsoft’s Windows

System software iPhone’s iOS
Application Microsoft Excel
Application SAP R/3
Application Linked-In

51. When determining the IT architecture and its appropriate IT infrastructure, a manager
may seek answers to the questions listed below. Match the question with the IT
component it helps to select.

Should our employees get a desktop computer, a laptop or a Hardware

tablet device?
Shall we implement Salesforce.com or Oracle CRM On Software
Demand?
Can we purchase a standard ERP package or do we need to Software
 write our own application?
Who will provide us wireless capabilities? Network
Will our critical business information be backed up on-site or Data
done remotely over the Internet?

52. Match each term below with its definition.

Capacity-on-demand The availability to quickly acquire additional

computing services when necessary and
reduce services when not needed.
Consumerization of IT The drive to port applications to personal
devices like smartphones and tablets.
BYOD The desire employees have to connect their
personal devices to corporate enterprise
systems.

53. Architectural principles are applied to the design of an IT architecture. Match the
architectural principle below to a question that would be asked to define that principle
for a given company.

Buy over build Is there a vendor who provides the application needed or
will it need to be developed?
Flexibility and agility Will the system support future changes in the business?
Data security Is the data protected against unwanted hackers?
Speed and quality Can the application be completed successfully and in the
timeframe desired?
Innovative Can the IT support newer technologies?

54. Designing an IT infrastructure requires an understanding of technical issues. Match

the technical issue below with the questions that will be asked about it.

Adaptability Can the infrastructure adjust to emerging technologies?

Scalability Is the architecture able to easily increase or decrease capacity as
demand changes?
Security Are the right mechanisms in place to protect the infrastructure
assets?
Maintainability Can the infrastructure over time be supported with needed
platforms, parts, and software?

55. Match the IT architecture choice with the term for which it is often associated.

Cloud computing Virtualization

SOA SaaS
Centralized architecture Mainframe
Enterprise architecture TOGAF
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 CHAPTER XI.

SUGGESTED REFORMS.

As with other games like Tennis and Racquets, so with Cricket, we may
assume that the game as now played is excellent for experts who either have
wealth and leisure or else are professionals. For those, and for others at
intervals, let the play be nearly as it now is. Let the best go on. Let there be
test-matches, county and ‘varsity matches, college and school matches,
house and dormitory matches, and so on. Here we deal chiefly with reforms
outside these decisive games which are likely to remain as they are.
With those who are not experts of the classes mentioned above, the play
cries for adaptation. First of all, there is need for snob-cricket, stump-
cricket, room-cricket (not mere bedroom practice, but an actual game), as a
more regular and more enjoyable substitute. Secondly, there is need for
preparation; Cricket has been described as a trinity of games, and the
stump-practice suggested in a previous chapter can serve as a preparation
for fielding. The exercises offered in other chapters would serve as
substitutes and also as preparation for play when play itself was out of the
question. Cricket is a river that needs a good source and many good
tributary-streams; it needs preparatory exercises and games. Such practice
would soon make the play itself far more pleasant and interesting. Thirdly,
there is need of supplementation—for example, left-handed play, the use of
the left side being important, not merely in fielding (what crocks most
people are with their left hands!), but in change-bowling also. Why should
not more players be able to bowl an over or two left-handed for a change?
Besides this, there is need of cheapness—of economy of money and of
time as well, so that each player may get more work to do and less dull
waiting.
Above all, there is need of some “fun for the duffers,” if the game is to
spread or even to hold its own. We are rapidly becoming Americanised. No
longer do the majority care to serve merely as watchers, or at the best as
ninepins to a Hirst or a Rhodes, as feeders and throwers-in for an Abel, a
Shrewsbury, a Fry, or a Ranji. They want to be up and doing and enjoying
themselves, or else they will give up the so-called play in disgust; it isn’t
play. That is their true complaint.
And so we say, let the best players and the other players at intervals have
their matches and games and net-practice as before, with any changes that
may be accepted (such as those which will be touched on directly). But let
there be something to give pleasure to the average person, whether it be an
occasional game of tip-and-run, or an occasional game with some sort of a
handicap.
What the handicap shall be, whether more men in the field, or both sides
fielding, or fewer men on the stronger side, or smaller bats, or larger
wickets, or a time-limit, must be left to the players themselves to decide.
Only, one could wish for a more democratic and representative vote instead
of the whole management being left to the few experts or “aristocrats,”
who, of course, will legislate from their own point of view.
The reforms suggested by so many writers do not really deal with the
masses of cricketers at all. The time-limit for the innings (it might be
annulled in case of a difficult wicket), the running out of boundary hits, the
declaring of the innings closed at any moment, the innings of sections of
sides at a time—these things do not tend to make Dick, Tom, and Harry
really enjoy themselves or improve their play appreciably more than at
present.
As contrasted with short games of stump-cricket (to encourage accuracy
of batting and to develop new bowlers), and with the building of clubs
having plain rooms for evening games, such reforms are trifling except for
the very few who play well. It would be far better to tell people how to
field, or even how to watch with a view to interest and improvement.
Reforms must aim at giving amusement, interest, attractiveness to the play
of the average cricketer.
Let us consider a common experience in a one-day College match at
Cambridge, putting aside the wet or rather the difficult wicket on which
every player gets a knock; we want to think of Cricket at its best—on a fine
day and a good wicket. The side that wins the toss sends in its first two or
three bats; they pile up some hundreds of runs; the other members sit and
do nothing; the captain eventually declares; the opposing side, after its
hours of “country life,” has no chance of winning, so the players either stick
and try to play out time, or else make a desperate attempt and slog at
everything like a set of Jessops, but unskilled. No wonder there is apathy.
We begin by pointing out what appears at first to be the most ridiculous
change; yet it is certain that when the tail of a team does go in, then it wants
to enjoy itself for more than a few brief seconds. If the captain will not
every now and then absolutely reverse the order of going in (at least at the
end of a day’s scouting), then let the tail improve its own batting. The
improvement rests with the members themselves. Let them begin practice
on any level piece of ground, with a soft ball and a stick (to emphasise the
importance of the straight bat); or let them in private (if not in a new form
of drill) lunge with the left foot, stretch straight forward with the head and
left-wrist and elbow, move the right foot across and cut with shoulder,
forearm, and wrist, repeat the body-swing, and so on. The drill could be
made less dull if one individual “set” the exercises to the rest, at first simple
movements, then more complex movements with varied pace. Let the
players give themselves the best possible chance of a reasonably long
innings when they do go in. Let them make runs somehow,[10] not
neglecting the safest kind of pull, for example, merely because it is called
“bad style.”
More important than attention to batting is attention to bowling. We need
not allow a “free margin” to bowlers of doubtful action; there are other
remedies. Why should not people learn to make the ball curl in the air,
starting their experiments with a Lawn Tennis ball, which gives more
marked effects. That which is done habitually by Baseball throwers, and
occasionally if unintentionally by a few bowlers, can surely be done
frequently and intentionally by many bowlers, if only there be careful and
thorough research. But anyhow let the breaks be learnt; let the first finger
and the wrist be trained to strong movements of various kinds. Let the
young players be given small bats and balls to play with. Let them and older
players be given an over now and then for a change in less important
games. Certainly let the various mechanisms of bowling be mastered before
a player decides that he has not the gift of bowling; let him do arm-and-
shoulder extensions (see the photographs of Hirst), wrist-turns, and so on;
and then (as suggested above), practise with a stump, a wicket-keeper, and
another bowler on the other side of the stump; let each have his little paper-
marks on the ground, and let him pitch the ball as near as he can to these.
Let every would-be bowler, that is to say every cricketer, try to bowl round
the wicket, if only in the old style with the low delivery (like W. G.’s, as
described by Mr. A. G. Steel). Or let him try his luck with lobs, if only that
he may learn how to make the ball break both ways. Let him see if he
cannot bowl a little with his left-hand—who knows? We must raise the
number of bowlers as well as the standard of bowling. On that point all are
agreed.[11]
Perhaps at the same time the power of the batsman might be lessened,
[12] either by a number-limit or a time-limit to the innings, or by a smaller
bat (narrower and thicker), or by a larger wicket (higher or broader, or both
—at the moment when I write this, the suggested change has not been
accepted by all—), or, better still, by the following plan. On a caking wicket
we do not need to shorten the batsman’s innings, except to put a stop to
excessive poking. The ground takes whatever break is put on (and perhaps
adds some of its own). Why should there not be an artificial material which
would take a good deal of break and not be dangerous. The M.C.C. out of
its abundance might offer a reward (say of £100) to the inventor of some
material, which need not extend over more than a small area. We want a
floor that will show just what twist or spin has been given to the ball, so that
inferior batsmen shall not now make their centuries merely because the ball
will not “bite.” In Racquets, Tennis, covered-court Lawn Tennis, and Ping-
Pong, the ball performs practically whatever antics it ought to perform. We
want a pitch that will carry out the bowler’s work without adding or
subtracting much. Neither a plumb wicket nor a caking wicket does that. We
need some such material as Mr. W. J. Ford suggests, perhaps a kind akin to
cokernut matting.
The proposed leg-before-wicket reform by which the batsman is given
out if, in the opinion of the umpire, the ball would have struck his wicket
(rather than if the ball pitches in a line between the wickets, which militates
against the old round-arm bowling round the wicket), may or may not prove
advisable. It is not a really radical reform.
But far the best change, the most potent, and in every way most
profitable to all, to the bowler, the wicket-keep, the fielder, the spectator,
and even ultimately to the batsman, would be an improvement in fielding.
Some time ago one of the greatest of all cover-points past or present
remarked to a friend of his, “If you and I were there, that side would have
been out by now.” With this man at cover, the batsman was never let off at
cover. With a team of such fielders, the game would be quite altered. A
century would then mean something. As it is, a player is said to have given
no chances when with a field full of Vernon Royles[13] he would have given
several chances of being caught, and many chances of being run out. But
how can fielding be improved?
Why are there so few prizes for fielding? Why in athletic sports is there a
prize only for distance-throwing, and not for regulated direction or
regulated pitch? Here is a great opening for schools, and especially to-day
when, as Abel said, stone-throwing in cities is sadly discouraged! The beach
of the sea-side is not always accessible. Besides this, it is good to practise
catching and fielding with a soft ball against a wall; various games of
catching and fielding can be made exciting enough; the stump-game
(suggested in another chapter) can be adapted to throwing as well as to
bowling; points may be counted. Excellent exercise can thus be had at odd
moments. Or Fives and left-handed Squash will develop the left side, and
prizes for left-hand throwing may be offered by schools. Boxing is capital
in its effects on alertness and “eye.” There should be boxing by all means.
And let there be training in general—for how can one field well unless
he be fresh and untired? Let there be full control of arms and legs and body
without loss of balance, full quick stretchings, full and quick stoopings, in
all directions; let there be—we repeat—plenty of Fives for the left side and
for stooping; diving and swimming for endurance; and the fast extension-
movements, at the end of which the extensions should be held for a moment
or two.
This implies careful analysis of the mechanisms of fielding—of starting,
of catching, of picking up, of throwing in. It implies a system or systems
based on this analysis. It implies careful study. But if Cricket be a desirable
game, above all if it be compulsory, then it must be taught well, especially
at the outset. As Murdoch says: “A good ground-work must be laid down,
and the young beginner cannot be too painstaking and careful.” The drill
must not be in all the refinements of Cricket, such as the Ranjiglide; it must
be in that A B C of fielding, etc., which no really great fielder has lacked.
That which is not by nature must come by art. Some drill there must be,
even if it only be self-drill. But drill itself will do a boy no harm to-day. A
veteran cricketer, in his time an excellent field and now a superintendent of
a boys’ institution, tells me on the one hand of the inferiority of fielding to-
day, and on the other hand of the lack of persistent concentration among
boys to-day. Boys, he says, lack that power, and drill can give it to them so
that it lasts through life.
Reform in Cricket must not be merely reform for a few match-players.
Apart from increased power of sustained self-control, of immediate self-
direction, apart from confidence and readiness, it must be for the greater
enjoyment and greater skill of the majority of British boys and men. With
this end in view, we may have to adapt Cricket to indoor play in well-
lighted and well-ventilated rooms in cities and suburbs (in America the city-
clubs, built storey upon storey upwards, allow of other games by electric
light). Any old room would do. We do not want only this adapted game, any
more than we want only drill and practice; we want net-play also; practice-
games also; matches also. But we want the game itself, the grand old game,
when it is played, to be played better and to be played better all round, in all
its branches, by all its players.
When we come to look at the matter impartially, and to ask what Cricket
might and should do for us physically, aesthetically, mentally, morally, as
individuals, as groups, as a nation; when we come to compare its effects—
even as they now are—with those of our school-lessons in Latin grammar,
geography, history, arithmetic, and so on, we do not hesitate to say that
Government support is needed, not only in establishing such clubs, for
evening and wet-day play within cities, but also for allowing Cricket—the
trinity of Cricket, batting and bowling and fielding, and perhaps the theory
of Cricket also—to count something in certain Government examinations,
especially in those for the Indian Civil Service. For is it not of more value
than many crammings?
Let Cricket be given its proper place—no higher, no lower. It is an
amusement; true. But it is also an education for character and life. It might
be ten times the education that it is, for almost the whole of character and
life. Sensible reforms would make it so—reforms which would in no way
interfere with Cricket as it is now played in important matches, and as it is
now practised in practice-games and at nets. The reforms would prepare for
these excellent occasions, and would also serve as substitutes for them and
as supplements to them, and would thus bring in many converts to the
game, bring back many renegades, and enable Cricket to hold her own
against all her rivals, especially against excessive Cycling, Golf, Croquet,
Ping-Pong, idleness, the public-house, and that evil for which at present
there exists no other name but smuggishness.
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I.

THE EDITOR’S DEFENCE OF THIS SYSTEM FOR BEGINNERS AND OTHERS.

“The truth must be insisted on; many a Cricket match has been won in the bedroom.
And even with the ball a good deal may be done. I could name two eminent batsmen who
used, as boys, to wait after the day’s play was over, and the careless crowd had departed,
and in the pavilion give ten minutes or a quarter of an hour to practising a particular style
of defence, about which more anon; the one bowled fast sneaks along the floor to the other,
at about ten paces distance. This, too, yielded fruit in its time. Like all other great
achievements, the getting a score against good bowling is the result of drudgery, patiently,
faithfully borne. But the drudgery of Cricket is itself a pleasure, and let no young cricketer
suppose that he can dispense with it, though some few gifted performers have done great
things with apparently little effort.”
Edward Lyttelton.

I have reserved for an appendix, which I introduce by repeating the

above words of sound common sense, a defence of a system of practice
based on what the best players actually do. The system will be condemned
unless it is understood—and tried.
In games, as in health, it is the commonest acts and parts of acts that
most easily escape our notice—that are done least adequately. He who is far
beyond and above the alphabet can seldom realise its difficulties for the
beginner. The unconscious skill of the expert availeth little, except for
analysis and imitation by others. The genius is not likely to be a good
teacher. That is no less true of Cricket than of mathematics. The natural
player does the thing well, but—he knoweth not how.
A story is told of one of the most famous of Cambridge coaches (alas!
now dead), to the effect that a pupil once asked him for lessons in Hebrew.
The coach knew no Hebrew, but, thanks to his excellent teaching, he
managed to secure his pupil a Second Class in the examination, after which
the pupil heard to his surprise that the coach himself had only been one
lesson ahead all the time. So here the veriest beginner may feel that I am
not far ahead of him—that perhaps in some respects I am behind him, since
I have to undo many old and habitual faults. Let him imagine me, at the age
of thirty-four, in the midst of a busy life, playing forward vigorously in the
privacy of my small bedroom, first with my left foot (with the body-weight)
direct along a line again and again, till it moves along that line rapidly
almost of its own accord, with only an occasional supervision as of a well-
regulated servant; then this together with the quick reaching out of a
straight bat in dangerous proximity to my left foot (which now lunges
safely, surely, rapidly on its line), while my left elbow comes well to the
front at full stretch. In fact, let him picture me practising for a few minutes
morning after morning, with ever-decreasing difficulty, all that the best
exponents seem to do so naturally and easily. He would see me ready to
start and starting at hundred yards’ pace here there or anywhere, as Mr.
Vernon Royle used to stand and start at cover; or extending now this arm,
and now that, up, down, out to imaginary balls, and then throwing these in
at once just above imaginary bails (which will be spots on the wall-paper).
“It is not thus that Cricket is learnt,” I hear the genius say. Yet it was thus
—partly thus—that my Racquets and Tennis were learnt, and I for my part
shall try to learn Cricket thus also; and I shall advise others who are as
backward as I am to try thus. If the plan be wrong, yet at least I am putting
it into action in my own case, so as to make as much a part of me as I can
those movements that seem always to have been a part of the born experts,
who are my models, and whose expertness has hitherto been regarded as
beyond hope. I do not mean fancy strokes, such as the risky glide, but the
ordinary and common strokes, the “nine out of ten,” for which the many
mechanical workings are buried so securely deep in the sub-conscious
minds of the skilful, that there is needed a thorough probing and cutting up
by the anatomist if ever the secrets are to be laid bare.
There must be no reliance on mere theories; actual models and
photographs of models have been and are to be the basis of my advice and
of my own steady practice. Photographs are less likely to err than the
opinions of those whose chief merit is to do well rather than to teach well or
even to know well.
But, though the most careful analysis has been made, and though I
myself shall do whatever I urge the beginner to try, yet the advice will all be
put forward as worth a fair trial—no more, at least for purposes of Cricket.
For purposes of physical development, health, control of the body and of
the will, and so on, I think that every such exercise can safely be
recommended to most people. I cannot believe that a few minutes each day
would do any Anglo-Saxon boy or man any appreciable harm, if only the
rapidity and extension be increased gently and sensibly.
My point of view is entirely new. I come to the reader not as a good
batsman, bowler, or fielder. I was what may be called a Public School and
College cricketer, and poor at that! In my last season of College Cricket I
made one or two centuries and got well over my hundred wickets; but all
this I did in the most atrocious style. And I gave up the game many years
ago. Why then do I dare to offer hints?
Let me repeat that, as a player of Racquets and Tennis, in spite of much
play, I still used to exhibit practically every serious fault except a bad eye,
weakness, and indifference to success. As I have confessed or boasted
elsewhere, and as anyone who saw me would confirm, the positions and
movements of my feet, legs, trunk, shoulder, arm, wrist, and fingers were
incorrect; and I used to let my eye wander from the ball. These faults I
found out; and I afterwards found out that my faults in Cricket were closely
akin to these. Now comes the interesting argument. I taught myself and am
teaching myself what is less incorrect. I practised and am practising
sedulously, to a great extent outside the court, and especially in my
bedroom. I chose good models in Racquets and Tennis—for example,
Latham and Fairs; I analysed their strokes, watching part by part, asking
questions, accepting kind advice, listening to sane or mad theory. I tried to
master each part of the mechanism, at first by itself, then with other parts, at
times repeating with concentration, at times exaggerating the opposite fault.
There cannot be the slightest doubt that I am mastering the mechanism of
these racket-games.
Incidentally I may mention that these two games taught me many useful
principles for Cricket-practice: the right positions of the legs; the art of
running side-ways with the eyes looking forwards; the formation and
preservation of that correct pose and poise which may be called “the
ready”; the use of the straight right leg and firm right foot as a pivot; the
body-swing from the hips; the shoulder-jerk; the forearm snap in contrast to
the mere wrist-flick, which of course is also extremely useful, as in peg-top
whipping; the wrist-flick itself, especially at the last moment; the habit of
not taking the ball too far in front of one except when one wishes to hit
high; the follow through; the fast full extension with power but without loss
of balance or else followed by rapid recovery of balance.
 As a player of Cricket I used to suffer from similar and equally
fundamental hindrances to success; most of these I believe that I have now
found out. I shall give myself nearly two years in which to correct these
faults and to embody and infibre the best positions and movements that I
can learn from the actual play of the best models (Abel, Hirst, Shrewsbury,
and many others besides), as shown in practice and in their photographs.
Much of this apprenticeship will take place in my bedroom. All the time I
shall continue to watch, to ask questions, to study theories; I shall try to
keep up to date both in my learning and in my advice in this volume if
future editions should be needed.
In a word, I write and shall write not for genius-players so much as for
players like myself. For genius-players, the Lytteltons, Steel, Ranjitsinhji,
Grace, and others have already written infinitely better than I ever could. I
have no ambition to supersede these great authorities except in so far as I
must set the evidence of the camera and of the muscles themselves above
theoretical opinion. Even here I wish to show the foundation of fact
underlying the superstructure of dogma.
Similarly in Tennis I have read and heard again and again the theory that
the head of the racket must be kept above the level of the wrist, in spite of
the common practice of Lambert and Latham. The truth here is that the
wrist should be firm. So with the late cut: the theory that it is a wrist-stroke
only is not altogether absurd—the wrist may play an important part even if
it is kept nearly or quite rigid (the power and direction being given by the
shoulder, forearm, etc.).
The reader must not misunderstand my contention. If I think that most
experts do so-and-so, this carries little weight; if the experts themselves
think that they do some other so-and-so, this carries little weight either. The
question is what the experts actually do. If the reader after careful study of
these or any other photographs and after careful observation of these or any
other experts shall decide that the experts actually do something different,
then let him practise that something rather than what I suggest. Only let him
not confuse me with a doctor who prescribes all sorts of drugs with
apparent confidence yet himself would not swallow a tithe of them. In a
tentative and truth-seeking spirit I suggest only that which I shall myself
use daily with heart and soul; and I shall suggest it only as deserving of a
fair trial before condemnation. By their fruits ye shall know them; and so
shall I. The fact that I am going to submit myself to such apprenticeship
would show at least this—that I am convinced of the need of such
apprenticeship for duffers like myself, and that, if I had a son of my own, I
would put him through such an apprenticeship before he had much chance
of falling into those bad habits under which I myself laboured so long and
so unhappily. I should teach him to master, with me, elements not only of
the language of his tongue, but also of the language of his whole body; I
would practise, with him, many positions and movements and extensions of
feet, legs, trunk, shoulder, forearm, wrist, and neck—to fit him for Cricket
and other games. In some practices I should err. But here, as in matters of
diet, I should treat him as I should like to be treated, teach him as I should
like to be taught, were I in his place; teach him as I—for want of better
knowledge—shall teach myself; urge him to do only what I myself have
done or am doing.
It is simply in this spirit, in the spirit of an experimenting and
enthusiastic fellow-learner, that I approach my readers—all except the
genius-cricketers, unless these wish to be teachers also. As almost the only
self-made Racquet player and Tennis player who knows every single step of
his own slow journey out of a hopelessly dark jungle of hampering errors
into a comparatively clear and light country, a journey elaborated during a
very busy life of reading, writing, and teaching, I can speak with weight. I
can honestly say that all my thousands of Racquet and Tennis foot-
exercises, shoulder-jerks, body-swings, and so on, in bedrooms and
elsewhere, have been well worth while; and that those which I am now
doing and shall do for Cricket will be well worth while for many reasons,
including physical development and personal appearance (I do not mind
what others think of it so much as what I think of it!), health, enjoyment,
and hope.
I only dare speak for myself, because games, and therefore practice for
games, are to me so much of all that seems best—possibly far too much. To
others a similar preparation and practice might be sheer drudgery and
slavery. To me they are at their worst a discipline—which I know I need—
and an invaluable lesson that much work must be done of which the results
will not show for years, but without which the naturally unskilful person
like myself may never be able to show any appreciable results at all.
Speaking for myself, I shall not be content with trying to learn batting. I
want to bowl and to field and to watch, and to enjoy all these parts, and to
do them well enough to avoid the look of boredom which I see on so many
faces on the Cricket-field. My egotism in these pages will be pardoned
because I am genuinely anxious to improve myself and others—our
physique, our standard of play, our enjoyment.
Let me here answer two objections made by friends of mine to whom I
have told my plan. The first has already occurred to most readers. It is that I
shall never become a good cricketer. This was precisely what every critic
with one exception, Smale, the late Racquet coach at Wellington College,
bless him! asserted confidently about my Racquets and Tennis as well as
my Cricket! My style was so bad as to be beyond hope. Smale told me
many of my faults and, as I said just now, I went for them and “stuck to it”
for month after month, with the result that in America, where people are
quick to observe and detect faults, I was frequently told, not that my feet
were always in the wrong position and unprepared, but that they were
nearly always in the right position and prepared, in “the ready.” “I can’t
catch you on the hop”—that was the common compliment. If I achieved
this for Racquets and Tennis, if I made the (at first) utterly unnatural
movements so easy, so habitual, so automatic, so sub-conscious, so nearly
inevitable, that not one in a hundred people will now believe that I ever had
any difficulty or serious fault here; then why not in Cricket also? And, if I
can, then I believe any one can.
The objection may be put more mildly, it being held that I should only be
a “laboured” player. But am I a laboured Racquet and Tennis player now? Is
not the labour past? Are not the positions and movements now my very
own? I can seldom convince people that they ever were laboured, that I
once was among the clumsiest of all.
Or it might be asserted that though I mastered the individual parts of
movements—no one dares to deny that I could do this—yet the parts would
not work together. “The secret of playing forward is to throw all the full
weight forward together.” Now, though I began each part of the Tennis
stroke separately and mastered it per se, yet I regularly and habitually
combine these parts into a unity to-day. Tennis certainly seems to me to
need the full weight at the right moment: I am repeatedly told that I seem to
use all my weight in my strokes. And, if here, why not at Cricket? I fail to
see any radical difference, though I do see that my distance from the ball
must be different: but that is what I intend to get over! I also see that I must
not lift the ordinary ball; but with my left elbow well forward I hope to stop
that defect in batting; even in Tennis I try not to lift the ball much more than
is necessary.
The second objection is that the game is not worth this drudgery: this is
the objection chiefly of those who do not play games, or who have played
them well without apprenticeship, or who have played them badly without
apprenticeship or else after bad apprenticeship. This objection I answer in
another chapter. It is a personal matter, and depends on what the game (and
success in it) means for the individual—what it does and will do for him. To
me Cricket (and success in it) would mean a very important benefit for the
whole of my life, just as Racquets and Tennis (and improvement at them)
have already done, and in these I have not nearly come to the top of my
game yet. As to drudgery, lists of battles and dates and names and places
would be drudgery to me; so would weight-lifting and other strain-
exercises; so would society at-homes; but fast full-movements and
extensions, control of my weight and balance, for a few minutes each day,
are not drudgery to me, especially if I am stripped and have plenty of air
and light, and an ambition or two in view.
I should be sorry to see Cricket reduced to the level of a school study,
but I should be still more sorry to see it given up altogether. Why has it
decayed so much? Why is there this apathy even among the (ordinary)
players themselves? We are wont to hear the blame ascribed to Lawn
Tennis, Golf, Cycling, Croquet, and to the expensiveness of Cricket in time
as well as in money. But to me it is patent that the real cause of the decay
lies deeper, lies nearer home, just as the real cause of physical decay lies
nearer home than in the murky atmosphere of a nerve-harassing city. The
source is within ourselves.
People do not play the game well enough to enjoy it as much as they
enjoy their other games and exercises—or their laziness and “amusements.”
And behind this low standard of play (and hence of enjoyment) is the fact
that they have not yet mastered and appropriated the alphabet of Cricket.
I have never yet heard of anyone who systematically divided Cricket
strokes into a number of parts, persevered in assimilating each part,
combined and co-ordinated the parts; and then, even then, looked out for
faults to be corrected by a similar process. I have scarcely ever read or
heard of a sensible analysis of any Cricket stroke, except by a few such
writers as Mr. C. B. Fry (for we must put on one side the nonsense that the
late cut is done only with the wrist: that is not analysis but bad guess-work).
And this, too, although any stroke can be analysed.
I will go further. I have never yet read or heard of the following advice
(let the reader tell me if it has ever been given): that, if a beginner must or
will do the full stroke at once, he should concentrate on each part of it in
turn, now on the left foot again and again, now on the left elbow, and so on;
somewhat as—to repeat a comparison—the conductor might during
rehearsals concentrate his attention on each instrument in turn, now on the
first violin, now on the ’cello, and so on. The end and aim would be a
perfect whole; but each part must first be perfected if ever a complete
harmony is to result.
Now why should there not be at every decent school, if not in every
decent home, a drill for games? A few foundation-movements were
suggested in the “Training of the Body” (Appendix II.). I remember a
deadly dull drill of monotonous rhythmical both-sides-together exercises at
two private schools; the compulsory drill for first-year-students at Yale
College in America was better, but still far from fascinating. Why was there
no swift lunge for the left foot in a straight line; no throwing in all
directions with each hand in turn; no wrist-turning (as suggested in “Daily
Training”); no starting out and then back and then sideways; no running
similarly? In a word, why was there no drill at all in view of those games
and sports in which every single British boy I have ever met would love to
be able to excel; why was there no sort or kind of apprenticeship for Cricket
or other athletics? The drill was not even healthy—did not make us lively
and fresh. It was the acme of dreary discipline.
Every true British subject is at least slightly annoyed when England is
beaten; when it is shown that we, the nation of game-players, who play
habitually at schools and elsewhere, play—let us recognise the truth—not
very well. Most of us have many important muscle-groups absolutely or
partially undeveloped; nor will the few repetitions of any movement, in a
wrong manner, tend to develop these groups. We rely on the unreliable—
especially the wrist. Our very foundations are out of course; our feet and
our bodies are wrongly posed, wrongly poised, slow to extend, slow to
change, slow to bend.
No book tells us to develop our muscles rightly before we play games
constantly. Right practice in bedrooms and elsewhere would be most
valuable for Cricket and other games, and for development; as far as I can
tell—and I believe I have studied all known systems—it would be no less
valuable for physical and mental health and vigour than any of these
systems; granted a keenness for success in games, it would be far less dull.
We need not practise to an American University extreme. My many hours’
work each day is a safeguard against that extreme for me. But, for the sake
of the self and the side and the nation, I cannot but feel that if games are to
be compulsory, then we had far better teach them well, and so raise the
standard of excellence and with it the standard of interest and pleasure. We
need not give more time: we might give many hours less time each week (I
shall find less than ten minutes ample for most days). But we must give
more sense, more care, if we are to hold our own as a nation of all-round
cricketers and a nation of healthy all-round men.

APPENDIX II.

LAWS OF THE GAME.

The reader is strongly recommended to buy the (Threepenny) Laws of

Cricket, with Interpretations, etc., published by the Marylebone Cricket
Club.
THE LAWS OF CRICKET.
AS REVISED BY THE MARYLEBONE CLUB, 1884, 1889, 1894, 1899,
1900, AND 1902.
1. A match is played between two sides of eleven players each, unless
otherwise agreed to; each side has two innings, taken alternately, except in
the case provided for in Law 53. The choice of innings shall be decided by
tossing.
2. The score shall be reckoned by runs. A run is scored:—
1st. So often as the batsmen after a hit, or at any time while the
ball is in play, shall have crossed, and made good their ground,
from end to end.
2nd. For penalties under Laws 16, 34, 41, and allowances under
44.
Any run or runs so scored shall be duly recorded by scorers appointed
for the purpose. The side which scores the greatest number of runs wins the
match. No match is won unless played out or given up, except in the case
provided in Law 45.
3. Before the commencement of the match two Umpires shall be
appointed; one for each end.
4. The Ball shall weigh not less than five ounces and a half, nor more
than five ounces and three-quarters. It shall measure not less than nine
inches, nor more than nine inches and one-quarter in circumference. At the
beginning of each innings, either side may demand a new ball.
5. The Bat shall not exceed four inches and one-quarter in the widest
part; it shall not be more than thirty-eight inches in length.
6. The Wickets shall be pitched opposite and parallel to each other at a
distance of twenty-two yards. Each wicket shall be eight inches in width
and consist of three stumps, with two bails upon the top. The stumps shall
be of equal and sufficient size to prevent the ball from passing through,
twenty-seven inches out of the ground. The bails shall be each four inches
in length, and when in position, on the top of the stumps, shall not project
more than half an inch above them. The wickets shall not be changed during
a match, unless the ground between them become unfit for play, and then
only by consent of both sides.
7. The Bowling Crease shall be in a line with the stumps; six feet eight
inches in length; the stumps in the centre; with a return crease at each end,
at right angles behind the wicket.
8. The Popping Crease shall be marked four feet from the wicket,
parallel to it, and be deemed unlimited in length.
9. The Ground shall not be rolled, watered, covered, mown, or beaten
during a match, except before the commencement of each innings and of
each day’s play, when, unless the in-side object, the ground shall be swept
and rolled for not more than ten minutes. This shall not prevent the batsman
from beating the ground with his bat, nor the batsmen nor bowler from
using sawdust in order to obtain a proper foothold.
10. The ball must be bowled; if thrown or jerked either umpire shall call
“No ball.”
11. The bowler shall deliver the ball with one foot on the ground behind
the bowling crease, and within the return crease, otherwise the umpire shall
call “No ball.”
 12. If the bowler shall bowl the ball so high over or so wide of the
wicket that, in the opinion of the umpire, it is not within reach of the striker,
the umpire shall call “Wide ball.”
13. The ball shall be bowled in overs of six balls from each wicket
alternately. When six balls have been bowled, and the ball is finally settled
in the bowler’s or wicket-keeper’s hands, the umpire shall call “Over.”
Neither a “no ball” nor “wide ball” shall be reckoned as one of the “over.”
14. The bowler shall be allowed to change ends as often as he pleases,
provided only that he does not bowl two overs consecutively in one innings.
15. The bowler may require the batsman at the wicket from which he is
bowling to stand on that side of it which he may direct.
16. The striker may hit a “no ball,” and whatever runs result shall be
added to his score: but he shall not be out from a “no ball” unless he be run
out or break Laws 26, 27, 29, 30. All runs made from a “no ball” otherwise
than from the bat, shall be scored “no balls,” and if no run be made one run
shall be added to that score. From a “wide ball” as many runs as are run
shall be added to the score as “wide balls,” and if no run be otherwise
obtained one run shall be so added.
17. If the ball, not having been called “wide” or “no ball,” pass the
striker without touching his bat or person, and any runs be obtained, the
umpire shall call “Bye”; but if the ball touch any part of the striker’s person
(hand excepted) and any run be obtained, the umpire shall call “Leg-bye,”
such runs to be scored “byes” and “leg-byes” respectively.
18. At the beginning of the match, and of each innings, the umpire at the
bowler’s wicket shall call “Play”; from that time no trial ball shall be
allowed to any bowler on the ground between the wickets, and when one of
the batsmen is out, the use of the bat shall not be allowed to any person
until the next batsman shall come in.
19. A batsman shall be held to be “out of his ground,” unless his bat in
hand or some part of his person be grounded within the line of the popping
crease.
20. The wicket shall be held to be “down” when either of the bails is
struck off, or if both bails be off, when a stump is struck out of the ground.
The Striker is out—
 21. If the wicket be bowled down, even if the ball first touch the striker’s
bat or person:—“Bowled.”
22. Or, if the ball from a stroke of the bat or hand, but not the wrist, be
held before it touch the ground, although it be hugged to the body of the
catcher:—“Caught.”
23. Or, if in playing at the ball, provided it be not touched by the bat or
hand, the striker be out of his ground, and the wicket be put down by the
wicket-keeper with the ball or with hand or arm, with ball in hand:
—“Stumped.”
24. Or, if with any part of his person he stops the ball, which in the
opinion of the umpire at the bowler’s wicket, shall have been pitched in a
straight line from it to the striker’s wicket and would have hit it:—“Leg
before wicket.”
25. Or, if in playing at the ball he hit down his wicket with his bat or any
part of his person or dress:—“Hit wicket.”
26. Or, if under pretence of running, or otherwise, either of the batsmen
wilfully prevent a ball from being caught:—“Obstructing the field.”
27. Or, if the ball be struck, or be stopped by any part of his person, and
he wilfully strike it again, except it be done for the purpose of guarding his
wicket, which he may do with his bat, or any part of his person, except his
hands:—“Hit the ball twice.”
Either Batsman is out—
28. If in running, or at any other time, when the ball is in play, he be out
of his ground, and his wicket be struck down by the ball after touching any
fieldsman, or by the hand or arm, with ball in hand, of any fieldsman:
—“Run out.”
29. Or, if he touch with his hands or take up the ball while in play, unless
at the request of the opposite side:—“Handled the ball.”
30. Or, if he wilfully obstruct any fieldsman:—“Obstructing the field.”
31. If the batsmen have crossed each other, he that runs for the wicket
which is put down is out; if they have not crossed, he that has left the
wicket which is put down is out.
32. The striker being caught no runs shall be scored. A batsman being
run out, that run which was being attempted shall not be scored.
33A. A batsman being out from any cause, the ball shall be “Dead.”
 33B. If the ball, whether struck with the bat or not, lodges in a batsman’s
clothing, the ball shall become “Dead.”
34. If a ball in play cannot be found or recovered, any fieldsman may
call “Lost ball,” when the ball shall be “Dead”; six runs shall be added to
the score; but if more than six runs have been run before “Lost ball” has
been called, as many runs as have been run shall be scored.
35. After the ball shall have been finally settled in the wicket-keeper’s or
bowler’s hand, it shall be “Dead”; but when the bowler is about to deliver
the ball, if the batsman at his wicket be out of his ground before actual
delivery, the said bowler may run him out; but if the bowler throw at that
wicket and any run result, it shall be scored “No ball.”
36. A batsman shall not retire from his wicket and return to it to
complete his innings after another has been in, without the consent of the
opposite side.
37. A substitute shall be allowed to field or run between wickets for any
player who may, during the match, be incapacitated from illness or injury,
but for no other reason, except with the consent of the opposite side.
38. In all cases where a substitute shall be allowed, the consent of the
opposite side shall be obtained as to the person to act as substitute, and the
place in the field which he shall take.
39. In case any substitute shall be allowed to run between wickets, the
striker may be run out if either he or his substitute be out of his ground. If
the striker be out of his ground while the ball is in play, that wicket which
he has left may be put down and the striker given out, although the other
batsman may have made good the ground at that end, and the striker and his
substitute at the other end.
40. A batsman is liable to be out for any infringement of the Laws by his
substitute.
41. The fieldsman may stop the ball with any part of his person, but if he
wilfully stop it otherwise, the ball shall be “Dead,” and five runs added to
the score; whatever runs may have been made, five only shall be added.
42. The wicket-keeper shall stand behind the wicket. If he shall take the
ball for the purpose of stumping before it has passed the wicket, or, if he
shall incommode the striker by any noise, or motion, or if any part of his
person be over or before the wicket, the striker shall not be out, excepting
under Laws 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30.
 43. The Umpires are the sole judges of fair or unfair play, of the fitness
of the ground, the weather, and the light for play; all disputes shall be
determined by them, and if they disagree the actual state of things shall
continue.
44. They shall pitch fair wickets, arrange boundaries where necessary,
and the allowances to be made for them, and change ends after each side
has had one innings.
45. They shall allow two minutes for each striker to come in, and ten
minutes between each innings. When they shall call “Play,” the side
refusing to play shall lose the match.
46. They shall not order a batsman out unless appealed to by the other
side.
N.B.—An appeal, “How’s that,” covers all ways of being out (within the
jurisdiction of the umpire appealed to), unless a specific way of getting out
is stated by the person asking.
47. The umpire at the bowler’s wicket shall be appealed to before the
other umpire in all cases, except in those of stumping, hit wicket, run out at
the striker’s wicket, or arising out of Law 42, but in any case in which an
umpire is unable to give a decision, he shall appeal to the other umpire,
whose decision shall be final.
48. If either umpire be not satisfied of the absolute fairness of the
delivery of any ball, he shall call “No ball.”
48A. The umpire shall take especial care to call “No ball” instantly upon
delivery: “Wide ball” as soon as it shall have passed the striker.
49. If either batsman run a short run, the umpire shall call “One short,”
and the run shall not be scored.
50. After the umpire has called “Over,” the ball is “Dead,” but an appeal
may be made as to whether either batsman is out; such appeal, however,
shall not be made after the delivery of the next ball, nor after any cessation
of play.
51. No umpire shall be allowed to bet.
52. No umpire shall be changed during a match, unless with the consent
of both sides, except in case of violation of Law 51; then either side may
dismiss him.
 53. The side which bats first and leads by 150 runs in a three days’
match, or by 100 runs in a two days’ match, shall have the option of
requiring the other side to follow their innings.
54. The In-side may declare their innings at an end in a three days’ match
at or after the luncheon interval on the second day; in a two days’ match on
the second day, at any time; in a one day match at any time.

ONE DAY MATCHES.

1. The side which bats first and leads by 75 runs shall have the option of
requiring the other side to follow their innings.
2. The match, unless played out, shall be decided by the first innings.
Prior to the commencement of a match it may be agreed that the over
consist of 5 or 6 balls.
N.B.—A Tie is included in the words “Played out.”

SINGLE WICKET.
The Laws are, where they apply, the same as the above, with the following
alterations and additions.
1. One wicket shall be pitched, as in Law 6, with a bowling stump
opposite to it at a distance of twenty-two yards. The bowling crease shall be
in a line with the bowling stump, and drawn according to Law 7.
2. When there shall be less than five players on a side, bounds shall be
placed twenty-two yards each in a line from the off and leg stump.
3. The ball must be hit before the bounds to entitle the striker to a run,
which run cannot be obtained unless he touch the bowling stump or crease
in a line with his bat, or some part of his person, or go beyond them, and
return to the popping crease.
4. When the striker shall hit the ball, one of his feet must be on the
ground behind the popping crease, otherwise the umpire shall call “No hit,”
and no run shall be scored.
5. When there shall be less than five players on a side, neither byes, leg-
byes, nor overthrows shall be allowed, nor shall the striker be caught out
behind the wicket, nor stumped.
 6. The fieldsman must return the ball so that it shall cross the ground
between the wicket and the bowling stump, or between the bowling stump
and the bounds, the striker may run till the ball be so returned.
7. After the striker shall have made one run, if he start again he must
touch the bowling stump or crease, and turn before the ball cross the ground
to entitle him to another.
8. The striker shall be entitled to three runs for lost ball, and the same
number for ball wilfully stopped by a fieldsman otherwise than with any
part of his person.
9. When there shall be more than four players on a side there shall be no
bounds. All hits, byes, leg-byes, and overthrows shall then be allowed.
10. There shall be no restriction as to the ball being bowled in overs, but
no more than one minute shall be allowed between each ball.

INSTRUCTIONS TO UMPIRES.
These instructions, drawn up in 1892 by the Committee of the M.C.C.,
are intended as an appendix to the Laws of the Game. Some little alteration
had to be made in 1901, the decision as to the fitness of the ground and light
being now in the hands of the captains.

FITNESS OF GROUND.
Law 43.—At the commencement of a match, the umpires may be appealed
to by either side as to the fitness of the ground for play.
Should they not agree, play will not commence until they are
agreed.
In case of interruption from rain, as soon as the rain has ceased,
the umpires shall, immediately, without further instruction, inspect
the wicket, unaccompanied by any of the players, and decide upon
its fitness. Should it prove unfit, they shall continue to inspect at
intervals, until they decide that it is fit for play, when they shall call
upon the players to resume the game.
 The ground is unfit for play—when water stands on the surface,
or when it is so wet, muddy, or slippery as to deprive the bowlers of
a reasonable foothold, or the fieldsmen of the power of free
movement.
The umpires are not to be biassed by the opinions of either side,
still less are they to allow themselves to be influenced by the
impatience of the spectators for a resumption of the game, and are
not to be induced, by the public interest in a particular match, to
declare the ground fit for play, unless they would consider that
ground fit under any circumstances.

FITNESS OF LIGHT FOR PLAY.

The umpires may decide, on appeal, that there is not sufficient
light for play. Should the light improve before the time for drawing
stumps, they shall, without waiting for instructions, call upon the
players to resume the game.
In the event of the captains agreeing as to the condition of the
ground or light, the umpires will, so far, be relieved of their
responsibility.
Law 47.—An umpire is only justified in appealing to the other umpire
when he is unable to decide, owing to his having been prevented from
seeing the occurrence on which the appeal is based. He is not to appeal
to the other umpire in cases on which he could give a decision, merely
because he is unwilling to give that decision. If he be in any doubt, the
principle laid down in Law 43, “That the existing state of things shall
continue,” shall be followed, and, in consequence, the decision should
be in favour of the batsman.
Law 48.—The special attention of umpires is called to this law, which
directs them to call “no ball,” unless absolutely satisfied of the fairness
of the delivery.
Umpires should not allow themselves to be unduly influenced by
appeals from such of the field who were not in a position to form a
judgment on the point appealed upon, or by tricks—such as
throwing up the ball, on appealing for a catch at the wicket, without
waiting for the decision. Umpires, being the sole judges of fair or
unfair play, should remember that such devices are obviously unfair,
 and are not in accordance with the spirit in which cricket should be
played.
By order of the Committee of the M.C.C.
June 20th, 1892.
In the course of the season of 1899 the following additions to the
Instructions to Umpires were approved by the M.C.C. Committee:—
Law 54.—“Declaring.”—
(A) If a side declare its innings during the luncheon interval, it
must do so within fifteen minutes after the commencement of such
interval, otherwise an extra ten minutes will be allowed for rolling.
(B) If a side declare its innings closed in the morning before play
commences, it must do so in sufficient time to enable the other side
to choose the roller it prefers, otherwise an extra ten minutes will be
allowed for rolling.

CODE OF SIGNALLING.
Boundaries shall be signalled by waving the hand from side to side.
Byes shall be signalled by raising the open hand above the head.
Leg-byes shall be signalled by raising the leg and touching it with the hand.
Wides shall be signalled by extending both arms horizontally.
No-balls shall be signalled by extending one arm horizontally.
The decision Out shall be signalled by raising the index finger above the
head.
Umpires should wait until a signal has been answered by the scorer before
allowing the game to proceed.
Besides signalling, the umpire should “call” distinctly for the information of
the players.
On giving a decision the umpire should make sure that the batsman
understands what the decision is.

Passed by M.C.C. Committee, June 16th, 1902.

(A) Umpires are not justified in deciding the ground unfit for play,
merely because the grass is wet and the ball would, in consequence, be
slippery.
(B) In order to facilitate play at the earliest possible moment in wet
weather, the Umpires shall see that the foot-holes made by the bowlers and
batsmen are cleaned out, dried, and filled up with sawdust at any time
during the match, although the game is not actually in progress.

RULES OF COUNTY CRICKET.

At a meeting of County representatives, held at Lord’s on Monday,
December 5th, 1898, the question of amending the rules of County Cricket
was left in the hands of the Marylebone Club, who had offered to form a
committee to deal with the matter. The committee which, in accordance
with a resolution passed by the County representatives included a
representative from Kent, Yorkshire, Surrey, Lancashire, and two Minor
Counties, was duly formed, and after long deliberation, the following
scheme was agreed to. The M.C.C. committee approved of the alterations,
and in the spring of 1899 the rules as given below were made public.
Practically the only point in dispute had been the residential qualification, it
being strongly felt in many quarters that Rule 3 in the old code had been
interpreted in a way quite foreign to the intentions of those who framed it in
1873. Hence the far more strict definition of “residence” now put forward.
In order, no doubt, to avoid interference with existing qualifications, it was
agreed that except as regards Rule 5, the new rules should not come into
operation until the 1st of January, 1900.
1. A cricketer born in one county and residing in another may not play
for more than one county during the same season.
2. Qualification by Birth.—A cricketer is always eligible to play for
the county of his birth.
3. Qualification by Residence.—A cricketer is qualified to play for
any county in which he has resided for the previous 24 months and is
residing, but—
(A) The mere acquirement or hiring of a tenement, unless used as
a bonâ fide home, does not constitute “residence.”
(B) The occupation of a tenement during the cricket season only
does not constitute “residence.”
 4. Where a cricketer uses as residences in the course of the year,
tenements in more than one county, or where he leaves the country for the
winter months, and in all other cases where his qualification is in any doubt,
it is obligatory on the county for which he wishes to play to prove his
qualification to the satisfaction of the M.C.C.
5. A cricketer who has played for a county for five successive years is
qualified to play for that county for the rest of his cricket career, or until he
plays for some other county.
6. A cricketer may play for his old county during the two years that he is
qualifying for another.
7. Transfers.—A cricketer, already qualified for a county but wishing to
qualify by residence for another county, must give notice in writing to the
Cricket Club Committee of the former county before he commences such
residence; and a County Cricket Club wishing to engage, under a residential
qualification, a cricketer who is already qualified for another County Club,
must inform the committee of the latter before commencing negotiations
with the cricketer.
8. Appeal.—Should any question arise under these rules it shall be left
to the decision of the committee of the Marylebone Club, which shall be
final.
The following were established as the laws of county qualification, at a
meeting held in the Surrey County Pavilion, Kennington Oval, on June 9th,
1873, and remained in force until January 1st, 1900, when they were
superseded by the new rules set forth above. Representatives were present
in 1873 from Surrey, Middlesex, Sussex, Kent, Gloucestershire, Yorkshire,
and Nottinghamshire.
I. That no cricketer, whether amateur or professional, shall play for more
than one county during the same season.
II. Every cricketer born in one county and residing in another shall be
free to choose at the commencement of each season for which of those
counties he will play, and shall, during that season, play for that county
only.
III. A cricketer shall be qualified to play for any county in which he is
residing and has resided for the previous two years; or a cricketer may elect
to play for the county in which his family home is, so long as it remains
open to him as an occasional residence.
 IV. That, should any question arise as to the residential qualification, the
same should be left to the decision of the committee of the Marylebone
Club.
V. That a copy of these rules be sent to the Marylebone Club, with a
request that they be adopted by the club.

The county qualification was discussed at a meeting of the County

Cricket Council, held in the Pavilion at Lord’s, on December 10th, 1888.
Representatives were present from the following nineteen counties:—
Surrey, Kent, Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire,
Middlesex, Sussex, Derbyshire, Essex, Leicestershire, Cheshire,
Hampshire, Norfolk, Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Somerset,
Hertfordshire, and Staffordshire. It was carried unanimously that—
“For purposes of county cricket, county boundaries are not
affected by the Local Government Act, 1888.”
And on the motion of Sussex, seconded by Gloucestershire, it was
decided by ten votes to five that—
“During the two years a cricketer may be qualifying to play for
another county under the residential qualification, he shall be
allowed to play for the county for which he has previously been
playing under that rule.”
In consequence of the passing of this latter resolution, the rules of county
cricket were modified by the addition of the words: “That a man can play
for his old county during the two years that he is qualifying for another.”

COUNTY CLASSIFICATION.
A SPECIAL MEETING of county secretaries, called together by Yorkshire to
discuss the subject of county classification, was held in the Pavilion at
Lord’s on Tuesday, the 1st of May, 1894. Mr. H. Perkins occupied the chair,
and there were present—Mr. M. J. Ellison and Lord Hawke (Yorkshire),
Messrs. W. E. Denison and C. W. Wright (Notts), Mr. A. J. Webbe
(Middlesex), Mr. F. Marchant and Mr. A. J. Lancaster (Kent), Mr. C. W.
Alcock (Surrey), Messrs. W. Newham and W. L. Murdoch (Sussex),
Messrs. H. Murray-Anderdon and S. M. J. Woods (Somerset), Messrs. H.
W. Bainbridge and W. E. Ansell (Warwickshire), Mr. W. Barclay-
Delacombe (Derbyshire), Messrs. T. Burdett and G. W. Hillyard
(Leicestershire), Dr. Russell Bencraft (Hampshire), and Messrs. C. E. Green
and O. R. Borradaile (Essex). The meeting was a private one, but the
following details were officially communicated to the Press:—
The original proposition by Mr. Ellison, on behalf of Yorkshire, “That
for the purpose of classification there should be no distinction drawn
between counties who play out and home three-day matches with not less
than six other counties,” was seconded by Mr. Hillyard, and then withdrawn
in favour of the following amendment:—Proposed by Mr. Denison and
seconded by Mr. Murray-Anderdon, “That the M.C.C. be requested to
consider and advise upon the whole question of classification of counties.”
This was carried unanimously.
It was also made known that, as the result of a meeting of the various
captains of the first-class counties, Lord Hawke had sent in the following
resolution signed by himself and Messrs. J. Shuter (Surrey), S. M. J. Woods
(Somerset), J. A. Dixon (Notts), F. Marchant (Kent), W. L. Murdoch
(Sussex), A. J. Webbe (Middlesex), A. N. Hornby (Lancashire), and W. G.
Grace (Gloucestershire):—“That the matches played by the following four
counties, Derbyshire, Essex, Leicestershire, and Warwickshire, against the
counties at present styled first-class, and also against one another and
against the M.C.C., should be regarded as first-class matches, and the
records of the players engaged in these matches shall be included in the list
of first-class averages.” Lord Hawke’s resolution was afterwards formally
ratified by the committee of the Marylebone Club.
On the 20th of October the Committee of the M.C.C., to whom, as stated
above, the whole question of the classification of counties had been
referred, made public the following scheme:—
Lord’s Ground, N.W., October, 1894.
The Committee of M.C.C. having, at the request of the leading counties,
prepared a scheme for regulating the county championship, and that scheme
having met with the approval of counties concerned, the contest for the
championship will in future be regulated by it. The scheme as finally
approved is as follows:—
 CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTIES.
Cricketing counties shall be considered as belonging to first-class or not.
There is no necessity for further sub-division.
First-class counties are those whose matches, with one another, with
M.C.C. and Ground, with the Universities, with the Australians, and such
other elevens as shall be adjudged “first-class matches” by the M.C.C.
Committee, are used in compilation of first-class batting and bowling
averages.
There shall be no limit to the number of first-class counties. The M.C.C.
Committee may bring new counties into the list, may remove existing ones
from it, or may do both.
The list for 1895 is as follows:—
Derbyshire Lancashire Surrey
Essex Leicestershire Sussex
Gloucestershire Middlesex Warwickshire
Hampshire Nottingham Yorkshire
Kent Somerset

THE COUNTY CHAMPIONSHIP.

After the close of each cricket season, the Committee of the M.C.C. shall
decide the county championship.
It shall be competed for by first-class counties. No county shall be
eligible unless it shall have played at least eight out and home matches with
other counties, provided that if no play can take place owing to weather or
other unavoidable cause such match shall be reckoned as unfinished.[14]
One point shall be reckoned for each win; one deducted for each loss;
unfinished games shall not be reckoned.
The county which during the season shall have, in finished matches,
obtained the greatest proportionate number of points shall be reckoned
champion county.
At the meeting of County Secretaries on December 6th, 1898, it was
moved and carried as a recommendation to the M.C.C. that the number of
out and home matches qualifying for the championship should in 1899, in
view of the Australian visit, be again reduced to six. This was subsequently
agreed to by the M.C.C., Worcestershire having at the Secretaries’ meeting
secured six out and home matches with leading counties, made formal
application to the M.C.C. to be promoted to a place among the first-class
counties, and on December 12th their request was granted, subject to the
usual regulations being complied with.

FOOTNOTES:
[1] Mr. C. B. Fry, after studying the foundation-positions and foundation-
movements which I have found most useful for Racquets and Tennis, was struck with
their great similarity to those which he himself had found most important for Cricket.
[2] “Keep your eye on the bowler; watch how he holds the ball and runs up to the
wicket before delivering it, and you may be able to detect any alteration in length and
pace. And never get flurried whatever his action may be; for if you take your eyes off
his arm or lose your head for a second, he has you at a disadvantage.”
[3] Compare also Dr. W. G. Grace, who says: “Timing the ball is the secret of all
good play; and timing, as far as I can make out, means the harmonious working of
eye, wrist, arms, legs, and shoulders, which can only be acquired by constant
practice.”
[4] Murdoch’s words will serve as a good example. “To cut well, you must be able
to time the ball well, for the effectiveness of your stroke is entirely due to your proper
timing and your wrist work, for you need to use your wrists more in making this
stroke than in any other.”
[5] “There is a right and a wrong way of holding the ball. Good bowlers grip the
ball as much as possible with their fingers—that is to say, they use the fingers and not
the palm of the hand to work the ball.”
[6] The Macdonald Smith system is most appropriate for Cricket.
[7] Invented and taught by Macdonald Smith, of Steinway Hall.
[8] The following quotation from a high authority is typical:—
“The left foot precedes the advance of the bat, it being one of the first maxims of
forward play that the bat must never be in front of the left foot. This rule is absolute.
A neglect of it means that there is nothing to prevent the base of the bat being as near,
or nearer, to the bowler than is the handle—no certainty, that is, against the ball being
spooned into the air.”
[9] “If the batsman cuts up the action of the stroke into separate parts, something
must be sacrificed: either the weight is not brought to bear on the ball, or balance is
lost. The result is an emasculated stroke.”
[10] Most authorities are agreed here, as these typical quotations will show:—
 “It ought to be the aim of all advice in batting to help a young player to get runs,
quocunque modo runs, otherwise he will not learn the game.”
“Many a devotee has been lured into less noble pursuits simply because he cannot
score.”
[11] “Any reform of cricket law has for its object a levelling up of attack and
defence—in other words, of batting and bowling.”—Haddon Hall Library.
[12] Mr. W. J. Ford is against this. He says:—
“The grace and the skill of batting is so attractive to the eye and so delightful to
the batsman himself that, pace various wise authorities, batting must be regarded as
the chief factor in the game. Cramp batting, and the game will be spoiled.”
[13] Quaife and Jessop are the best modern types of alert anticipation.
[14] In 1896 the number of out and home matches qualifying for the
Championship was reduced to six, owing to the Australians’ tour, and for 1897 the
number was fixed at seven. In 1898, however, all the counties played at least eight out
and home matches, thus complying with the rule as originally laid down.
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