DEVELOPMENT

INDICATORS
Group 1
Development Economics
- a branch of economics whose goal is to better
the fiscal, economic, and social conditions of
developing countries
Development Indicators

Social Economic
Indicators Indicators
Social Indicators
- statistical measures used to
assess the well-being and quality
of life of a population. These
indicators provide insights into
the social progress and
development of a country or
region, focusing on aspects such
as health, education, income,
housing, and access to basic
services.
Social Indicators

•Health
•Education
•Housing and Living Conditions
•Gender Equality
•Social Inclusion
 Health
Life Expectancy Rate
- average number of years a person is
expected to live from birth

Example:
According to the UN, average life
expectancy in the Philippines is 71.79
years in 2024, slightly up compared to
71.41 years in 2021.
 Health
Infant Mortality Rate
- number of deaths of infants under
one year old per 1,000 live births

Example:
The infant mortality rate (IMR) in the
Philippines in 2023 was 17.544 deaths per
1,000 live births, which is a 2.36%
decrease from 2022.
 Health
Access to Healthcare
- percentage of the population with
access to basic healthcare services

Example:
In 2020, only 50 percent of Filipinos were
able to access primary health care within
the standard time frame set by the
government, which is 30 minutes.
 Education
Literacy Rate
- percentage of the population aged 15
and above who can read and write

Example:
In the Philippines, literacy rate across
all age groups from 5 years and over was
high in 2020. It was highest at more than
99.0% among ages 10-39 years.
 Education
School Enrollment Rate
- percentage of children enrolled in
primary, secondary, and tertiary education

Example:
In 2022, 81.4% of Filipinos between the
ages of 5 and 24 were enrolled in school.
 Education
Average Years of Schooling
- average number of years of education
completed by the adult population

Example:
Children in the Philippines can expect to complete
12.8 years of Pre-primary, primary and secondary
school by age 18. However, when years of schooling
are adjusted for quality of learning, this is only
equivalent to 8.4 years: a learning gap of 4.4
years
 Housing and Living Conditions
Access to Clean Water
- percentage of the population with
access to clean and safe drinking water

Example:
Results of the 2022 APIS showed that majority of
the families had an improved source of drinking
water (97.6%) with more than half of them having
sourced their drinking water from refilling
stations (54.3%). Other common source of drinking
water was piped into dwelling unit (17.2%).
 Housing and Living Conditions
Sanitation Facilities
- percentage of the population with
access to improved sanitation facilities

Example:
In 2022, about 84.0 percent of the families
had basic sanitation service level or used
an improved sanitation facility that is not
shared with another household.
 Housing and Living Conditions
Housing Quality
- percentage of the population living
in adequate housing

Example:
Four in every five occupied housing units
(84.1%) only needed minor repair or need not be
repaired at all. Meanwhile, the proportion of
occupied housing units needing major repair
comprised of 11.6 percent.
 Gender Equality
Gender Parity Index (GPI)
- measure of gender equality in
education, calculated as the ratio of
female to male enrollment rates.
Example:
The Philippines' gender parity index in 2024 was
77.9%, which is a score of 1.2 percentage points
lower than 2023. This placed the Philippines in
25th place out of 146 countries in the World
Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Gender Gap Index.
 Gender Equality
Women’s Participation in the Labor
Force
- percentage of women who are actively
engaged in the labor market
Example:
An estimated 38.89 percent of women in the
Philippines were active in the labor force in
2023. The labor participation rate of women in
the country fluctuated in the observed period.
 Gender Equality
Maternal Mortality Rate
- number of maternal deaths per
100,000 live births
Example:
78 women die per 100,000 live births due to
pregnancy-related causes in the Philippines.
This has improved from 129 in 2000 to 78 in
2020.
 Social Inclusion
Education access
- programs that provide scholarships
or free assistance to ensure equal access
to quality education.

Indigenous peoples' rights

- implementing policies that respect
and promote the cultural rights and
participation of indigenous communities in
decision-making processes.
 Social Inclusion
Barangay-level initiatives
- local government units implement
programs that address the needs of
marginalized groups within their
communities, such as providing skills
training or healthcare access.
 Social Inclusion
Example:
Governmen t p r o g r a m s l i k e P a n t a w i d
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): A
conditional cash transfer program providing
financial assistance to poor families to
ensure their children attend school and
receive regular health checkups.
Economic Indicators

- statistical measures used to

assess the economic
performance, progress, and
overall well-being of a country.
These indicators provide insights
into the level of economic
development, quality of life, and
sustainability.
Economic Indicators
• Gross Domestic Product
• Gross National Income
• Unemployment Rate
• Inflation Rate
• Poverty Rate
• Gini Coefficient
• Foreign Direct Investment
• Infrastructure Development
• Research & Development Expenditure
• Balance of Trade
• Public Debt
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP measures the monetary value of final
goods and services, those that are bought by
the final user produced in a country in a given
period of time.
It counts all of the output generated
within the borders of a country. GDP is
composed of goods and services produced for
sale in the market and also includes some non-
market production, such as defense or education
services provided by the government.
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Example:
The Philippines ranks as the fifth
poorest country in Southeast Asia based on
GDP per capita, with a value of US$4,130 or
around ₱240,000. In 2024, the national
poverty rate was 10.9 percent, equivalent
to 2.99 million Filipino families who
lacked sufficient income to meet their
basic needs.
 Gross National Income (GNI)
GNI measures the total income earned
by a country's residents and businesses,
including income from foreign investments,
minus income earned by foreign residents.
GNI provides a broader measure of
economic activity, especially for countries
with significant foreign investments or
remittances.
 Gross National Income (GNI)
Example:
The Philippines' gross national income
(GNI) per capita in 2023 was $4,230, a
record high. This was higher than the
country's target range of $4,130–$4,210 for
the year.
 Unemployment Rate
Percentage of people in the labor
force who are unemployed and actively
looking for work. The unemployment rate can
be affected by changes in the number of job
seekers or the size of the labor force.
Discouraged workers who stop looking
for work can leave the labor force, which
can underestimate the true demand for jobs.
 Unemployment Rate
Example:
As of December 2024, the unemployment rate in the
Philippines is estimated at 3.1% the number of
unemployed persons was estimated at 1.63 million.
according to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA);
this means that 96.9% of the labor force employed was
recorded at 50.19 million, which is considered a
relatively low rate compared to previous years.
The unemployment rate in 2023 was recorded at
4.4% and was estimated at 2.19 million. The number of
employed Filipinos was 95.6% and was estimated at 48.85
million.
 Inflation Rate

The rate at which the general price

level of goods and services rises, eroding
purchasing power.
Moderate inflation is normal in
growing economies, but hyperinflation or
deflation can indicate economic problems.
 Inflation Rate

Example:
The Philippines’ headline inflation or
overall inflation increased to 2.9 percent
in December 2024 from 2.5 percent in
November 2024. In December 2023, the
inflation rate was higher at 3.9 percent.
 Poverty Rate

Percentage of the population living

below the national poverty line, which
varies by country.
A lower poverty rate indicates better
economic development and improved living
standards.
 Poverty Rate
Example:
The Philippines' poverty rate dropped
to 15.5% last year from 18.1% in 2021, with
rising food prices limiting the reduction
in the number of poor.
The Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA) said there were 17.54 million people
living below the poverty line, a decrease
of 2.4 million from the previous survey two
years earlier.
 Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within

a country, ranging from 0 (perfect
equality) to 100 (perfect inequality).
High inequality can hinder economic
development and social cohesion.
 Gini Coefficient

Example:
As of 2021, the Philippines has a Gini
index score of 40.7, a significant decline
from the country’s index of 47.7 in 2000.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment made by a foreign entity in

a country’s businesses or infrastructure.
FDI is a key driver of economic growth,
job creation, and technology transfer.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Example:
Foreign direct investment (FDI) net
inflows in July 2024 increased by 5.5
percent year-on-year to reach US$820
million from the US$778 million net
inflows recorded in July 2023
 Infrastructure Development

The availability and quality of

physical infrastructure, such as roads,
ports, electricity, and telecommunications.
Good infrastructure is essential for
economic activities and growth.
 Infrastructure Development
Example:
Insufficient infrastructure has been a
major constraint to economic growth and
poverty reduction in the Philippines.
Though the country has relatively high
access levels to water, sanitation, and
electricity, service levels have failed to
keep up with rapid population growth and
urbanization.
 Research & Development
Expenditure

The amount spent on R&D as a

percentage of GDP.
Higher R&D expenditure is linked to
economic growth and competitiveness.
 Research & Development
Expenditure
Example:
According to available data, the Philippines'
research and development (R&D) expenditure as a
percentage of GDP stands at around 0.32%, which is
significantly below the global average of 2.04% and
the 1% benchmark recommended by UNESCO for
developing countries; this means the Philippines
invests a relatively low amount in R&D compared to
other nations.
 Balance of Trade

The difference between a country’s

exports and imports of goods and services.
A trade surplus can indicate economic
strength, while a deficit may signal
reliance on foreign goods.
 Balance of Trade
Example:
According to recent data, the
Philippines currently has a negative
balance of trade, meaning it imports more
goods than it exports, with a trade deficit
of around $6.52 billion as of October 2024;
this is calculated by subtracting the value
of Philippine exports from the value of its
imports, resulting in a negative figure.
 Public Debt

The total amount of money owed by the

government to creditors.
High public debt can indicate economic
instability, while manageable levels can
fund development projects.
 Public Debt
Example:
As of the end of October 2024, the total
national debt of the Philippines amounts to ₱15.1889
trillion ($273.9 billion).
Total outstanding debt: Negative increase
₱16.02 trillion ($276.27 billion) (61.3% of GDP)
(October 2024)
Domestic debt: Negative increase ₱10.89
trillion ($187.80 billion) (41.6% of GDP) (October
2024)
External debt: Negative increase ₱5.13 trillion
($88.47 billion) (19.6% of GDP) (October 2024)
Thank
you!