Mail-

SIRSA
UNIVERSITY,
1 AI
inUADv nE/I
AL

based Curriculum Framework

Learning Outcomes
LOCF)

For

B.Sc. Mathematics

(Four Year Degree Programme)

w.e.f. Session 2021-22

ARY
DI
UNIVEVERST
2003

University School for Graduate

Studies
Chaudhary Devi Lal University
Sirsa-125055
 Semester-III (w.e.f. 2022-23)

Course Code Course Title Credit

Lecture
Tutorial Practical Total
BSC/Maths/3/CC | Advanced Calculus 5
5 6
BSC/Maths/3/CC Vector Calculus 5
6 6
BSC/Maths/3/CC Mathematical
7 1 6
Statistics
BSC/Maths/3/SE Special Functions-I 2
C2 2
3/GEC3| To be opted
students from Pool by
of 6
Generic elective
Courses
Generic Elective Course offered
BSC/Maths/3/GE Number Theory by Department of
C3 and 5 Mathematics
Trigonometry 6
Total
26

2.b.202
 BSCMaths/3/CC5

Advanced Calculus

Marks(Total): 100
Marks (Theory): 70 Time 3 Hrs
Assessment): 30
Marks (Internal = 06
Credits: Th(5)+T(1)
will consists of NINE questions
in all. The
7he question paper
Note for the Paper Setter: PIVE short questions of 2 marks each
will be compulsory and will consist of
first question EIGHT more questions will be set
unit-wise
the whole svllabus. In addition
covering units. The candidates are required to
questions from each
the of four
comprising of wo
questions selecting at least
one question from each unit.
attempt four more

Course Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

the
1. Understand the conceptof continuous function and derivative and apply
knowledge to prove mean value theorems.
2 Understand the limit and of the function in two variables. Know the
continuity
concept of partial differentiation.
3. Know the differentiability of function in two variables and how to calculate maximum
& minimum of function in two variables.
4. Kno about curves in spaces. Involutes, evolutes and concept of Surface and
Envelopes.
Unit-I

Continuity. Sequential Continuity, properties of continuous functions, Uniform continuity.

chain ruie of differentiability. Mean value theorems; Rolle's Theorem and Lagrange's mean
value theorem and their geometrical interpretations. Taylor's Theorem with various forms of
remainders, Darboux intermediate value theorem for derivatives, Indeterminate
forms
Unit -II

Limit and of real valued functions of two variables. Partial

continuity differentiation. Total
Differentials; Composite functions & implicit functions.
Change of variables. Homogenous
functions & Euler's theorem on
homogeneous functions. Taylor's
theorem for functions of
two variables.

Unit- IlI
Differentiability of real valued functions of two variables.
Schwarz and Young's theorems.
Implicit function theorem. Maxima, Minima and
saddle points of two variables.
method of multipliers Lagrange's
Unit-IV
Curves.. Tangents, Principal normals, Binormals,
Serret-Frenet formulae. Locus of the
ofcurvature, Spherical curvature, Locus of
centre of
centre
Bertrand Curves. Surfaces: Spherical curvature, Involutes, evolutes,
Tangent planes, one parameter faniily otf surtaces,
Envelopes.

Juna
Books Recommended:

1. C.E. Weatherburn, Differential Geometry ofthree dimensions, Radhe Publishing

House, Calcutta
Marcel Dekkar, Inc., New York, 1975
2. Gabriel Klaumber, Mathematical analysis,
I.B.H. Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1970
3. R.R. Goldberg, Real Analysis, Cxford &
4. Gorakh Prasad, Differential Calculus, Pothishala
Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad
5. S.C. Malik , Mathematical Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Allahabad.
6. Shanti Narayan, A Course in Mathemtical Analysis, S.Chand and company, New
Delhi
7. Murray, R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Advanced Calculus, Schaum Publishing
co., New York

JKma
 BSCMaths/3/CC6

Vector Calculus
Marks(Total): 100
Marks (Theory): 70
Marks (Internal Assessment) : 30
Time:3 Hrs
Credits: Th(5)+T(1) = 06

The question paper will consists of NINE questions in all. The

Notefor the Paper Setter:
consist of FIVE short questions of 2 marks each
first question will be compulsory and will
EIGHT more questions will be set unit-wise
covering the whole syllabus. In addition,
comprising of two questions from each of the four units. The candidates are required to
attempt four more questions selecting at least one question from each unit.

Course Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

1. Understand the concept ofscalar and vector product of three vectors and four vectors
product and differentiation of vectors.
2. Know the concept of Gradient, Divergence and Curl.
3. Understand the concept of orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, cylindrical coordinates
and spherical coordinates.
4. Understand vector integration. Theorems of Gauss Green &
Stokes and problems
based on these theorems.
Unit-I
Scalar and vector product of three vectors, product of four vectors.
Vector differentiation. Scalar Valued point functions, vector valued
Reciprocal vectors.
derivative along a curve, directional derivatives point functions,

Unit-II
Gradient of a scalar point function, physical interpretation of
gradient. Divergence and curl of vector point grad , characteristics of
function, physical interpretations of div and
curls of vector
point functions, characteristics of Div f and Curl
and curl of sums and f. Gradient, divergence
product and their related vector identities.
Laplacian operator.
Unit-III
Vector integration; Line
Green & Stokes and integral, Surface integral, Volume
problems based on these theorems. integral. Theorems of Gauss,
Unit-IV
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates,
mutually orthogonal unit vectors. Conditions for orthogonality, fundanmental triad
Crudient,
terms of
orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian operators of
in
ordinates. Cylindrical co-ordinates and
Spherical co-

,A
Shnna
 T I N I V E R S T I Y , .

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Books Recommended:

Problems of Advanced Calculus, Schaum

1. Murrary R. Spiegal, Theory and
Publishing Company, New York.
Schaum Publishing Company, New York.
2. Murrary R. Spiegal, Vector Analysis,
N. Saran and S.N. Nigam, Introduction to Vector Analysis, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd.,
3.
Allahabad.
4. Shanti Narayna, A Text Book of Vector Calculus. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

62

S Kumar
 BSC/Maths/3/CC7

Mathematical Statistics

Marks (Theory): 70 Marks (Total): 100

Marks (Internal Assessment): 30 Time :3 Hrs
Credits: Th(5)+T(1) = 06

Note for the Paper Setter: The question paper will consists of NINE questions in all. The
first question will be compulsory and will consist of FiVE short questions of 2 marks each
covering the whole syllabus. In addition, EIGHT more questions will be set unit-wise
comprising of wo questions from each of the four units. The candidates are required to
attempt four more questions selecting at least one question from each unit.
Course Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
1. Understand the concept of Mean, Median, Mode Geometric mean, Harmonic mean
and Measure of dispersion.
2. Lean about moment of Skewmess and Kurtosis.
3. Understand basic concept of Probability, Bayes' theorem and its application, learn
about Random variable and Probability function.
4. Know about concept of Correlation for Bivariate Data and Learn about concept of
Linear Regression.

Unit - I

Measures of Central Tendency and Location: Mean, median, mode, geometric mean,
harmonic mean, partition values.
Measures of Dispersion: Absolute and relative measures of range, quartile deviation, mean
deviation, standard deviation (o), coeficient of variation.

Unit - II

Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis: Moments about mean and about any point and derivation
of their relationships, cffect of change of origin and scale on moments, Sheppard's corectio
for moments (without derivation), Charlier's checks, Concepts of Skewness and Kurtosis.

Unit-IlI
Basic concepts in Probability, Bayes' theorem and its applications
Random Variable and Probability Functions: Definition and properties of random variables,
diserete and continuous random variable, probability mass and density functions, distribution
function.
Unit-IV

Correlation for Bivariate Data: Concept and types of correlation, Seatter diagram, Karl
Pearson Coefficient (r) of correlation and rank correlation coetticient.

S
Linear Regression: Concept of regression. principle
of least squares and fitting of straight
line. derivation of two lines of regression. properties ot regression coetficients, standard error
of estimate obtained from regression line, correlation coefficient between observed and
estimated values. Angle between two lines of regression. Difference between correlation and

regression.

Books Suggested:
1 A.M. Mood. F.A. Graybill ard D.C. Boes, Introduction to the theory of Statistics.
McGraw Hill, 1974.
Baisnab and M. Jas, Element of Probability and Statistics, Tata McGraw Hill.
SC. Gupta and V.K. Kapoor, Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand
& Sons, 2002.
P.L.Meyer Introductory Probability and Statistical Applications, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, 1970.

SKwm
 BSCMaths/3/SEC2

Special Functions-I
Marks(Total): 50
Marks (Thcory): 30
Assessment) : 20 Time: 2 Hrs
Marks (Internal
Credits: Th(5)+T(1) = 06

Note for the P'aper Setter: 7he question paper will consists of NINE questions in all. The
first question will be compulsory and will consist of FIVE short questions of 2 marks each
covering the whole svllabus. In addition, EIGHT more questions will be set unit-wise
comprising of wo questions from each of the four units. The candidates are required to
attempt four more questions selecting at least one question from each unit.

Course Outeomes: This course will enable the students to:

1. Know about Power series method to solve differential equations, Beta and gamma
functions, Bessel equation and its solution, recurrence relations and generating
functions, Orthogonality of Bessel functions.
Learm about Legendre and Hermite differential
equations and their solutions,
Rodrigues' Formula for Legendre & Hermite Polynomials, Orhogonality of Legendre
and Hermite polynomials.
Unit-I
Series solution
of differential equations Power series method, Definitions of Beta and
Gamma functions. Bessel
equation and its solution: Bessel functions and their
Convergence, recurrence, Relations and generating properties-
functions. functions, Orthogonality of Bessel

Unit-II
Legendre and Hermite differentials equations and their
functions and their solutions: Legendre and Hermite
of
Legendre and
properties-Recurrence Relations and generating functions.
Rodrigues' Formula for Legendre Orhogonality
Hermite polynomials.
Polynomials, Laplace Integral &
Hermite
Representation of Legendre polynomial.

Books Recommended:
1. Erwin
Kreyszing, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
York, 1999 John
2 A.R.
Wiley & Sons, Ine., New
3.
Forsyth, Treatise on Differential
A
1.N. Equations, Macmillan and Co. Ltd.
Sneddon, Special Functions of
Boyd: Interscience Publishers. Mathematical Physics &
4. W.W. Bell, Chemistry. Otiver and
2004. Special Functions for Scientists and
Engineers, Dover Publications Inc,

Kwma
Generic Elective Course
 BSC/Maths/3/GEC3
Number Theory and Trigonometry

Marks (Theory): 70 Marks (Total): 100

Marks (Internal Assessment): 30 Time: 03 Hours
Credits: Th(5)+T(1) =06

Note for the Paper Setter: The question paper will consists of INE questions in all. The
first question will be compulsory and will consist of FIVE short questions of 2 marks each
covering the whole syllabus. in addition, EIGHT more questions will be set unit-wise
comprising of two questions from each of the four units. The candidates are required to
attempt four more questions selecting at least one question from each unit.

Course Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

1. Understand the basic concepts of number theory and their applications in problem
solving. Prove Fermat and Wilson's theorems and their
applications.
2. Know residue system, Euler's > function, Quadratic residues. Legendre symbols,
Moebius function and Moebius inversion formula.
3. Understand De Moivre's Theorem
and its Applications. Trigonometrical and hyperbolic
functions along with their properties.
4. Know inverse circular and
hyperbolic functions and their properties along
with their
related problems.

Unit-I
Divisibility, G.C.D. (greatest common divisors), L.C.M.(least common multiple) Primes,
Fundamental Theorem of Arithemetic. Linear Congruences, Fermat's theorem.
Wilson's
theorem and its converse. Linear Diophanatine equations in two variables

Unit-II
Complete residue system and reduced residue system modulo m. Euler's p function Euler's
generalization of Fermat's theorem. Chinese Remainder Theorem. Quadratic residues.
Legendre symbols. Lemma of Gauss; Gauss reciprocity law. Greatest integer function [x].
The number of divisors and the sum of divisors of a natural number n
o(n)). Moebius function and Moebius inversion formula.
(The functions d(n) and

Unit-III
De Moivre's Theorem and its
Applications. Expansion of trigonometrical functions. Direct
circular and hyperbolic functions and their properties.

Unit-IV
Inverse circular and hyperbolic functions and their properties. Logarithm of a complex
quantity. Gregory's series. Summation of Trigonometry series.

Recommended Books:
. S.L.
Loney, Plane Trigonometry Part II, Macmillan and Company, London.
-

2. R.S. Verma and K.S.

Sukla, Text Book on Trigonometry, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd.

Sugr
errp
 Allahabad.
3. Gareth A. Jones & J. Mary Jones (2005). Elementary Number Theory. Springer.
4. Neville Robbins (2007). Beginning Number Theory (2" edition). Narosa.
5. I. Niven (2012). An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (5" edition). John Wiley &
Sons.
6. Ivan Ninen and H.S. Zuckerman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Wiley
Publications, 1991.

26/ 2)

SKwna
M
 Semester-IV (w.e.f. 2022-23)

Course Code Course Title Credit

Lecture Tutorial Practical Total
BSC/Maths/4/CC8 Solid Geometry 5
6
BSC/Maths/4/CC9 Transform 5 1 6
Techniques
BSC/Maths/4/CC10 Elementary Partial 5 1 6
Differential Equations
BSCMaths/4/SEC3 Special Functions-II 2 2
../4/GEC4 To be opted by | 6
students from Pool of
Generic elective
Courses
Generic Elective Course offered by
Department of Mathematics
BSC/Maths/4/GEC4Ordinary Differential 5 6
Equations
Total 26

SKumor
 BSC/Maths/4/CC8

Solid Geometry

Marks (Theory) : 70 Marks(Total): 100

Time :3 Hrs
Marks (Internal Assessment): 30
Credits: Th(5)+T(1) =06

Note for the Paper Setter: The question paper will consists of NINE questions in all. The

first question will be compulsory and will consist of FIVE short questions of 2 marks
each
covering the whole syllabus. In addition, EIGHT more questions will be set unit-wise
comprising of two questioms from each of the four units. The candidates are required to
attempt four more questions selecting at least one question from each unit

Course Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

1. Know about the General Equation of second degree, detailed concepts of Conic
Section.
2. Learn about concept of sphere end its properties, co-axial system. Understand about
cone, and cylinder.
3. Understand about central conicoids.
4. Know about Paraboloids.

Unit-I
General equation of second degree.
Tracing of conics. Tangent at any point to the conic,
chord of contact, pole of line to the conic, director circle of
conic. System of conics. Confocal
conics. Polar equation of a conic, and normal the conic.
tangent to

UUnit II
Sphere: Plane section of a sphere. Sphere
through a given circle. Intersection of two
radical plane of two spheres. Co-axial spheres,
system of spheres
Cones. Right circular cone,
enveloping cone and reciprocal cone.
Cylinder: Right circular cylinder and enveloping cylinder.

Unit-III
Central Conicoids: Equation of
tangent plane. Director sphere. Normal to the
conicoids.
Polar plane of a point.
Enveloping cone of a coincoid. Enveloping cylinder of a coincoid.
Unit-IV
Paraboloids: Circular section, Plane sections of
conicoids.
Generating lines. Confocal conicoid. Reduction of second
degree equations.
Books Recommended:
1. R.J.T. Bil, Elementary Treatise on
MacMillan India Ltd. 1994. Coordinary Geometry of Three Dimensions,
2. P.K. Jain and Khalil Ahmad: A
Textbook of Analytical Geometry
Dimensions, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 1999. of Three

Sn
 BSC/Maths/4/CC9
Transform Techniques

Marks (Theory): 70 Marks(Total): 100

Marks (Internal Assessment): 30 Time : 3 Hrs
Credits: Th(5)+T(1) =06

Note for the Paper Setter: The question paper will consists of NINE questions in all. The
first qwestion will be compulsory and will consist of FIVE short questions of 2 marks each
covering the whole syllabus. In addinion, EIGHT more questions will be set unit-wise
comprising of wo questions from each of the four units. The candidates are required to
attempt four more questions selecting at least one question from each unit.

Course Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

1. Understand the concept of
Laplace Transforms and some theorems Differentiation &
Integral of Laplace transformation and solution of Differential equation using
transform.
Laplace
2. Know about finite
Laplace Transformation and its properties and applications, Fourier
Transform and solution of Ordinary differential equations using Fourier
Transformation.
3. Learn about the
concept of Mellin transform and Z-Transform.
4. Understand the Hankel Transformation its
value problems and PDE.
properties and application to boundary
Unit- I
Laplace Transform: Existence theorem for Laplace transforms,
-

transforms, Shifting theorems, Laplace transforms of derivatives and Linearity

of the Laplace
and integration of Laplace integrals, Differentiation
transforms, Convolution theorem, Inverse Laplace
convolution theorem, Inverse Laplace transforms of transformns,
derivatives and integrals, solution of
ordinary differential equations using Laplace transform.
Unit-II
Finite Laplace transformation: Definition and
Fourier transforms: Linearity Properties, shifting and scaling theorem.
property, Shifting, Modulation, Convolution
Fourier Transform of Derivatives,
Relations between Fourier transform andTheorem,
transform, Parseval's identity for Fourier transforms, solution of Laplace
Fourier Transforms. differential Equations using
Unit IlI
Mellin Transform: Definition and
Properties of Mellin transform, shifting and
properties, Mellin transform of derivatives and scaling
Z-Tranform:- Z-Tranform and inverse Z-Tranform ofintegral.
Convolution theorem, initial and final v: lue theorem. elementary function, shifting theorem,
Unit-IV
Hankel Tranform: Basic
properties Hankel transform, Basic Operational
of
Hankel transform of derivatives and some properties,
and Hankel elementary functions, Relation between Fourier
transform with application to boundary value
Books Recommended: problem and PDE.

Kuna
OUILL, T:TT PM CHAUD

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New

1. Erwin Kreyszing, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
York, 1999.
2. A.R. Forsyth, A Treatise on Differential Equations, Macmillan and Co. Ltd.
3. I.N. Sneddon, The use of integral transform, McGraw Hill, 1972
Murray R. Spiegel, Laplace transform, Schaum's Series

Sas

SKuma m
 BSC/Maths/4/CC10
Elementary Partial Differential Equations
Marks (Theory) : 70 Marks(Total): 100
Marks (Internal Assessment): 30 Time
Credits: Th(5)+T(1) = 06 :3 Hrs

Notefor the Paper Setter: The question paper will consists of NINE questions in all. The
first question will be compulsory and will consist of FIVE short questions of 2 marks each
covering the whole syllabus. In addition, EIGHT more questions will be set unit-wise
comprising of wo questions from each of the four units. The candidates are required to
attempt four more questions selecting at least one question from each unit.

Course Outcomes: This course will enable the

students to:
1. Know about Linear and
non-linear PDE of first order, their solution and Various
methods of solution.
2. Learn about higher order PDE with constant and variable coefficients.
3.
Understand classification of PDE of second order and Monge's methods to solve
second order PDE.
4. Cauchy's problems for second order PDE, concept of characteristic
curves, &
equation method of separation of variables, solution of
equation and Heat equation. Laplace's equation, Wave
Unit- I
Partial differential
equations: Formation, order and degree, Linear and Non-Linear Partial
differential equations of the first order: Complete
solution, singular solution, General
solution, Solution of Lagrange's linear equations,
Charpit's
Compatible systems of first order equations, Jacobi's method. general method of solution.
Unit-II
Linear partial differential equations of. second and higher orders, Linear
and non-linear
homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations with constant coefficients, Partial
equation with variable coefficients reducible to equations with differential
constant coefficients,
complimentary functions and particular integrals, Equations reducible to linear their
constant coefficients. equations with
Unit-III
Classification of linear partial differential equations of second
order,
and elliptic
types, Reduction of second order linear partial differential hyperbolic, parabolic
(Normal) forms and their solutions, Solution of linear hyperbolic equations to Canonical
1or partial
differential equations of second order. equations, Monge's method
Unit-IV
Cauchy's problem for second order partial differential
and characteristic equations,
Characteristic equations
curves of second order partial differential
variables: Solution of Laplace's equation, Wave equation, Method of separation of
equation
Diffusion (Heat) equation (one and two dimension) in Cartesian (one and two dimensions),
Books Recommended: Co-ordinate system.

SKAnma
 DAAMnray, tutnduwtory Couae on Dimerential liquatioas, Drient l ongnnan, (lindi

iwin Keyazing. Advanved lngneoring Mathemutiex, Jaubn

Wiley Suns, lw.. Nen
Y'ork, 190
. A.R. Pornyth, A Treatine on lDiorontial
liquations, Maemillan and Ca. I t
.lan N.Snelon, 1lenentaot Partial Dimerential
Company, 1988
lquations, Mtiraw in Hank
. l'vank Ayrea, Theory and Problema of Ditorential NMetaw ill Nvnd
quations,
Company. 1972
. J.N. Sharma and Kehar Sngh, Partial Dimorential quationa, Apha Noienoes, 20%IN

SKumaM
 BSC/Maths/4/SEC 3
Special Functions-II
Marks (Theory): 30
Marks(Total): 50
Marks (Internal Assessment): 20 Time 2 Hrs
Credits: Th(5)+T(1)
=
06

Note for the paper Setfer: The question paper will consist of five questions in all. First
gaestion will be compulsory and will consist of five short questions of 2 marks each covering
the whole syllabus. In addition, four more questions will beset unit-wise comprising of two
auestions from each of the units. The candidates are required to attempt two more questions
selecting at least one question from each unit.

Course Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

1. Understand about Laguerre's polynomials their equation, generating function,
associated Laguerre's polynomials and its properties.
2. Know about the concept of hypergeometric functions, their series, integral formula
confluent hypergeometric function and generalized hypergeometric series.

Unit-I
Laguerre Polynomials: Laguerre's equation and its solution, generating function, alternative
expression for the Laguerre polynomials, explicit expressions and special values of the
Laguerre polynomials, orthogonality properties of Laguerre polynomials, relation between
Laguerre polynomials and their derivatives, recurrence relations, associated LaguerTe
polynomials, properties of the associated Laguerre polynomials.

Unit-II
Hypergeometric functions: The hypergeometric series, an integral formula for the
Dypergeometric series, the hypergeometric equation, linear relation between the solutions
the hypergeometric
equation, relation of contiguity, the confluent hypergeometrie function,
generalized hypergeometric series.

Books Recommended:
.w.w. Bell, Special Functions for Scientists and Engineers, D. Van Nostrand
Company Ld., London 1968
2. IN. Sneddon, Special Functions of Mathematical Physics and
Chemistry,
Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 161

SKuma
Generic Elective Course
 c

BSC/Maths/4/GEC 4
Ordinary Differential Equations
Marks(Theory): 70 Marks (Total): 100
ernal Assessment): 30 Time: 03 Hours
Marks =
06
ThS)+T(1)
Credits:

in all.. First
vafe for the paper setfer: The question paper will consist of five questions each covering
xtion will be compulsory and will consist of five short questions of 2 marks
qwestio

whole syllabus. In addition, four more questions will beset unit-wise comprising of wo
he
more questions
uestions
q es
from each of the units. The candidates are required to attempt two
selecting at least one question from each unit.

Course Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:

Understand the basic concepts of ordinary differential equations and to learn various
1.
techniques of finding exact solutions of certain solvable first order differential equations.
second order linear
2. Develop the skills of solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous
ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients.
second order linear ordinary differential
3. Know the skills of solving non-homogeneous
equations with variable coefficienis.
4. Develop the skills and methods of solving ordinary simultaneous differential equations
with constant coefficients.

Unit-I
Geometrical meaning of a differential equation. Exact differential equations, integrating
factors. First order higher degree equations solvable for x.y,p Lagrange's equations, Clairaut's
equations. Equation reducible to Clairaut's form. Singular solutions.
Unit-I1
Orthogonal trajectories: in Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. Self orthogonal
family of curves. Linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Homogeneous
linear ordinary differential equations. Equations reducible to homogeneous.

Unit-IIl
Linear differential equations of second order: Reduction to normal form. Transformation of
the
equation by changing the dependent variable/ the independent variable. Solution by
operators of non-homogeneous linear differential equations. Reduction of order of a
differential equation. Method of variations of parameters. Method of undetermined
coefficients.

Unit-IV
Ordinary simultaneous differential equations. Solution of simultaneous differential
involving operators (ddx) or (d/dt) etc. Simultaneous equation of the form equations
dx/P= dy/Q dz/R. Total differential equations. Condition for Pdr +Qdy +Rdk 0 to be -

exact. General method of solving Pdx + Qdy + Rdz =0

by taking one variable constant.
Method of auxiliary equations.

SKma
e
Recommended Books:
1. Erwin Kreyszig (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (10" edition). J. Wiley &
Sons
2. Shepley L. Ross (2007). Differential Equations (3 edition). Wiley.
3. George F. Simmons (2017). Diferential Equations with Applications and Historical
Notes (3 edition). CRC Press. Taylor & Francis.
4. D.A. Murray, Introductory Course in Differential Equations. Orient Longaman(India),.
1967
5. A.R.Forsyth, A Treatise on Differential Equations, Macmillan and Co. Ltd.,London
6. E.A. Codington, Introduction to Differential Equations. B.Rai & D.P. Chaudhary,
Ordinary Differential Equations, Narosa PublishingHouse Pvt. Ltd.

Skuma