#Some Important Command:

➔ cd : ​change directory
➔ ls​: Show list of all files in that directory
➔ mkdir​: make folder
➔ rm -R <dir>​: delete all files in directory
➔ touch​: create a file
➔ chmod <permission> <filename>​: Add permissions
Permission

■ r:​read
■ w:​ write
■ x:​ execute
■ X:​ execute only if the file is a directory or
already has execute permission for some users.
■ t:​ restricted deletion flag or sticky bit
■ s​: Set user / group id on execution

➔ ls -al:​ Show list of all files with ​permission​ in that directory

● The first character represents
○"​-​" for a regular file,
○ "​d​" for a directory,
○ "​l​" for a symbolic link.
● The next combination of character (adjacent three
character) represents the file permission for owner
● The later three combination represents the file
permission for the file group.
● The last three combination represents the file
permission for the others.

#To use vim as editor:

-vim <filename>
- i + enter : to enter inset mode
- esc to exit insert mode
- ​:wq​ to save and quit
- ​:q ​to quit without saving
#​To use nano as editor:
- nano <filename>
- Ctrl + o to save
- Ctrl + x to exit (You will be prompted if file is not saved)
#Shells​: Shells are command line interpreter.
# Find out the shell your environment has :
Command​: cat /etc/shells
● /bin/bash : (​Bourne Again Shell)is a interpreter which is improved version of sh
shell.
● /bin/csh : ​Bourne Shell
● /bin/ksh:
● /bin/sh
● /bin/tcsh
● /bin/zsh
#Find Location of your bash:
Command​: which bash

1)First Shell Code:

hello.sh
#! /bin/bash
echo “hellow world”

command:​ ./hello.sh

2)Variables:
​$CAPITAL_CASE_VARIABLE_NAME = System Variable
$lower_case_variable_name = User Variable
Into_variable.sh
#! /bin/bash
a=10
b=20
echo a = $a and b = $b

3)Arithmetic Operation:
#! /bin/bash
a=10
b=20
echo $((a+b))

#! /bin/bash
a=10
b=20
c=$((a+b))
echo $c

​ Try it yourself: (a+b)^2

#! /bin/bash
a=10.11
b=10.11
c=$a+$b
echo $c|bc

Precision of number:
#! /bin/bash
echo "​scale=5​;11.211/3" | bc

Power:
#! /bin/bash
echo "2^8" | bc -l
#​-l is used to invoke math library

Square root:
#! /bin/bash
echo "scale=4;sqrt(13)" | bc -l

4)Input from User

#! /bin/bash
echo "Enter a:"
read a
echo "Enter b:"
read b
echo a = $a and b= $b

#! /bin/bash
echo "Enter a & b:"
read a b
echo a = $a and b= $b

#! /bin/bash
read -p "Enter a:" a
read -p "Enter b:" b
echo a = $a and b= $b

#! /bin/bash
read -p "Enter id:" id
read -sp "Enter password:" pass
echo id = $id and pass= $pass

5) Pass Argument during execution

#! /bin/bash
echo $0 $1 $2 $3

#! /bin/bash
args=("$@")
echo $@
echo $#

#! /bin/bash
args=("$@")
echo ${args[0]} ${args[1]} ${args[2]}

6) Conditional Statement- If:

Syntax:

if [ condition ]
then
#code to be executed if the condition is satisfied
else
#code to be executed if the condition is not satisfied
fi

if [ condition ] && [condition]

then
 #code to be executed if the condition is satisfied
else
#code to be executed if the condition is not satisfied

fi

if [ condition ] ​||​ [condition]

then
#code to be executed if the condition is satisfied
else
#code to be executed if the condition is not satisfie
fi

Condition:
● -eq : ​equals to
example:​ ​ if [ $var -eq 0 ]
● -ne : ​not equals to
example:​ if [ $var -q ne 0 ]
● -gt ​Or ​> : ​Greater than
example:​ if [ $var -gt 0 ]
if [ $var > 0 ]
● -lt ​Or ​< ​: Less than
​example:​ if [ $var -gt 0 ]
if [ $var > 0 ]
● -ge ​Or ​>= : ​Greater than equals to
example:​ if [ $var -ge 10 ]
if [ $var >= 10 ]
● -le ​Or ​<= : ​Greater than equals to
example:​ if [ $var -le 10 ]
if [ $var <= 10 ]
#! /bin/bash
a=10
if [ $a -eq 10 ]
then
echo $a is equal to 10
else
echo $a is not equal to 10
fi

#! /bin/bash
a=13
if [ $a -ge 10 ]
 then
echo $a is greater than or equal to 10
fi

Conditional for String:

● == : ​equals to
example:​ ​ if [ $str == “value” ]
● != : ​not equals to
example:​ if [ $str != “value” ]
● < : ​is less than in ASCII value
example:​ if [ $var -q ne 0 ]
● > :​ is greater than in ASCII value
example:​ if [ $var -q ne 0 ]

#! /bin/bash
pass=abc123
read -sp "Enter your password:" inp
echo
if [ $pass == $inp ]
then
echo welcome
else
echo incorrect password
fi

7) Loop Statement:
● While:
Syntax:
while [ condition ]
do
#code to be executed as long as the condition is satisfied
done

#! /bin/bash
i=1
while [ $i -lt 10 ]
do
echo $i
((i++))
done
 #! /bin/bash
i=1
while (($i <= 10 )) ​#we can use relational sign inside (( ))
do
echo $i
((i++))
done

● For :
Syntax:
for variable in {range_start..range_end}
#code to be executed as long as the condition is satisfied
done

for ((start; condition; stepsize))

do
#code to be executed as long as the condition is satisfied
done

#! /bin/bash
for i in {1..10}
do
echo $i
done

#! /bin/bash
for ((i=1;i<=10;i++))
do
echo $i
done

8) Array
a) Indirect Declaration

ARRAYNAME[INDEXNR]=value

b) Explicit Declaration

declare -a ARRAYNAME
c) Compound Assignment

ARRAYNAME=(value1 value2 .... valueN)

Or

ARRAYNAME=([1]=10 [2]=20 [3]=30)

❖ To print all the value of an array:

echo ${ARRAYNAME[*]}

[@] & [*] means All elements of Array.

Run this program:

#! /bin/bash

# To declare static Array

arr=(Soykot Shuvra Barik Dibbo)

# To print all elements of array

echo ${arr[@]}
echo ${arr[*]}
echo ${arr[@]:0}
echo ${arr[*]:0}

❖ To print elements from a particular index

echo ${ARRAYNAME[WHICH_ELEMENT]:STARTING_INDEX}

Run the following code:

# To print elements from a particular index

echo ${arr[@]:0}
echo ${arr[@]:1}
echo ${arr[@]:2}
echo ${arr[0]:1}