Q1. Consider a real-world software project (e.g.

a mobile app, an e-commerce

platform, or a banking system). Identify at least three functional and three
non-functional requirements for the system. Explain how meeting these
requirements contributes to the overall success of the project.

Solution:
Example Project: An online food delivery app (like Swiggy or Zomato)

Functional Requirements:

1.User Authentication: Customers should be able to create accounts, log in, and
manage their profiles.
2.Restaurant Search and Filtering: Users should be able to search for
restaurants by cuisine, location, ratings, and dietary preferences.
3.Order Placement and Tracking: Customers should be able to browse menus,
add items to their cart, place orders, and track their delivery status in
real-time.

Non-Functional Requirements:

1. Performance: The app should load quickly and respond to user actions
without significant delays.
2. Security: User data (personal information, payment details) should be
protected from unauthorized access.
3. Usability: The app should be intuitive and easy to navigate for users of all
technical abilities.

How Meeting These Requirements Contributes to Success:

1. User Satisfaction: Meeting functional requirements ensures the core features

work as expected, leading to satisfied users.
2. Reliability: Performance and security requirements build trust, making users
more likely to rely on the app.
3. Competitive Advantage: A user-friendly and efficient app stands out in a
crowded market, attracting more customers.
4. Scalability: Well-defined non-functional requirements allow the app to handle
increasing user loads and data volumes.
5. Reduced Development Costs: Identifying and addressing requirements early
in the process prevents costly rework later on.

Q2. Briefly describe each of the four elements of the design model.

Solution :
The four elements of the design model are:

1. Data Design:
  Focuses on how data is structured, stored, and accessed within the
system.
 Includes databases, file structures, data entities, and data flow between
different components.
 Example: In a banking application, data design defines how customer
details, transactions, and account balances are stored in a database.
2. Architectural Design:
 Defines the high-level structure of the system, specifying its major
components and their interactions.
 Ensures scalability, maintainability, and performance of the system.
 Example: In an e-commerce application, architectural design defines how
the front-end (UI), back-end (server logic), and database interact.
3. Interface Design:
 Deals with the interaction between users and the system, as well as
between different system components.
 Ensures a seamless and user-friendly experience while also enabling
smooth system integration.
 Example: In a mobile app, interface design defines how users navigate
through screens, buttons, and forms, ensuring ease of use.
4. Component-Level Design:
 Focuses on the detailed design of individual components or modules
within the system.
 Ensures modularity, reusability, and efficiency of the software.
 Example: In a library management system, a"Book Search"component
may use algorithms like binary search or indexing to find books
efficiently.

Q3. Define and explain the difference between functional and non-functional
requirements...

Solution:
Functional Requirements(FR)

Definition:
Functional requirements define the specific functionalities, features, and
operations that a system must perform. They describe what the system should
do to fulfil user needs.

Characteristics of Functional Requirements:

 Define input, output, and behaviour of the system.
 Specify interactions between the system and users.
 Help in designing business logic and core functionalities.
 Can be validated through test cases.

Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs)

Non-functional requirements define the quality attributes, constraints, and
performance levels of a system. They specify how well the system should
function rather than what it should do.
Characteristics of Non-Functional Requirements:
 Define performance, security, scalability, and usability aspects.
 Impact the architecture and technology choices of the system.
 Are not directly related to specific functionalities but affect the overall
user experience and system behavior.

Q4. What is the role of user stories in agile development?

Solution:
In Agile development, user stories are a way to define requirements from the
perspective of the end user. They help Agile teams break down complex
functionalities into small, manageable tasks.
Role of User Stories in Agile Development:
1. Defining Requirements Clearly – User stories describe features in a
simple, non-technical language, making it easy to understand what needs
to be built.
2. Enhancing Collaboration – They act as a bridge between developers,
testers, and stakeholders, ensuring alignment on project goals.
3. Supporting Iterative Development – Agile development follows an
incremental approach, and user stories help teams build features step by
step.
4. Prioritization and Sprint Planning – Product owners prioritize user
stories in the backlog, helping teams decide what to work on in each
sprint.
5. Acceptance Criteria for Testing – Each user story has predefined
acceptance criteria that guide developers and testers in verifying its
completion.

Q5. What is the goal of requirements analysis phase? Why is it difficult?

Solution:
Goal:
The requirements analysis phase is a crucial step in software development,
where the goal is to understand, gather, analyze, and document the exact needs
of users and stakeholders. These requirements are then converted into clear,
structured, and unambiguous specifications that guide the development process.

Difficulties:
1)Communication Barriers
 Users may not clearly articulate their needs.
 Example: A hospital management system might need a"patient
tracking"feature, but if not well-defined, developers may interpret it
differently than the doctors.
2) Conflicting Requirements
 Different stakeholders (users, business owners, managers) may have
contradictory needs.
 Example: In an e-commerce system, the marketing team might want to
store customer data for promotional campaigns, while the legal team
may emphasize privacy and data protection laws.
3) Changing Requirements
 Requirements often evolve due to changing business needs, market
conditions, or user feedback.
 Example: A mobile app initially designed for Android may later need iOS
support, affecting the development timeline.
4)Scope Creep
 New requirements may get added continuously without proper planning,
leading to delays and increased costs.
 Example: If an online education platform initially planned for video
lectures later adds live interactive classes, quizzes, and certifications, it
may affect the project deadline and budget.

Q6. Explain the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model...

Solution:
RAD Model: A software development model that emphasizes rapid prototyping
and iterative development. It focuses on delivering working software quickly by
minimizing planning and maximizing feedback.

Key Characteristics:

 Short Development Cycles: Uses timeboxing to deliver working

prototypes quickly.
 Iterative Development: Builds the system in increments, incorporating
feedback at each stage.
 Focus on User Feedback: Actively involves users in the development
process.
 Use of Prototyping Tools: Employs visual development tools and code
generators.

Advantages:
  Faster Development: Delivers working software quickly.
 Increased User Involvement: Ensures the system meets user needs.
 Reduced Risk: Early feedback helps identify and address issues.

Limitations:

 Requires Strong Team: Needs skilled developers and active user

participation.
 Limited Scalability: May not be suitable for large, complex projects.
 Potential for Scope Creep: Rapid changes can lead to uncontrolled
expansion.

Best Suited For:

 Projects with well-defined requirements and a short timeframe.

 Projects where user feedback is critical.
 Projects with a high degree of uncertainty.

Q7. Describe your understanding by the expression " life cycle model of
software development" ...

Solution:
A Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model is a structured framework
that defines the phases, processes, and activities involved in developing a
software product. It provides a step-by-step approach to ensure efficient and
systematic software development.

Importance of SDLC Models:

1)Organization and Control:

 Provides a systematic approach to manage software development.
 Example: In a large-scale banking system, SDLC helps manage complex
workflows efficiently.

2)Improved Communication:
 Establishes a common understanding between developers, testers, and
stakeholders.
 Example: In a healthcare management system, SDLC ensures that
doctors, hospital admins, and developers are aligned on software
functionality.
3) Reduced Risk:
 Identifies and mitigates potential problems early.
 Example: Using the Agile model allows early testing and feedback,
reducing the risk of major issues later.
4) Enhanced Quality:
 Ensures that the software meets functional and non-functional
requirements.
  Example: In an e-commerce platform, SDLC ensures smooth payment
gateway integration and user-friendly UI.

Q8. Compare and contrast the Waterfall and Agile models of SDLC...

Solution:

1)Waterfall Model

The Waterfall Model is a sequential and structured approach where each phase
must be completed before moving to the next.

Characteristics:
 Sequential: Follows a linear progression from Requirements → Design →
Implementation → Testing → Deployment → Maintenance.
 Documentation-Driven: Detailed documentation is created at each stage.
 Best Suited For: Projects with well-defined, stable requirements and
minimal expected changes.
Example:
A banking system where security and compliance require well-defined,
unchanging requirements.

2)Agile Model

The Agile Model is an iterative and flexible approach where development is

done in multiple short cycles called sprints.

Characteristics:
 Iterative: Software is developed in small, incremental versions.
 Flexible: Requirements can evolve, and changes can be easily
accommodated.
 Best Suited For: Projects with changing requirements or where customer
feedback is important.

Example:
A mobile app where features are frequently updated based on user feedback.
Q9. Explain how a software development effort is initiated and finally
terminated in a spiral model...

Solution:

Initiation Phase (Starting the Development Effort):

The initiation of software development in the Spiral Model involves multiple

activities, focusing on planning, risk analysis, and prototyping.

Key Steps in Initiation:

a)Planning:
 Define project goals, requirements, constraints, and timelines.
 Example: In an online banking system, planning involves defining
features like money transfers, security mechanisms, and account
management.
b)Risk Analysis:
 Identify potential risks (technical, business, security-related).
 Evaluate the feasibility of project execution.
c) Prototyping:
 Develop a prototype to demonstrate feasibility.
 Gather early user feedback and make necessary improvements.

Termination Phase (Ending the Development Effort):

The software development effort is completed once the system is fully

functional and meets all requirements.

Key Steps in Termination:

1)Evaluation:
 Assess the final product against initial requirements and user
o
expectations.
o Conduct final testing and validation to ensure functionality and
performance.
2)Deployment:
 Release the software for real-world use.
 Deploy the system in phases to ensure smooth transition and
minimal disruptions.
3)Maintenance:
 Provide bug fixes, performance improvements, and feature
updates.
 Handle customer feedback and future enhancements.

Q10. Explain the different phases of the Software Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) in detail...

Solution:

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a systematic process used for
developing high-quality software in a structured manner. It consists of seven
key phases, each serving a specific purpose.

1)Planning Phase:
 Identify project objectives and deliverables.
 Conduct feasibility studies (technical, operational, economic feasibility).
2) Requirements Analysis Phase:
 Interact with stakeholders, customers, and users to gather functional and
non-functional requirements.
 Create Software Requirement Specification (SRS) documents.
3) Design Phase:
 Architectural Design: Define the overall system structure (e.g.,
client-server, microservices).
 Data Design: Create database schemas and structures.
4) Implementation (Coding) Phase:
 Developers write code based on design specifications.
 Follow coding best practices and industry standards.
5) Testing Phase:

 Perform various types of testing, such as:

o Unit Testing: Test individual components.
o Integration Testing: Verify module interactions.
 Report, track, and fix bugs.

6) Deployment Phase:
  Deploy the system in phases (Alpha, Beta, Final release).
 Monitor for performance issues post-launch.

7) Maintenance Phase:

 Monitor software performance and security.

 Fix bugs and patch vulnerabilities.