• Architectural Characteristics of Tughlaq Dynasty :

• Architecture during Tughlaq dynasty flourished in India when Ghazi Tughlaq

came to power in 1321 in Delhi defeating the Khalji rulers.
• The period of Tughlaq dynasty in history has been marked as the time of elation
and rediscovery for Islamic architectures.
• Each ruler added architectural creativity to his own capital city whilst making
architecture during the Tughlaq dynasty to stand apart.
• Architecture during Tughlaq dynasty was flourished in the hands of three
rulers. They were the founder of the dynasty, Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq who ruled
from 1320 to 1325, his son, Mohammed Shah Tughlaq, ruled from 1325 to
1351, and the most creative of all in his building projects, Firoz Shah Tughlaq
who ruled Delhi from 1351 to 1388. Feroz Shah Tughlaq was a great patron of
Islamic architecture.
• Architectural Characteristics of Tughlaq Dynasty :

•It is entirely different in character from Muslim architecture in other countries,

incorporating the best of both Hindu and, Muslim styles, freely using Hindu
brackets in an arcuate construction with a dome, with the difference that the
Muslim dome now acquired a lotus design under its finial.
•They used grey sandstone.
•Features of Hindu influences on Tughlaq architecture include the flat lintel instead
of pointed arch, pillars, windows with balconies and eaves and railings.
•Soon the local flavour was added of the provisional kingdom of Bengal, Gujarat,
Jaunpur, Golconda, Malwa and the Deccan to the Indo-Islamic architecture.
• Architectural Characteristics of Tughlaq Dynasty :
• Architectural Characteristics of LODHIS Dynasty :

•Architectures during the Sayyid Dynasty and Lodhi dynasty were class apart and
defined the quality of art and craft that prevailed during that period.
•The construction of Islamic architecture during the Tughlaq dynasty was relaxed
under the Sayyid and Lodhi rule.
•Due to the inheritance of greatly weakened state treasury, both the dynasties were
not able to construct monumental buildings.
•So their desire for architectural constructions were projected in small tombs and
mausoleum built throughout Delhi.
•The pattern of architecture during Sayyid and Lodhi dynasty was therefore
restricted to tombs and sculptor only.
•This architectural period during Sayyid and Lodhi dynasty was known as the
period of the macabre (word probably derived from 'maqbara' or the cemetery in
Arabic).
• Architectural Characteristics of LODHIS Dynasty :

• Sayyids and Lodis constructed the tombs in two different forms; one pattern was
based on octagonal plan surrounded by arched walkway with one storey in height
and the other one was based on square plan without walkway with two or three
storey in height
•octagonal tombs were reserved for the rulers and the square type tombs were
reserved for the nobles of their courts.
•most of the other tombs are isolated structures, without any surrounding wall.
•a separate style of expressiveness through the etching, cutting and structuring of
the stones which was later redefined by the Mughals.
• Architectural Characteristics of LODHIS Dynasty :
Example 7 :
The Mystical Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
in Delhi.
INTRODUC TION :
INTRODUC TION :
• Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq (reg. 1320-1325) was the first Tughluq ruler who, upon
succeeding the Khaljis, established the Tughluqabad Fort on the southeastern
side of the Qutub complex in old Delhi.

• Built during his lifetime, his tomb is a fortress-like complex, constructed on an

(now-dry) artificial lake, which separates the tomb from the Tughluqabad Fort.

• A 229-meter-long causeway, supported by 26 arched piers, crosses the lake to

connect the tomb to the fort.

• Water also added a dimension to the paradise imagery in tomb architecture, a

theme that would be carried on from the Tughluq tombs to reach its height
with Mughal architecture.
INTRODUC TION :
INTRODUC TION :
INTRODUC TION :
• The tomb complex has an oblique pentagonal plan with a battlement perimeter
wall supporting conical bastions at each angle.

• Measuring 11.75 meters in height, the perimeter wall inclines inwards and has
a continuous crenellated parapet.

• One enters the court through a strategically staggered, decorated entrance

gate.

• Arched corridors and vaulted chambers run along the interior side of the court
perimeter wall.

• Placed diagonally within the court, the tomb itself is constructed of rubble
masonry, unadorned on its exterior and faced with red sandstone and a white
marble decorative course on the interior.
INTRODUC TION :
INTRODUC TION :
INTRODUC TION :
• Square in plan, its battered walls are massive: the interior tomb walls measure
11.74 meters in length (18.74 meters on the exterior), with an overall height of
24.4 meters and a 75 degree slope.

• Its pointed dome, which rests on a transition of corner squinches, has an an

interior diameter of 10.41 meters and an exterior diameter of 13.41 meters.

Crowned with a vase and melon (kalash and amala) finial, the dome follows the
typology of Hindu temples in the Delhi region

• Three sides of the tomb have horseshoe-arched doorway openings with

spearhead extrusions in their intrados and are flanked by a niche on either side.
INTRODUC TION :
 INTRODUC TION :
• The interior of the tomb is faced in red sandstone up to the base of the dome,
above which it is clad in white marble.

• With the exception of the marble-clad mihrab, the interiors are unplastered and
undecorated.
INTRODUC TION :
The Tomb Of Feroz-shah- Tughlaq.
 FEROZ-SHAH-TUGHLAQ :
• Square in plan, of 45’ side externally its plan cemented walls slope gently, each
side being relived by a projecting surface, two of which have shapely arched
opening.

• Above the parapet incised with ornamental merlons rises on octagonal drum
supporting a shallow and slightly pointed dome.

• Extending in front of the southern side is a low platform or small terrace

surrounded by a stone railing of graceful design composed of upright and two
horizontal bars, the whole forming a private enclosure.

• The interior of the tomb is a square chamber with squinch arches in each angle
to support the dome, and an arched mihrab is sunk in the western wall.
FEROZ-SHAH-TUGHLAQ :
FEROZ-SHAH-TUGHLAQ :
• Both in the interior and on the outside of this tomb there is a certain amount of
inscribed arabsque ornamentation which however,does not belong to the
original structure, as it was added during some repairs executed by sultan
Sikandar Lodi at the beginning of the sixteenth cent.
FEROZ-SHAH-TUGHLAQ :
Shish Gumbad :
 Shish Gumbad :
• Shish Gumbad ("glazed dome"), also spelt Shisha Gumbad, is a tomb from
the Lodhi Dynasty and is thought to have possibly been constructed between 1489
and 1517 CE.
• The Shish Gumbad (glass dome) houses graves, whose occupants are not
unequivocally identifiable.
• Historians have suggested, the structure might have been dedicated either to an
unknown family, which was part of the Lodhi family and of Sikandar Lodi's
court, or to Bahlul Lodi (died 12 July 1489) himself, who was chief of
the Afghan Lodi tribe, founder and Sultan of the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi
Sultanate.
 Shish Gumbad :
• Shish Gumbad is constructed in square shape.
• Combination of bracket and lintel beams, the architecture is a blend
of Islamic and Indian architectures.
• Although the Gumbad has an external semblance of spanning in two floors, the
structure made only in one floor.
• The western wall of the Gumbad consists of mihrab which also served as
a mosque.

• The main chamber of the monument measures 10 square metres (108 sq ft).
• The ceiling is decorated with plaster work that contains Quranic inscriptions and
floral designs.
• The monument was originally decorated with blue enamelled tiles that shined like
glass. The Gumbad hence got its name "Shish Gumbad". The blue tile
embellishment presently only remains on top of the main frontage in traces.
Shish Gumbad :
Shish Gumbad :
 Mubarak Shah's tomb :
• Mubarak Shah's tomb is an impressive structure, which was built with an octagonal plan,
enclosed in an octagonal compound with south and west gates exist while the compound
walls and other gates have disappeared.
• The Sultan personally planned its construction during his lifetime.
• It has a southern entrance into the octagonal hall, which has arched openings on three
sides, except in the west, which has the Mihrab, in the prayer direction.
• A verandah, with three entrances, encloses the hall. The hall and the verandah are
provided with supporting sloping buttresses at the corners.
• A sixteen sided fortification, with turrets in each corner, supports the low dome structure.
• The turrets are crowned by a lantern.
• Chattris (kiosks) in octagonal shape adorn the roof on each side.
• Three tiers of Quranic inscriptions adorn the springing of the ceiling of the dome. Though
stunted in appearance, it is considered as a typical example of octagonal Sayyid tombs,
which were popular during Lodi and Mughal periods.
• The overall effect of the tomb is of a pyramidal appearance.
Mubarak Shah's tomb :
Mubarak Shah's tomb :
KHIRKI MASJID :
 KHIRKI MASJID :
• The Khirki Masjid is located in the
settlement of Jahanpanah, Delhi, and was
commissioned by by Khan-i Jahan Junan
Shah, vizier to the Tughluq Sultan Firoz
Shah (reg. 1351-1388).

• The Khirki (named for the perforated

windows, or khirkis, that decorate the
upper floors), has four open courtyards
that provide light and ventilation to the
internal prayer spaces.
KHIRKI MASJID :
KHIRKI MASJID :
• Occupying an area of 87 square meters, the mosque is built on a raised
platform with arched recessed openings (taikhana) that is 3 meters in height.

• Unlike an open courtyard (hypostyle) congregational mosque, the Khirki Masjid

is square in plan, subdivided into quarters; each quarter has its own inner
courtyard.
KHIRKI MASJID :
• Internally, arcades running north-south divide the mosque space into aisles.

• These arcades are formed by 180 square structural columns and 60 pilasters.

• The main entrance to the prayer hall is through the southern entrance: one
climbs a flight of stairs to a gateway flanked by tapering turrets.

• This gateway fronts a small vestibule, square in plan, which extends out from
the main southern exterior wall.
KHIRKI MASJID :
KHIRKI MASJID :
KHIRKI MASJID :
• Larger round tapering bastions appear at each of the four corners of mosque's
exterior walls.

• The southern entrance doorway shows a mixture of arch and trabeated

construction: within a decorative rectilinear frame, a blind ogee arch contains the
door opening (itself a lintel frame with a corbel infill).

• In the interior, bays of arcades signify non-hierarchical space, and an outwardly

projecting mihrab is found on the western qibla wall.

• The square courtyards, which are enclosed by these arcades, measure 9.14
meters on each side.
 KHIRKI MASJID :

• The roof of the Khirki Masjid is divided into 25 squares equal in size. Group of 9
small domes together alternate with flat roofs (and the four open courts) to cover
the roof.

• The small, plastered domes total 81; the flat roofs, 12. The external surface of the
mosque is plaster; its interiors are undecorated save for traditional carved stone
screens (jalis) that also admit light

• . The rubble core construction of the mosque's walls, both exterior and interior,
can be seen where the plaster has fallen off
KHIRKI MASJID :
KHIRKI MASJID :
KHIRKI MASJID :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
• Feroz Shah Tughlaq was a master builder and The greatest creation of
Feroz Shah Tughlaq is the citadel, considered as the fifth citadel of Delhi. It
also happens to be the third of the citadels erected by the Tughlaq dynasty.
• One of the oldest structures in Delhi, Feroz Shah Kotla Fort was built by
Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq in 1354.
• According to historical sources, this fort was built when the ruler decided
to shift his capital from Tughlaqabad to Firozabad due to the scarcity of
water at the former capital. Hence, the fort was built on the banks of the
holy Yamuna river to serve the purpose.
• The fort has some magnificent gardens, mosques, palaces etc., in its
complex.
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
• Though a number of structures in the fort are in ruins, the stepwell (baoli)
is still in good condition.
• The entrance of the fort has a gigantic iron gate with the name of the ruler
and the boundary of the fort walls are as high as 15 m.
• One of the interesting features of the fort is that it houses an Ashokan
Pillar, which was brought by Feroz Shah from Ambala to Delhi. It is 13 m
high and bears the inscriptions of Ashoka's principles.
• The more intact and interesting structures of Feroz Shah Kotla are located
on its northern side. Towering above the lawns is the massive Jami
Masjid and towards its left is the stepped pyramidal structure, known as
the Hawa Mahal or Kushk-i-Shikar. It is crowned with the Ashokan
Pillar, also referred as the Minar-e-Zarreen.
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
• Designed by Feroz Shah Tughlaq’s state architects Malik Ghazi
Samana and Abdul Haq the citadel of Feroz Shah Kotla follows a
rectangular plan with dimensions 800 m by 400 m, with the longer side
along the north – south axis.
• Unlike Tuglaqabad, Feroz Shah Kotla lacked the defensive construction
and after the collapse of the Tuglaq empire the Mongol invader Timur
found it an easy target. In 1398 Timur gladly carried out all the riches of
the citadel leaving behind the ruined rubble structures, which was again
plundered and reused by Shahjahan (Reign AD 1627-57) for the
construction of Shahjanabad, the seventh and last ancient citadel of
Delhi.
 Firoz Shah Kotla :
• The entire citadel is encased within a high stone wall. Although the walls
look solid but it lacks the massive bastions of Tuglaqabad. The entrance is
through a small and simple gateway on the eastern side and a broad
passageway leads to the scattered ruins of Feroz Shah Kotla or Ferozabad.
• Most of the buildings within the citadel are made of rubble masonry covered
with heavy plaster and without any surface ornamentation.
• The passages leads to series of scattered ruins, which was once part of the
citadel’s garden.
• It leads further to the Diwan – i – Am (hall of audience) and Diwan – i –
Khas (hall of private audience).
• A few pavilions and archways are all that remains today of the famed halls of
audience of Feroz Shah Tughlaq. The Royal Palace located at the far end of
the citadel lies in similar ruined condition.
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Firoz Shah Kotla :
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
 Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:

• The madrasa structure has an innovative design.

• It was built in L-Shape as one contiguous structure on the south and east
edges of the reservoir complex. One arm of the L-shape structure runs in the
North–South direction measuring 76 m (249.3 ft) and the other arm runs in
the East–West direction measuring 138 m (452.8 ft).

• The two arms are pivoted at the large Tomb of Firuz Shah.
• At the northern end there is a small mosque.
• Between the mosque and the tomb two storied pavilions exist now on the
northern side and similar pavilions on the eastern side, overlooking the lake,
which were used as madrasa.
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
 Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:

• The two arms are interconnected through small domed gateways passing
through the tomb at the center.
• The North–South arm with balconies overlooking the reservoir is a two
storied building with three towers of varying sizes.
• Ornamental brackets cover the upper storied balconies while the lower
stories have corbelled support.
• Roof overhangs or Eaves(chajjas) are seen now only in the upper stories
though it is said that they existed on both stories when it was built.
• From each floor of the Madrasa, staircases are provided to go down to the
lake. Many cenotaphs, in the form of octagonal and square chhatris are also
seen, which are reported to be possibly tombs of teachers of the Madrasa..
 Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:

• "Madrasa West Wing"

This wing of the madrasa has open pillared rooms at the top storey and
arcaded rooms in the lower storey.
• Also in the lower storey one can see small dark cells which were probably
accommodation for students. Inside there are narrow openings for light and
air, and small storage niches.
• In front of these cells there were arcaded rooms which have now fallen down.
At the western-most end of this wing there is a large domed building with
two storeys.
• The area in front of this building was originally a courtyard with two
buildings that face each other and flank the large domed building.
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:

Madrasa West Wing

Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
 Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
"Madrasa North Wing"
• This wing of the college buildings has pillared rooms on the top storey and
arcaded rooms below.
• The rooms overlook the tank and would have provided a beautiful view. The
top storey rooms overlooked the garden.
• The buildings of the college are built of rubble masonry combined with
blocks of neatly cut quartzite.
• Much of the exterior was originally covered in white plaster and painted in
bright colours, with golden domes.
• The ornamentation consists primarily of some incised plasterwork and
simple carving.
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb:
Madrassa Design with Feroz Shah Tomb: