indexing ka use hota hai,

1. Data & Data Types jaise arr[0], arr[1], etc.

◆ Associative Arrays
➔ Data: Data woh information hoti (Maps): Key-value pair
hai jo kisi system ya program mein format mein data store
store aur process ki jaati hai. Data karte hain. Har key ke
ko manage aur process karne ke corresponding ek unique
liye different formats aur types hote value hoti hai. E.g., {
hain.
"name": "John",
◆ Data Types: Data ko
"age": 30 }.
categorize karne ke liye
◆ Record Types (Struct):
data types ka use hota hai,
Multiple data types ko
jo batate hain kis tarah ka
combine karta hai.
data hum store kar rahe
Structure mein different
hain aur woh kis tarah se
fields ho sakte hain jo
use hoga. Kuch important
different data types
data types hain:
represent karte hain. E.g.,
◆ Primitive Data Types:
ek "student" structure mein
Primitive types woh basic
name, age, roll number
data types hain jo directly
alag-alag fields ho sakte
hardware ke dwara
hain.
supported hote hain. Jaise:
◆ Union Types: Ek hi
● Integer: Whole
memory location mein
numbers, e.g., 10,
multiple data types ko store
-5.
karta hai, par ek waqt mein
● Float: Decimal sirf ek hi type active
numbers, e.g., rahega. Ye memory
3.14, -0.5. efficient hote hain.
● Boolean: True ya
False ko represent
karta hai.
● Character: Single 2. Basic Concepts
character ko
represent karta hai, ● Names: Program mein variables
jaise 'A', 'b'. ya identifiers ko represent karne ke
◆ Strings: Characters ka liye use kiya jaata hai. Ye woh
sequence hota hai, jo naam hain jo kisi variable ya
mostly text data ko store function ko refer karte hain.
karta hai, jaise "Hello, ● Variables: Memory location ko
World!". String operations denote karte hain jisme data
mein concatenation, temporarily store hota hai. Har
substring, etc. include hain. variable ka unique naam hota hai
◆ Array Types: Similar data aur ismein kuch specific data store
types ka fixed-size hota hai.
collection. Arrays memory ● Binding: Variable aur uski value
ko sequentially allocate ke beech ka relation binding
karte hain aur inme kehlata hai. Iska matlab hota hai
 kisi variable ke naam ko kisi 4. Expressions & Statements
specific value ke saath link karna.
● Type Checking: Program mein ● Arithmetic Expressions:
data types ki correctness ko check Arithmetic operations ko perform
karna taaki error na aaye. Ye karte hain jaise addition,
compile-time ya run-time mein ho subtraction, multiplication, division.
sakta hai. E.g., a + b, a - b.
● Scope: Scope define karta hai ki ● Overloaded Operators: Ek
koi variable kis block ya function operator ko multiple operations ke
mein accessible hai. Jaise local liye use karna. Jaise C++ mein +
scope mein variable sirf us block operator ko strings aur numbers
mein accessible hota hai jahan wo dono ke liye use kiya ja sakta hai.
define kiya gaya hai. ● Type Conversions: Ek data type
● Scope Rules: Scope rules ye ko doosre data type mein convert
batate hain ki variables kis jagah karna. Implicit (automatically hota
accessible honge aur kaunse nahi. hai) aur explicit (manually kiya
Jaise local aur global variables ke jaata hai) conversions hote hain.
different scope rules hote hain. ● Relational Expressions:
● Lifetime: Variable ke existence ka Comparison ke liye use hote hain.
time period lifetime kehlata hai.
E.g., a == b, a > b, a != b.
Jaise, function ke andar banaye
● Boolean Expressions: Logical
gaye local variables function ke
operations ke liye use hote hain,
end hote hi destroy ho jaate hain.
jaise &&, ||, !, jo true ya false
● Garbage Collection: System ki
return karte hain.
unused memory ko automatically
● Assignment Statements: Variable
free karne ka process hai. Jaise
mein value assign karte hain. Jaise
jab variable ka lifetime khatam ho
jaata hai, toh garbage collector us x = 5; yahaan x mein value 5
memory ko free kar deta hai. store ho gayi hai.
● Mixed Mode Assignments:
Different data types ke expressions
ko combine karte hain, jaise int
3. Pointers and References x = 5.0 + 3;.

● Pointers: Pointers memory

address ko store karte hain, aur
unhe direct memory ko access 5. Control Structures
karne ke liye use kiya jaata hai.
Jaise int *ptr = #, jisme ● Selection: Conditional statements
ptr num ka address store karta jaise if, else, jo decisions lene
hai. mein madad karte hain.
● References: References variable ● Iterations: Repeated execution ke
ka alternate naam hote hain. Jaise liye loops ka use hota hai jaise
int &ref = num;, jisme ref for, while, jo code ko baar-baar
variable num ko refer kar raha hai. run karte hain.
● Branching: Program flow ko
change karna jaise break,
 continue, jo loop ya block se ◆ Har sub-topic ke paas
nikalne mein madad karte hain. chhota example likhein
● Guarded Statements: Specific taaki yaad rakhna asaan ho
conditions ke basis pe code jaaye.
execute karne ke liye, taaki error ◆
ya unexpected behavior avoid ho
sake.

Diagram for Better

Understanding and Revision

Diagram ko create karte waqt, main points

aur unke relations ko visually dikhaya ja
sakta hai:

➔ Center mein: "Data, Data Types,

and Basic Statements" likhein.
➔ Main Sections:
◆ Har main topic (Data
Types, Basic Concepts,
Expressions & Statements,
Control Structures) ko alag
sections mein divide karen.
➔ Branches:
◆ Har main section ke niche
uske important sub-topics
likhein aur unko arrows se
connect karein.
◆ Data Types: Primitive,
Strings, Arrays, Associative
Arrays, Records, Unions.
◆ Basic Concepts: Names,
Variables, Binding, Scope,
Lifetime, Garbage
Collection.
◆ Expressions &
Statements: Arithmetic,
Relational, Boolean,
Assignment, Mixed Mode
Assignments.
◆ Control Structures:
Selection, Iterations,
Branching, Guarded
Statements.
➔ Example Representation: