Analysis and Optimization of axial flow

compressor.
A Project Report Submitted By
Rishav Thakur 210303101051
Dhiraj Kumar Sah 210303101050
Shiv Narayan Chaudhary 210303101048
Pranav Kishor Yadav 210303101052
Devendra Singh Lodh 210303101125

In partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of
Asst. Professor Mansha Kumari
Assistant Professor

PARULUNIVERSITY

VADODARA
October – 2024
 A PROJECT REPORT ON

Analysis and Optimization of axial flow

compressor
AS PROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024–2025

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERING

PARUL UNIVERSITY

P.O. Limda, Tal: Waghodia

Dist. Vadodara- 391760, Gujarat,

INDIA
 CERTIFICATE

DATE:

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE DISSERTATION ENTITLED “SIMULATION

OVER DOUBLE WEDGE AIRFOIL” HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT BY
Rishav Thakur 210303101051

Dhiraj Kumar Sah 210303101050

Shiv Narayan Chaudhary 210303101048

Parnav Kishor Yadav 210303101052

Devendra Singh Lodh 210303101125

UNDER MY GUIDANCE IN FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (6TH
SEMESTER) OF PARUL UNIVERSITY, DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR
2023-2024

AKHIL C.K Asst. Professor Mansha Kumari

Project Supervisor Project Coordinator

Dr. BALAJI K External faculty

Head of Department
and Associate Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We give the whole credit and praise to the omnipresent for his mighty
grace and blessings throughout the course of this research.

Behind any major work undertaken by an individual, there lies the

contribution of the people who helped him to cross all the hurdles to
achieve his goal.

It gives us immense pleasure to express our sense of sincere gratitude

towards our respected guide (Asst. Professor Mansha Kumari) for her
persistent, outstanding, invaluable co-operation and guidance. It is
our achievement to have her guidance. She is a constant source of
encouragement and momentum that any intricacy becomes simple.
We gained a lot of invaluable guidance and prompt suggestions from
her during the entire project work. We will be indebted to her forever
and we take pride in working under her.

We also express our deep sense of regard and thanks to the Head of
Department (Dr. Balaji k). We feel very privileged to have their
precious advice, guidance, and leadership. As an advisor, she has a
great influence on us, both as a person and as a professional.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. OBJECTIVE

4. METHODOLOGY

5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

6. CONCLUSION

7. REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Axial Flow Compressor

From an early stage in the history of the gas turbine, it was recognized that
the axial flow compressor had the potential for both higher pressure ratio
and higher efficiency than the centrifugal compressor. Another major
advantage, especially for jet engines, was the much larger flow rate
possible for a given frontal area. These potential gains have now been fully
realized as the result of intensive research into the aerodynamics of axial
compressors: the axial flow machine dominates the field for large powers
and the centrifugal compressor is restricted to the lower end of the power
spectrum where the flow is too small to be handled efficiently by axial
blading.
Early axial flow units had pressure ratios of around 5: 1 and required about
10 stages. Over the years the overall pressure ratios available have risen
dramatically, and some turbofan engines have pressure ratios exceeding
40: 1. Continued aerodynamic development has resulted in a steady
increase in stage pressure ratio, with the result that the number of stages
for a given overall pressure ratio has been greatly reduced. There has been
in consequence a reduction in engine weight for a specified level of
performance, which is particularly important for aircraft engines. It should
be realized, however, that high stage pressure ratios imply high Mach
numbers and large gas deflections in the blading which would not
generally be justifiable in an industrial gas turbine where weight is not
critical; industrial units, built on a much more restricted budget than an
aircraft engine, will inevitably use more conservative design techniques
resulting in more stages.

Fig : Blade Row

 1.1.1 Elementary theory
The working fluid in an axial flow compressor is normally air, but for
closed-cycle gas turbines other gases such as helium or carbon dioxide
might be used. The analysis which follows is applicable to any gas, but
unless otherwise noted it will be assumed that the working fluid is air. A
sketch of a typical stage is shown in Fig. 5.3. Applying the steady flow
energy equation to the rotor, and recognizing that the process can be
assumed to be adiabatic, it can readily be seen that the power input is given
by:
w=mcp(T 2−T 1)
Repeating with the stator, where the process can again be assumed
adiabatic and there is zero work input, it follows that T02 = T03. All the
power is absorbed in the rotor, and the stator merely transforms kinetic
energy to an increase in static pressure with the stagnation temperature
remaining constant. The increase in stagnation pressure is accomplished
wholly within the rotor and, in practice, there will be some decrease in
stagnation pressure in the stator due to fluid friction. Losses will also occur
in the rotor and the stagnation pressure rise will be less, than would be
obtained with an isentropic compression and the same power input. A T-s
diagram for the stage, showing the effect of losses in both rotor and stator,
 is also shown
Fig: h-s or T-s diagram.

It enters the compressor at point A (low pressure, low

temperature).As it passes through the rotor blades, its kinetic
energy increases, and it moves to point B (higher pressure, still low
temperature).The stator blades further increase the pressure
(point C), but the temperature remains relatively constant. The air
exits the compressor at point D (higher pressure, higher
temperature).

1.1.2 Pressure, Temperature and Absolute

velocity Rise across Stage (Static and Stagnation)

Fig: Pressur, temp. , velocity Rise

Pressure Rise:
As air flows through an axial compressor, it passes through multiple
stages. Each stage contributes a small pressure increase.
The pressure ratio per stage varies based on the application:
Industrial Compressors (Subsonic Flow): Achieve pressure ratios of
1.05 to 1.2 per stage with efficiencies of 88% to 92%.
Aerospace Compressors (Transonic Flow): Operate at higher
pressure ratios (1.15 to 1.6 per stage) with efficiencies around 80%
to 85%.

Temperature Rise:
The temperature rise across an axial flow compressor is closely
related to the pressure rise.
As air is compressed, its temperature increases due to the work done
on it by the blades.
However, the actual temperature rise might be slightly lower than
estimated from velocity triangles due to factors like losses and real-
world behaviour.

1.1.3 Velocity Triangles

Each stage of an axial flow compressor consists of a set of rotor

blades (attached to a rotating hub) and stator blades (fixed to the
casing).Velocity triangles help us understand the flow within each
stage. These triangles show the relative and absolute velocities of
the air as it passes through the blades. The rotor blades accelerate
the air, adding kinetic energy. The stator blades then convert this
kinetic energy back into pressure energy.
Our air molecule enters the rotor with an absolute velocity, let’s
call it V absolute. It also has a flow angle (β₁) with respect to the
axial direction .As it passes through the rotor, its relative velocity
(V relative) forms the first side of our triangle. The rotor’s
 tangential velocity (V tangential) is ω times the rotor radius.
So, Vrelative = Vabsolute - Vtangential.

1.1.4 Energy Transfer and Energy

Transformation

1
The quantity 2 (C 21-C 22 ¿or its differential value is the change in the
kinetic energy of the fluid through the machine in the absolute frame
of coordinates. This brings about a change in the dynamic head of the
fluid through the machine.
1 2 2
The quantity 2 (u ¿ ¿ 1 −u2)¿ is the change in the centrifugal energy of
the 2 fluid in the machine. This arises simply due to the change in the
radius of rotation of the fluid. This term causes a change in the static
head of the fluid through the rotor.
1 2 2
The quantity (W ¿ ¿ 2 −W 1)¿ Is the change in the kinetic energy of the fluid
2
In the relative frame of coordinates. This also causes a change in the
static
Head of the fluid across the rotor.
1.2 Degree of Reaction.

In turbomachinery, degree of reaction or reaction ratio (denoted R) is

defined as the ratio of the change in static pressure in the rotating blades
of a compressor or turbine, to the static pressure change in the
compressor or turbine stage. Alternatively it is the ratio of static
enthalpy change in the rotor to the static enthalpy change in the stage.
Various definitions exist in terms of enthalpies, pressures or flow
geometry of the device. In case of turbines, both impulse and reaction
machines, degree of reaction is defined as the ratio of energy transfer by
the change in static head to the total energy transfer in the rotor:
Isentropic enthalpy change ∈rotor
R=
Isentropic enthalpy change∈ stage

For a gas turbine or compressor it is defined as the ratio of isentropic

heat drop in the moving blades (the rotor) to the sum of the isentropic
heat drops in both the fixed blades (the stator) and the moving blades:

Isentropic heat drop∈rotor

R=
Isentropic heat drop∈ stage
In pumps, degree of reaction deals in static and dynamic head. Degree of
reaction is defined as the fraction of energy transfer by change in static
head to the total energy transfer in the rotor:
Static pressure rise ∈rotor
R=
Total pressure rise∈ stage
1.3 Introduction to CFD and its uses

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful branch of

fluid mechanics that employs mathematical models and
numerical algorithms to simulate, analyse, and predict the
behaviour of fluid flows. By solving the fundamental governing
equations, such as the Naviers-Stokes equations and continuity
equation, CFD enables engineers and scientists to study complex
fluid flow problems that are difficult or impossible to analyse
through experimental or analytical means.

Through the use of advanced computer software and high-

performance computing, CFD offers a cost-effective and time-
efficient method to investigate fluid dynamics in a wide range of
applications. These include aerospace, automotive, water and
wastewater treatment, chemical processes, and environmental
engineering, among others. By providing detailed insights into
fluid behaviour, CFD assists in optimizing designs, enhancing
performance, and improving safety in various industries.

As a multidisciplinary field, CFD integrates concepts from

mathematics, physics, and computer science. Its continuous
advancements in numerical methods, turbulence modelling, and
computational resources have greatly expanded the scope and
accuracy of fluid flow simulations, making it an indispensable
tool in modern engineering and scientific research

ANSYS Fluent can be used to simulate a wide range of problems,

including:
• The flow of gases and liquids through pipes, valves, and
other components
• Heat transfer in heat exchangers, furnaces, and other
equipment
• Fluid-structure interactions, such as the flow around an
aircraft wing or the motion of a floating object in a fluid
• Multiphase flows, such as the flow of a gas and a liquid
through a pipe
• Reacting systems, such as the combustion of fuel in an
engine
• Structural analysis, including stress and strain analysis
 LITERATURE SURVEY

1) Aerodynamic Design of a single stage Axial Flow

Compressor using CFD approach
Author: Kiran D Chaudhary, Prof. Dr. N. A. Wankhede.
Observation:
• The prime requirement of Gas turbine engine
manufacturers is efficiency and power to weight ratio.
To increase maximum pressure in compressor. It can be
achieved by running the compressor at higher speed.
• It results in the either high subsonic or transonic flow.
But the sonic flow creates high losses in the cascade
because of the formation of shock waves.
 • Cascade losses and efficiency: The static pressure rise
through a compressor cascade depends on the
deflection of the fluid through it. Therefore, a maximum
value of the fluid deflection is desirable, but on account
of stalling and the associated cascade losses, this is
carefully chosen.
tip speed 167.7 m/s.
pressure rise 1.21
Number of rotations 14800 RPM
power 276.5 KW

Research gap:
• The current trend in compressors is to design an
optimized blade with minimal pressure loss and higher-
pressure ratio.
• However, it is possible in two ways, increase the
maximum combustion temperature and increase
maximum pressure in compressor.
• The former is limited to the turbine inlet
temperature and turbine blade material.

2) Aerodynamic Performance of Low-Speed Axial Flow

Compressor Rotors with Sweep and Tip Clearance

Author: P. V. Ramakrishna and M. Govardhan

Abstract:
• The study investigates the aerodynamic performance
of low-speed axial flow compressor rotors, focusing on
the combined effects of blade sweep and tip clearance.
• The main objectives include examining how different
sweep configurations (0° and 20°) and varying levels of
 tip clearance impact various flow characteristics,
including total pressure rise, efficiency, and the
formation of tip clearance vortices.
• The computational simulations are conducted using the
ANSYS and the findings aim to provide insights into the
design improvements that can enhance compressor
rotor performance.
Observation:
• The study concludes that the effects of tip clearance are
more in swept rotors compared to unswept rotors,
impacting total pressure rise and efficiency.
• The swept blade design effectively guides boundary
layer fluid towards the trailing edge, reducing fluid
accumulation near the tip and enhancing performance.
• However, the presence of tip clearance significantly
increases losses, particularly in swept rotors.
• The results indicate that swept rotors prevent the radial
migration of low-energy boundary layer fluid towards
the casing, which is favorable for maintaining a higher
stall margin. Overall, while blade sweep offers
performance benefits, managing tip clearance is crucial
to maximizing these advantages.
• Overall, while blade sweep offers performance benefits,
managing tip clearance is crucial to maximizing these
advantages.

Research Gap:
• The study fills this gap by focusing on how these two
factors interact, particularly their influence on boundary
layer fluid behavior near the blade tip, pressure rise,
and the formation of clearance vortices.
• This combined approach aims to enhance the
understanding of complex flow phenomena in axial flow
compressors and contribute to optimizing rotor designs
for better efficiency and stall margins. The study on
 Unsteady Flow Analysis and Detailed Analysis of Tip
Leakage Vortex Dynamics

3) Span wise Mixing in Axial-Flow Turbomachines

Author: G.G. Adkins, Jr. L. H. Smith, Jr.
Abstract:
• The study explores span wise mixing in axial-flow
turbomachines, focusing on the secondary flow
phenomena that cause fluid movement across the span
of a machine (from hub to tip or vice versa).
• The research uses an approximate method that
integrates effects such as non-free-vortex flow, end-wall
boundary layers, blade boundary layers, and tip
clearances.

Observation:
• The study concludes that secondary flows significantly
influence the overall flow process in axial-flow
turbomachines, particularly in machines with low
aspect ratios and high aerodynamic loadings.
• The developed method provides a way to account for
these effects in design calculations, helping to better
match theoretical predictions with observed data.
• However, the complexity of mixing and secondary flow
phenomena suggests that further development and
refinement of the models are needed to enhance their
accuracy and applicability, particularly in conditions
deviating from the idealized scenarios considered in the
study.

Research Gap:

• The study depends on inviscid, small-perturbation

secondary flow theory, which does not account for
viscous effects.
 • This limitation restricts the model's accuracy,
particularly in regions with significant flow
separation or high frictional losses. The current
model uses an oversimplified approach for blade
boundary layer and wake centrifugation, which does
not fully capture the complex interactions and
behaviors in these regions. The model is mainly
applicable to near-peak efficiency or design-point
conditions, limiting its use in off-design scenarios
where performance degradation is more
pronounced.

4) DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF AN AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR

FOR INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE
Author: Nilesh P. Salunke1, S. A. Channiwala2, Juned A. R. A3
Abstract:
• There are several options to improve the design but it
requires enormous time and effort, as each step of
designing and analysis is pretty time consuming.
• Modeling was performed using 1D and 2D simulations,
as the loss parameters were in limits blade modeling
was done using blade profiling and 2D analysis. 3D
simulation both CFD and FEA were performed.
Observations:
• The study employs 1D, 2D, and 3D simulations, along
with CFD and FEA tools, to evaluate and optimize
design, demonstrating the importance of simulation in
the design process.
• The optimized design provided a wide stall margin and
low loss coefficients, showcasing efficiency under
different speed and flow conditions.
• Compressor performances validation on preliminary
design phase: PD MAP is the tool to calculate
 compressor curves necessary for initial compressor
characteristics assessment.
• The performance characteristic curve obtained in
AXMAP it indicates the compressor is matching the
performance i.e. delivering the given mass of air at
designed outlet pressure not only this, the compressor
having sufficiently wide range for stall and choke
margin.
Research Gap:
Diffusion Factor and Stall Prediction: The crucial questions for
all compressor designer are how to predict, where (at which
rows) stall possibility is highest for current operating mode.
3D STRUCTURAL AND MODAL ANALYSIS
5) Performance Evaluation of Axial Flow Compressor Using
Stages Characteristics
Author: Avwunuketa, Ayedun Alex, Adamu, Mohamed
Lawal²,Ajao,Tofunmi Ayodele³
Abstract:
• The performance characteristics of axial flow
compressors due to variation in size of blade, pressure,
and temperature and shaft rotational speed determined
the output variables such as work output and efficiency.
• The performance depends upon the blade diameter,
mass flow rate, density of the flowing fluid, stage
pressure ratio, stage delivering pressure and
temperature. For the axial compressor to deliver
compressed air to the combustor for onward delivery to
the turbine, each stage should be able to attain a better
performance that is better than the preceding stage.
6) Influence of the Blading Huff Surface Roughness on the
Aerodynamic Behavior and Characteristic of an Axial
Compressor
Author: K. Bammert G. U. Woelk
ABSTRACT:
• For low flow losses, the roughness values of the blade
surface must be below certain limits.
• The efficiency of energy conversion in a turbo machine
is influenced in great measure by the surface quality of
the blade.
• Roughness of blading, influence the deflection
properties and loss coefficients of the cascades and
cause considerable changes in the operating data—such
as mass flow rate, pressure ratio and efficiency—and
narrow the operating range of the machine

Observation:
• The effects of soiling, corrosion and erosion can be
reduced and the life of the blading can be increased by
filtering.
• Surface roughness on axial compressor blades
significantly impacts the compressor’s aerodynamic
behavior, causing increased flow losses, reduced
efficiency, and narrowing the operating range.
• Rough blades lead to decreased mass flow rate,
pressure ratio, and efficiency.
• Increased roughness results in formation of the
boundary layer, which can lead to flow separation.
Research Gap:
 • The research could benefit from an exploration of how
different operating environments (e.g., corrosive gases,
dust-laden air) contribute to roughening, which would
help in designing more robust blade surfaces.
• The study focuses on uniform roughness across the
blades, but non-uniform roughness (which may occur
due to erosion or partial soiling) is not explored in
depth.

7) Behavior of Tip Leakage Flow behind an Axial Compressor

Rotor
Author: M. inoue IVI. Kuroumaru M. Fukuhara
Abstract:
• Performance testing and detailed flow measurements
were made in an axial compressor rotor with various tip
clearances.The experiments were conducted on the
condition of the same incidence angle at midspan.

Observations:
• In experimental studies has been concerned with the
better understanding of the complex inviscid and
viscous effects in the casing boundary-layer flow.
• The experiments were done at the flow rate
corresponding to the same incidence angle of the rotor
blade in the middle span (not at the same flow rate) to
get rid of the effect of incidence variation caused by
boundary layer blockage.

8) Design and Analysis of Axial Flow Compressor Blade

Using Different Aspect Ratios with Different Materials
Author:[1] K. Sravanmathur, [2] R. Murugan, [3] V.S.
Hariharan
ABSTRACT:
 • Axial flow compressors are the fluid pumping
machinery where the fluid enters and exits axially to
the rotor axis.
• In this paper, the CFD analysis is done under
turbulent conditions to verify flow characteristics by
applying mass flow rate, inlet pressures, velocity and
Compressor blade is designed by varying aspect
ratio (blade height to axial chord length) where the
blade height is kept constantly. (The analysis is done
at aspect ratio value of 1 and 2).
• The materials used for designing the compressor
blades are titanium alloys, chromium-plated steel,
and nickel alloys.
• This paper describes the effect of aspect ratio by
using Ansys to investigate the influence of aspect
ratio on single state sonic compressor.

Observation:
• The value of velocity is lower for AR1 and higher
velocity for AR2. That means velocity is increasing
with aspect ratio.
• More pressure for AR1 and lower for AR2. Pressure
is decreasing with increase in aspect ratio. Mass
flow rate is higher for AR2 compared to AR1.
• In other words, we can say that the mass flow rate is
decreasing with decrease in aspect ratio.
• Deformation values (stress) depend on the material
used in the blades. Titanium alloys have minimum
deformation compared to others materials (nickel
alloys, chromium steel).
RESEARCH GAP:
• The former is limited to the turbine inlet temperature
and turbine blade material.
 • The study fills this gap by focusing on how these two
factors interact, particularly their influence on boundary
layer fluid behavior near the blade tip, pressure rise.
• Limited Analysis of Off-Design Performance.
• Lack of Detailed Flow Visualization Analysis.
• Limited Investigation of Blade Design Variations.

9) The Effect of Pressure ratio on the Compression work

done by an Axial flow Compressors
Author: Ekong, Godwin I.
ABSTRACT:
• The axial compressor is designed and adapted in such a
way that the air intake unit and the compression unit
carried out work simultaneously thereby minimizing
delayed time and enhancing pressure analysis.
• The key principle unit of the compressor namely intake,
stator, blade, shaft, and casing are designed for efficient
operation, ease of assembly, and disassembly.
• An in-house axial compressor designed and
constructed to analyze the performance of the axial
flow compressor which is critical to the operation of
commercial civil aero-engines both for mechanical
integrity and performance is employed for this study.
Observation:
• The application of Ideal Final Results in the
Establishment and Management of a Cold storage
facility for rural areas, were applied in the design and
the selection of materials for manufacturing of the in-
house axial compressor.
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which is a thermoplastic
polymer was used at the inlet of the compressor

10) Axial flow compressor design

Author: S. J. Gallimore
 Abstract: To write a short paper on axial flow compressor
design. To simplify this paper the design process can,
somewhat artificially, be split into roughly four stages:
preliminary design, through flow design, blading design (two-
dimensional) and blading design (three-dimensional).
Observations:
• The most important phenomena in compressors, stall,
or surge, has not been touched upon. It is now
generally accepted that stall occurs in compressors
when the flow breaks down under increasing adverse
pressure gradients.
• Two types of breakdowns have been identified, one
associated with a short length scale disturbance known
as a ‘spike’, and the other identified with a longer length
scale known as a ‘modal oscillation’.
• The ‘modal oscillations’ are related to an instability of
the whole compression system while the ‘spike’ type of
instability can be related to a more local disturbance in
the flow, commonly caused by high incidence at a rotor
tip.
• This breakdown occurs near rotor tips in discrete
patches which rotate in the same direction as the rotor
but at between 30 and 70 per cent of the rotor speed.
• This is called part span rotating stall and can have more
than one stall cell initially but as the stall develops, they
tend to coalesce into one cell.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN:
• The basic inputs to the design will be requirements for a
certain flow capacity, pressure ratio, efficiency, and
surge margin for a range of engine operating points.
• The basic tools to deal with this part of the design are
mean line performance prediction programs.

THROUGHFLOW DESIGN:
 • This means introducing the radial or span wise
dimension into the design using a through flow
procedure.
• The simplest of these again does not include the major,
significant flow features for similar reasons to the
preliminary design methods.
• In the simplest through flow methods the effect of the
end wall boundary layers is included by specifying a
blockage and extra loss in the calculations.
• BLADING DESIGN (TWO-DIMENSIONAL)

Research Gap:
• The lack of predictive capability permeates through the
whole design process down to the fine details of three-
dimensional and unsteady flow behavior and
necessitates the skill and judgement of the engineer at
every step.
• Notwithstanding this, there have been significant
improvements in the predictive capability available to
the designer.
• However, it may be judged from the preceding
description of the phenomenon that predicting stall
onset is a difficult task and remains one of the biggest
challenges to research into compressor aerodynamics.
11) Design and CFD analysis of multistage AFC

Author: Lakshya Kumar, Dilipkumar B

Observations:

• the entry to R1, pressure rise is nearly constant over the

50% of the chord for CP (Choked point), DP (Design
point) and NS (Numerical stall) due to rapid acceleration
of the flow.
• Again, at the entry to R2 and R3 there is a sudden dip in
the pressure due to rotor LE acceleration followed by
steep diffusion in rest of the rotor part for DP and NS.
• R1 has huge flow reversal till 60% span for CP and DP
which increases at NS almost
• till 85 % span with spike in total pressure near the blade
tip regionR2 exit profiles have similar distribution over
• the entire span for all three conditions with flow
reversal up to 75% of span. R3 exit has almost uniform
total
• pressure distribution for CP except end-wall region.

12) Parametric study on axial compressor performance in

design condition

Author: Sarallah Abbasi, and Ali Joodaki

Observations:

• Blade sweep angle increasing the blade sweep angle

causes improving the flow behavior in axial fan and
reducing it, having a completely contrary result.
increasing the sweep angle leads to enhance efficiency
and pressure ratio.
 • Velocity distribution is more sensitive to the blades
sweep angle relative to efficiency and the pressure
ratio.
• Thickness of blade profile: The effect of the thickness
on the hub is greater than the thickness of the tip, and
its increase leads to reduce both efficiency and pressure
ratio.
• Number of blades: the velocity minimum occurs in the
stator, and with reducing the blades number the
minimum velocity decreases.

13) Axial-Flow Compressor Performance Prediction in

Design and Off-Design Conditions through 1-D and 3-D
Modeling and Experimental Study Journal of Applied Fluid
Mechanics
Author: Peyvan and A. H. Benisi
Observations:
• Comparison between one-dimensional modeling results
with experimental results shows good agreements for
different rotational speeds.
• Maximum performance prediction difference for
pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency are 2.1 and 3.4
percent respectively.
• Due to the fact that the experimental results are
obtained for a compressor, which is affected by other
components of the engine, working inside a gas turbine
engine, it can be concluded that the 1D modeling
sufficiently predict the performance of a compressor
while working in an assembly.

14) DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AXIAL FLOW

COMPRESSOR2020 JETIR
Author: NADIPENNAGARI PEDDA VENKATESWARLU
Observations:
 • In this theory, a pivotal stream blower is planned and
displayed in 3D.
• The current plan has 30 edges, in this proposal it is
supplanted with 20 edges and 12 cutting edges.
• Titanium combination and Nickel compound are high
quality materials than Chromium Steel. The thickness of
Titanium composite is not as much as that of Chromium
Steel and Nickel amalgam. So, utilizing Titanium
compound for blower edge diminishes the heaviness of
the blower Structural investigation is done on the
blower models to confirm the quality of the blower.
• The pressure esteem is less for titanium composite than
Nickel combination.

S.N TITLE OBSERVATION

.
1. Aerodynamic Design of a To increase maximum pressure in
single stage Axial Flow compressor. It can be achieved by
Compressor using CFD running the compressor at higher
approach speed.

2. Aerodynamic Performance of However, the presence of tip

Low-Speed Axial Flow clearance significantly increases
Compressor Rotors with losses, particularly in swept rotors.
Sweep and Tip Clearance

3. Span wise Mixing in Axial- The study concludes that

Flow Turbomachines secondary flows significantly
influence the overall flow process in
axial-flow turbomachines,
particularly in machines with low
aspect ratios and high aerodynamic
 loadings.

4. Design Optimization of An The study employs 1D, 2D, and 3D

Axial Flow Compressor for simulations, along with CFD and
Industrial Gas Turbine FEA tools, to evaluate and optimize
design, demonstrating the
importance of simulation in the
design process.

5. Off-design performances A fundamental requirement for th

calculations with ax map analysis of compressor performanc
using the foregoing procedure is
means of estimating the turning an
losses as the fluid passes throug
successive blade rows.
6. Performance Evaluation of Axial For the axial compressor to deliv
Flow Compressor Using Stages compressed air to the combustor f
Characteristics onward delivery to the turbine, eac
stage should be able to attain a bett
performance that is better than th
preceding stage.
7. Influence of the Blading Huff Surface roughness on axial compress
Surface Roughness on the blades significantly impacts th
Aerodynamic Behavior and compressor’s aerodynamic behavio
Characteristic of an Axial
Compressor
causing increased flow losses, reduce
efficiency, and narrowing the operatin
range.

8. Behavior of Tip Leakage Flow In experimental studies has bee

behind an Axial Compressor concerned with the bett
Rotor understanding of the complex invisc
and viscous effects in the casin
boundary-layer flow.

9. Design and analysis of axial The value of velocity is lower for AR

flow Compressor Blade and higher velocity for AR2. Th
Using different aspect ratios means velocity is increasing wi
with different materials aspect ratio.

10. The Influence of the Blading The most important phenomena

Huff Surface Roughness on compressors, stall, or surge, has n
the Aerodynamic Behavior been touched upon. It is now genera
and Characteristic of an Axial accepted that stall occurs
Compressor compressors when the flow brea
down under increasing adver
pressure gradients.

11. Design and CFD analysis of the entry to R1, pressure rise is near
 multistage AFC constant over the 50% of the chord f
CP (Choked point), DP (Design poin
and NS (Numerical stall) due to rap
acceleration of the flow.

12. Axial flow compressor The most important phenomena

design compressors, stall, or surge, has n
been touched upon. It is now genera
accepted that stall occurs
compressors when the flow brea
down under increasing adver
pressure gradients.

13. The Role of Tip Leakage In this study, detailed flo

Vortex Breakdown in measurements were made before an
Compressor Rotor behind an axial-flow rotor with vario
Aerodynamics tip clearances to investigate th
clearance effect

14. Design and optimization Titanium combination and Nickel

of axial flow compound are high quality materials than
compressor2020 jetir Chromium Steel. The thickness of Titanium
composite is not as much as that of
Chromium Steel and Nickel amalgam. So,
utilizing Titanium compound for blower
edge diminishes the heaviness of the
blower Structural investigation is done on
the blower models to confirm the quality of
the blower.

15. Aerodynamic Analysis Increase the blade angle at hub to bring

 of Multistage the incidence at negative zone for better
Turbomachinery Flows operating range.
in Support of
Aerodynamic Design
16. Axial-Flow Compressor In one dimensional model the mass,
Performance Prediction momentum and energy conservation
in Design and Off-Design equations and ideal gas equation of state
Conditions through 1-D are solved in mean line at three axial
and 3-D Modeling and stations including rotor inlet, rotor outlet
Experimental Study and stator outlet
17. Using forward end- At the hub region, on one aspect, forward
sweep to reduce end sweep reduces both the peak Mach
transonic cantilevered number and the size of the high-Ma region
stator losses to improve of the blade suction surface, thus
compressor decreasing the shock loss near the hub.
performance

18. The Effect of Pressure The application of Ideal Final Results in the
ratio on the Establishment and Management of a Cold
Compression work done storage facility for rural areas, were applied
by an Axial flow in the design and the selection of materials
Compressors for manufacturing of the in-house axial
compressor.

Nomenclature
1) α - Absolute flow angle
2) Β - Relative flow angle
3) C - Absolute flow velocity
4) w - Relative flow velocity
5) U - Blade velocity
6) Ca - Axial velocity
7) Cθ, Wθ – Swirl or whirl component of velocity
8) T0 - Stagnation temperature
9) P0 - Stagnation Pressure

Velocity Triangle for a compressor stage

 Calculation Analytical
Ca = 150 m/s α1 = 25° R = 50 %
Dm = 0.624m
T0 = 288 k N = 10,000 rpm Cp = 1005 J/kg
k Y= 1.4
dt = 0.47 m dh = 0.5
dt
dh = 0.5 x 0.47 = 0.235 m
dm = dh + dt = 0.47 + 0.235 = 0.3525 m
2 2

m = ρ ACa
20 = ρ (2 Π rm x h) Ca
20 = 1.066 x 2 x Π 0.3525h x 150
2
h = 0.112946 m

U = Π DmN = Π ×0.3525×10000 = 184.56 m/s

60 60
C1 = Ca = 150 = 165.9423 m/s
cosα1 cos25°

Cθ1 = C1 sinα1 = 165. 9423×sin25° = 69.9423m/s

T1 = T01 − C1² = 288− (165.50) ²

2Cp 2×1005
T1 = 288 − 13.629 = 274.37K
R = Ca [ tanβ1 + tanβ2 ]
2U
[ α1 = β2 ]
0.5 = Ca [ tanβ1 + tan25° ]
2U
0.5 = 150 [ tanβ1 + tan25° ]
2×184.56
tanβ1 = 1.2304 − 0.4663
∴ β1 = 37.4°
tanβ1 = 0.7641

C1 = Ca = 150 = 188.7679 m/s

cosα1 cos37.4°

( )
y
T1
P1 = T 01
y−⊥

P01
P1 = 1 × ( 288 )
1⋅ 4
274.37 0.4

P1 = 0.84 bar or 0.84×10 pascal 5

ρ1 = P1 = 0.84×10^5 = 1.066 kg/m³

RT1 287×274.37

Seven Stage ;

( P 07
P 06 )x( P 05 ) x ( P 04 ) x( PP 0403 ) x ( P 02 ) x( P 01 )=4.3
P0 6 P05 P0 3 P02

( PP01 )=¿ 4.3

02 0.166
= 1.275

( )
y
P 02 T 02 y−⊥
( )=¿
P 01 T 01

∴
T 02
T02 = 302.71 K
0⋅ 4
( 1.275 ) 1.4 = T 01
 METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS

REVIEW LITERATURE AND RESEARCH PAPERS.

IDENTIFY THE ACCOMPANY WITH THE JET

PROBLEM ENGINE
 ACCQUIRE DATA
DEFINE RESEARCH GAP
AND IDENTIFY PROBLEM
STATEMENT.

SELECTION OF ENGINE FOR

COPTIMIZING
PERFORMANCE.

OBTAIN INFORMATIONOF
ENGINE COMPRESSOR.

ANALYSE

OPTIMIZE

COMPARE
 ANALYSE ENGINE PARAMETER
BASED ON VELOCITY TRIANGLE

OBTAIN ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OR

NUMERICAL SIMULATION

COMPARE WITH THE BASE PAPER FOR VALIDATION

METHODOLOGY DESIGN AND SIMULATION

SELECTION OF BLADE GEOMETRY DESIGN

SELECTION OF AIR, BLADE, MESH GENERATION

AND STAGGER ANGLE.
FLOW ANALYSIS DEFINE BOUNDARY LAYER
(INITIAL CONDITIONS)

OBTAIN RESULT AND VALIDATE.

 CONCLUSION
comparative to upper surface.

In conclusion, the simulation over the double wedge

airfoil
provides valuable insights into its aerodynamic
characteristics. Through the analysis of pressure, velocity,
and Mach number, we can understand its performance
across different angles of attack and flow conditions. The
thin airfoil shape with sharp leading and trailing edges is
effective at directing the flow of shock waves and reducing
their strength, which is crucial for maintaining lift and
reducing drag Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics
of these airfoils change with different AOA and Mach
numbers, and they can be optimized with the use of
computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) analysis to improve performance.
 REFERENCES
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Study of Effect of Sweep on the Performance and Flow Field in an
Axial Flow Compressor Rotor. I.MechE Part A: Journal of Power and
Energy 221:315–329.
2) Lakshminarayana B, Pouagare M, Davino R (1982). Three-
Dimensional Flow Field in the Tip Region of a Compressor Rotor
Passage— Part 1: Mean Velocity Profiles and Annulus Wall
Boundary Layer. Transactions of ASME 104:760–771.
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General Electric Company Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
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Mechanical Engineering, Power Division, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan