Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV 2021).

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21ONG-ART; 978-0-7381-1183-4

IoT Based Smart Agriculture Automation in Artificial

2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV) | 978-1-6654-1960-4/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICV50876.2021.9388578

Intelligence
Kumar Parasuraman Udayakumar Anandan Anbarasakumar Anbarasan
Assistant Professor Research Scholar Assistant Professor
Centre for Information Technology and Centre for Information Technology and Department of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Manonmaniam Sundaranar University VelTech University, Avadai, Chennai
Tirunelveli – 627 012, Tamil Nadu, India Tirunelveli – 627 012, Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu, India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract— In advanced smart farming and the Internet of

Things (IoT), conventional simple meters are extremely highly Intelligence
transmitted. In addition, it digitalizes the range of information,
the meter readings. The data can be transmitted far away that
manual works. The total population is expanding very fast and
the demand for food is increasing vigorously with the population.
Customary farmers' strategies are not sufficient to meet growing
demand and therefore need to hinder the soil by increasingly
Internet
using destructive pesticides. This has a lot to do with the farming
practice and in the end the soil remains unfertile. This article
addresses various classes of robotization, such as IoT, Wireless
Communications, Machine Learning, Depp Learning, and
Artificial Intelligence. There are a few areas that cause the
horticulture sector problems, including crop diseases, absence of
IoT IoT IoT
the board’s capacity, control of pesticides, weeds, non-attendance
Sensors Actuators Actuators Sensors Actuators
of the water framework and watering the board, and these Sensors

problems can be unraveled by previously mentioned various

methods. Today, problems like the use of harmful pesticides must Connectivity
be decoded seriously, Controlled water system, pollution control
Control Data
and rural climate impacts. The robotization of crop rehearsals
has proven to expand soil addition and has also enhanced the soil Acquisition Data

wealth. This article focuses to obtain a brief analysis on the

current execution of computerization in agribusiness by various
Fig 1: IoT Architecture
specialists, it also discusses about a proposed framework that can
be actualized in plant ranch for blossom and leaf distinguishing
proof and watering utilizing IoT.
Structural systems and the main adaptation of the Internet
Keywords— Internet of Things (IoT), smart agriculture, making it more useful is the inspiration behind IoT. With IoT,
Wireless Communications, Machine learning, Artificial consumers in the real-world can exchange both data supplied
Intelligence and Deep learning. by individuals found in data sets and data provided by objects.
Depict the IoT as the association of physical things to the
I. INTRODUCTION Internet and to one another for different helpful purposes
through various clever advancements, making shrewd
As a rule, there are a wide range of collections of environment of inescapable processing [2]. It can likewise be
individuals that have characterized the term, despite the fact depicted as remembering implanted insight for singular articles
that its underlying use has been credited to a specialist on that can see changes in their physical state. The basic meaning
advanced development. In both definitions, a typical notion is of IoT is that PCs, sensors, and items associate with one
that the primary type of the Internet was information produced another and cycle information, accordingly can express that
by individuals, while information created by objects is the IoT is another innovation framework joined of various data
following version. Internet of Things (IoT) was commonly advances. The Internet of Things consolidates various
characterized as "dynamic worldwide organization framework advancements into a semi-self-sufficient organization [3]. It
with self-arranging capacities dependent on norms and interfaces singular gadgets to the organization and to one
interoperable correspondence shows; physical and virtual another. Besides, in the enterprise, there are regulatory structures
'things' in an IoT have characters and attributes and are that acts as minds of the information planning system by
prepared for using savvy interfaces and being joined as an breaking down using the information gathered by relevant
information association. gadgets to make decisions and begin operations from similar or

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV 2021).
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Distinct gadgets. IoT aims to allow us, through the use of the Increase in the demand for food. India is a rich food supply,
network, to differentiate mean, navigate and track items at any India For species in particular. One of the most responsive
and every location. The interconnected gadget organizations sectors in the Indian economy is agriculture, which helps every
can bring about countless clever and self-governing other sector and expands its relevance in many areas. A highly
applications and administrations bringing critical individual, important emphasis is the actualization of the mechanization
proficient, and monetary advantages [4]. of agriculture by the advent of automation in other regions.
Pressure will increase in the agricultural sector with human
Savvy situations are intended to misuse rich blends of tiny
population growth and therefore agriculture-technology and
technological hubs to identify and communicate personalized
precision agriculture have become highly attractive today. They
administration to the customer while collaborating and
are often known by the use of advanced PC systems to
exchanging climate data. The ingenuity of IoTs can be used to
recognize different parameters such as weed detection. They
build brilliant homes to provide visibility, comfort and
are called advanced farming Seeming expectations, discovery of
improve the quality of our lives. “Shrewd home” can be
yield, crop efficiency and many more machine learning
described as a home that is computerized by the use of the
technologies.
Internet of Things that advances and is fit to adapt to the needs
of the inhabitants, giving them convenience, protection [5[,
well-being, and pleasure.. Later, the IoT will expect massive
applications for home and business, enhancing personal
satisfaction and the global economy. With IoT, it is imaginable
to view and monitor electrical devices introduced in your home
remotely anywhere on the world.
For instances, Savvy houses may inspire their residents to
open their carports naturally when they arrive at home, set up
their espresso, and monitor cooling frames, shrewd TVs, and Fig 2: Convolution Layer
assorted home appliances. Brilliant gadgets and mechanization
systems make up Smart agriculture, anything connected to the
assistance of the Website. Straightforward agri-robotization II. LITERATURE REVIEW
uses clocks and timepieces to empower wanted operations, but In the summary of the industrial revolution, 4.0, a finite
genius home engineering will cope with more mind-boggling number of energy utilized is a matter of considerable
tasks and activate gadgets that rely on the contribution of importance, whether the use of water or the use of minerals
various gadgets. This task proposes an original thought of the from ores all this has an indirect impact on our lives [9]. With
savvy agri. This energy robbery discovery calculation is more
reduced supply of energy and increased demand, prices have
effective and solid contrasted with past strategies. The energy
checking system was introduced in a real house in Singapore increased.
due to a non-nosy strategy for information assortment. The Upgrading and hence sustainable usage is required.
gathered information incorporates Time arrangement Similarly, in the case of Farming, where the need is to feed a
information power utilization from a non-controlled genuine vast amount of consumers, any kind of loss at any point proves
climate [6]. Artificial intelligence has invaded in clinical to be a big loss for both the economy and the consumer [10]. In
science, guidance, cash, farming, industry, security, and
addition, there is a shortage of research evidence in this area.
various different areas. AI implementation includes the
machine learning cycle. In this area of AI "Machine learning" The key impetus is to introduce IoT and Machine Applied
it brings us to a subset. Farming to India, to expand the scientific application of AI and
Machine Learning to farmers, researchers and governments
Machine learning is intended solely to take care of the [11].
machine by providing information from past experience and
statistical information to solve a specific problem. Numerous
A. Existing System
applications exist today, which including the dissection of
information from past experience, acknowledgement of speech There are huge volumes of data getting made each day in
and face, expectations of weather, and clinical diagnosis [7]. coordinated and unstructured association. This data on the
The field of huge information and information science has configuration of the atmosphere, soil reports, new discovery,
progressed to such an extraordinary degree thanks to machine precipitation, vulnerability to bother attack, robotic and
learning. Machine study is a mathematical way in which canny camera imaging. IoT arrangements relating to knowledge
machines can be handled. By remembering the same idea for would recognize, see and yield adroit answers for overhaul crop
the human brain's work, the ANN technique was designed. yields. There are two basic advances passed on for shrewd data
Various algorithms are in place of the usual computational task blend, in particular nearness and distant detecting. The huge
[8], such as the training of this special task. This article covers
utilization of this significant standard data is for attempting the
connections to the agriculture sector which make implanted
and AI systems reasonable. The use in agriculture of AI and dirt. Rather than far off detecting, closeness detecting needn't
master systems is a barely distinguished subject. The mess with sensors to be consolidated with flying or satellite
population grows at a high rate, which is demonstrated by the systems; It just incorporates sensors that are in contact with the
dirt at a short distance [12]. This advances the portrayal of soil
dependent on the earth beneath the surface

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV 2021).
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at a specific district.. The hardware arrangements like Robot Action. Data took care of drone picture could produce
(stressed to crops like corn) has starting at now began continuous alerts that would speed up precision farming.
coordinating programming that accumulate data with cutting Company drone makers such as Aerialtronics have approved
edge mechanics to develop the best excrement for the IBM Watson IoT Platform and Fig 1. Depicts the Visual
improvement of corns in to intensifying the most possible Processing APIs for continuous photography. In order to
harvest yield. ensure image recognition and analysis as per the following,
any field of computer vision technologies can be used to
An agro-put together nation depends with respect to
ensure that plant leaf images are divided into surface areas
horticulture for its monetary development. at the point, a
such as the base, the disessed zone, and the non-diseased leaf
notion’s population expands dependency on horticulture and
area. The infected or diseased area is then updated and sent out
the subsequent monetary growth of the nation. In this case, the
of the testing facility for further conclusion. This further leads to
crop yield rate plays a critical role in the nations’s financial
the assessment of nuisance and the diagnosis of lack of
development [13]. In this way, there is a need to increment crop
supplementation.
yield rate. Some organic approaches (for example seed nature
of the crop, crop hybridization, solid pesticides) and some
chemical approaches (for example utilization of manure, urea, III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
and potash) are done to settle this issue. In expansion to these
approaches, a crop sequencing strategy is needed to improve
the net yield pace of the crop over the season. One of existing
framework recognized is Crop Selection Method (CSM) to
accomplish a net yield pace of crops over the season. In case of
CSM is to show how it helps ranchers in accomplishing more
yields [14]. Essentially, in crop selection method utilizes
procedure where it suggests distinctive arrangement of crops
for same zone throughout the long term. There are different
choices are accessible to choose for ranchers. They can pick
one of the choices and watch the outcomes. Precision farming
is one of the most disserted fields of agriculture today in the
new world scenario. Drone imaging can help with a detailed
field analysis, weed management and field testing.
Fig.5 Architecture Diagram
B. System Model

A. Data Collection Module

Dataset must have following attributes

Fig 3: Block Diagram ƒ Soil Parameters:

ƒ Soil Type
ƒ Soil Ph value
ƒ Climatic Parameters:
ƒ Humidity
ƒ Temperature
ƒ Wind
ƒ Rainfall
ƒ Production
ƒ Cost of cultivation
In this task, the previous year provided information for that
zone, fulfilling crop expectations for the level of the field. So
the main point is to discover the dataset containing subtleties
of formation from the past 10 -12 years, as well as subtleties
of climatic boundaries and soil boundaries such as
precipitation, temperature, dampness, content of the soil, and
Fig 4: Total Cop Yields in India so on. Through the use of various classifiers on the specified
dataset [15], these variables can aid in the crop forecast.
A combination of machine vision technologies, drone data
Consequently, different variables are surveyed and the elements
and IoT will figure out that ranchers are taking swift
unequivocally prompting precise expectation of the crops. The
dataset that is

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Utilized should be pre-handled in light of the fact that of the Cognitive arrangements suggest the farmers on the most
presence of excess ascribes noisy data in it. Data cleaning ideal selection of crops and cross breed seeds which are
operation is initially conducted where Fig 2 shows that repetitive grounded on different boundaries like soil condition, weather
components are resolved and are not taken into account for crop forecast, type of seeds and pest infestation in a particular
prediction. Here, over 18 which have the same characteristics for territory [16]. Customized plans rely on the pre-requisite
all the employees or are random for the task of prediction. As a homestead, local requirements and knowledge on successful
major aspect of the exploratory data examination, the cultivation in the past. Other external considerations, such as
downright factors are part and are doled out qualities as 0 and trends in the commercial centre, crop prices, purchaser needs,
1 dependent on whether the factor is present or not. These doled preconditions and feeling, can also be taken into account to
out qualities aid further order dependent on that specific factor. enable farmers to take informed decisions. Remote sensing
(RS) techniques alongside hyper-ghost imaging and 3D laser
scanning are important for the production of crop
measurements over thousands of portions of arable land. It has
the ability to present a transformative shift in how farmers
track agriculture from the perspective of both time and effort.
In addition, this advance can be used to track crops during
their life cycle, recalling, for example, the beginning of the
study of anomalies. Multi-Layer Preceptor (MLP) Predicting
Processes, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Multi-Layer
Perception (MLP).

Fig 6: Agriculture IoT Cluster Production

B. Prediction Model
Photographs of different yields caught under white light
and UVA light are utilized to confirm how prepared the green
organic products. From this experiments could have various
degrees of plenitude in the fruit or vegetable segment. At that
point, add them in the various stacks before they are put on the
market. Fig 8: Actual Vs Predicated Score of crop yields

Fig 7: Year Wise Crop Report

Fig 9: Indian State wise Report

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Multi-Layer perception (MLP) The best new strategy for results can be found in the
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are frequently called association with the use of the covered layer work. The power
multi-layer perception (MLP) to speak to the most helpful sort of MLP desire limit starts from the ability to pick up from
of neural organization [17]. It is propelled by the organic planning data and relating the best testing data to the given
engineering of the mind which can be utilized to comprehend yield data in a reformist or multi-layered structure of the
troublesome computational undertakings. The objective is association [18]. It uses managed learning Strategy got back to
creating vigorous calculations and information structures that spread for preparing the organization. Because of its
can be utilized to tackle troublesome issues. The details of the mainstream capacity to tackle troublesome issues, an
MLP are characterized as follows: assortment of MLP was made to upgrade the outcome for
various sorts of issue.
nn k
H out nk

¦ ¦ Xn.Wnk  [1]
i 1i 1
nn k§  
Y V(
n ¦ ¦ ¨
H out nk .Enk ¸·) [2]
i 1i 1 © ¹


Where, X_n: Input information, Y_n : Prediction yield,
H_((out(nk) ) ): Hidden layer yield, W_nk : Input to-concealed
layer loads, β_nk: Hidden-to-yield layer loads, and σ :
Activation work

Fig 12. Cost of cultivation and yields

Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
RNNs are a variety of fake neural organization that was
programmed to learn informative patterns, such as
mathematical timing information, images and text. It is an
exceptional type of neural association that has been utilized in
businesses, for example, sensors, securities markets, and
government departments [19].
RNN transforms independent activations into dependent
activations by supplying the same weights and preferences
Fig 10: Model Performance Score of crop yields across all layers, thereby reducing the difficulty of increasing
parameters and memorizing each previous output by sending
each output as input to the Next layer that is hidden. Thus, the
weights and biases of each hidden layer can be joined together
in a single, recurring layer, in such a way that they are
identical.
For example, if there is a structure of three mathematical
qualities, the organization will unfold into a three-layer neural
organization that underpins a layer for each mathematical
attribute. The numerical equations in the RNN are as follows:

ht f ht 1, xt  [3]

yt Why.ht [4]

Fig 11: Crops Level in State wise

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Table 1: 2019 Crop Yields Domain List

Domain Area Element Item

Domain Area Element Item Year
Code Code Code Code
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 711 "Anise 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 515 Apples 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 526 Apricots 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 226 Areca nuts 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 486 Bananas 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 44 Barley 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 782 "Bastfibres 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 176 "Beans 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 414 "Beans 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 558 Berries nes 2019
Cabbages and other
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 358 2019
brassicas
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 426 Carrots and turnips 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 217 "Cashew nuts 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 125 Cassava 2019
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 265 Castor oil seed 2019
Cauliflowers and
QC Crops 100 India 5419 Yield 393 broccoli 2019

Table 2: Year Wise Crop Yield Average List

Crop 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Rice 100 101 99 105 112 121 117 110
Wheat 100 101 112 115 117 127 120 108
Coarse Cereals 100 107 110 115 113 123 122 136
Pulses 100 108 134 124 124 146 137 129
Vegetables 100 109 103 118 113 124 128 115
Fruits 100 99 99 98 102 104 114 119
Milk 100 97 98 98 98 112 123 124

"Eggs Fish and Meat" 100 102 101 100 99 116 133

Oilseeds 100 86 85 97 104 103 99 102

Sugarcane 100 96 91 87 80 81 109 107
Fibers 100 92 91 96 109 107 138 140
All Agriculture 100 99 101 104 106 115 123 122

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Where, t: time stage, x t: input data, ot: output expected, t: Forget Gatef t: chooses the details you want to throw in the
hidden status, U: weight input hidden, W: weight hidden to the block.
hidden, W: weight hidden to the hidden, V: weight of hidden to Input Gatei t: determines which input values can be used to
output, b. Concealed state s is viewed as the organization’s change the memory state.
memory, collecting the information on the circumstances that Output Gateo t: chooses yield dependent on the condition of
were the prime element of the RNN in all previous steps. o t is info and memory. Each square articulates to a smaller than
the expected yield depending exclusively on the current timing usual state machine where the entryways have loads learned
of the memory. RNN U, V, W RNN are consistent all through through the preparation cycle. This permits the advancement of
the cycle, not at all like customary neural organization where it enormous LSTMs to determine complex grouping issues and
is distinctive at each layer. This diminishes the number of produce ideal execution.
boundaries needed to be educated by playing out a similar
assignment at each time step along with various sources of info. IV. CONCLUSION
In the proposed work, a productive harvest proposal
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) framework utilizing classifier models were presented. The
framework is marketable as it very well may be utilized to test
on various harvests. From the yield diagrams the best season of
One of the appeals of RNNs is the likelihood that they may planting, plant development and collecting of plant can
have the alternative to interface past Current endeavor. RNNs likewise be discovered alongside expectation for crops. Choice
can learn and use the past information in situations where the tree shows terrible showing when datasets is having more
gap between the necessary data and the required location was varieties yet ANN gives preferable outcome over choice tree for
quite empty. Regardless, if the opening is gigantic, RNN can't such datasets. The combination characterization calculation like
interface the information for the learning cycle to kick in. In ANN and RNN classifier preferred to perform over utilization
order to handle long haul dependence issues, a unique sort of of a single classifier model. The crop detection algorithm
RNN called Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks were accuracy of 99.96%. Considerably, ANN strengthens the
made. Novel recurring network architecture in combination security of the Internet of Things (IoT) based on high- energy
with an effective gradient-based learning algorithm is frameworks that can be further applied in enterprise and
presented. LSTM is planned to solve these back-to-back issues. modern areas.
You can learn how to bridge time intervals of more than 1000
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Journal of ISMAC (2021)
Vol.03/ No.01
Pages: 1-15
http://irojournals.com/iroismac/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.1.001

Internet-of-Things (IoT) based Smart

Agriculture in India - An Overview
Dr. V. Suma
Professor,
Department of Information Science & Engineering,
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering,
Bangalore, India.

Abstract- The increasing global population demands improved production to provide food in all
sectors, especially in agriculture. Still, at certain periods, demand and supply will not match.
Managing and sustaining capital and manpower is still a demanding challenge for improving
agricultural production. Smart agriculture is a better option for growing food production,
resource management, and labour. This research provides an overview of predictive analysis,
Internet of Things (IoT) devices with cloud management, security units for multi-culture in the
agriculture sector with considering farmer’s prior experiences. And also highlights the challenges
and complications expected while integrating modern technology in the traditional farming
practice experience. Based on the statistical and quantitative approaches gives better
revolutionary changes in the current agriculture system. Besides, drone activation from IoT
encounters crop status and stages, irrigation, plant leaves diseases in the green field. The sensors
are activated for various purposes in IoT are discussed. Modern agriculture with state-of-the-art
IoT devices and concepts is the main objective of this research. The systematic evaluation
provides current and future trends in the agriculture sector.

Keywords: IoT, Smart agriculture, Agriculture robots

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1. INTRODUCTION

The fast-growing world population can be expected around 10 billion in the year 2060 as
per the survey [1]. However, the demand for food grain increases abruptly these years due to
population. Unfortunately, the food grain is indirectly proportional to growth in population. Food
production should be improved for this reason in coming years globally [2]. Figure 1 shows the
overview of IoT-based smart agriculture factors.

Figure 1 Overview of an agriculture IoT

The IoT has also recently given a strong impression of the agriculture sector with a wide
range of sensors used for various smart agriculture targets. The IoT applications are increased
exceedingly year by year. Figure 2 show monitoring control of IoT devices for smart agriculture.
Different sensors in the agriculture sector play a significant role in IoT technologies [3].

Figure 2 Smart agriculture with IoT Monitor

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Connecting multiple interconnected devices, such as several sensors, drivers and smart
objects, to mobile devices through the use of the Internet[4]. The sharing of information with
intelligent control and decision-making services consists of IoT services due to the many cloud-
based remote data acquisition. Such capabilities can provide efficient production to the smart
agriculture industry. The conventional approach of agriculture is to enhance modernized
cultivation with the exploration of the IoT region of interest in the agricultural field [5]. IoT
development has given heaps of advantages in all sectors over the last decade.

The IoT is a key element for the integration of scalable software, hardware, cost-effective
process, self-sustainable, and smart decision for smart farming. Figure 3 indicates different
measuring components for smart architecture. Scheduling including all activities such as
irrigation, plant growth, identification of disease by its leaf, and production management in the
smart agriculture sector [7].

Figure 3 Various measurement of smart architecture

In the overall situation, the cost is very reasonable for all farming solutions with IoT-
based smart agriculture. Researchers introduced several integrated advanced technologies to
increase productivity in the agricultural sector [8]. Therefore, in order to achieve the target
progressively, many new innovations can be combined with traditional farming. With multiple
sensors and described in green nature, the IoT can smartly build agriculture [9].

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2. ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH

The structure of the research article is organized as follows; Section 3 provides existing
research articles on IoT-based smart agriculture. Section 4 discusses the complication for the
implementation of modernizing agriculture and a solution is suggested for future trends
processing. Section 5 presents a description of various tests in real-time agriculture. Section 6
concludes the research work along with the future scope.

3. RELATED WORKS
S. Sivachandran et.al suggested an integrated soil analyzer to calculate the pH value of
the soil in the ground. The analyzer output provides different values for various soil nutrients.
The embedded system has integrated the signal conditioning unit, processing controlling unit,
and display for better results. This method is used to predict the soil content from the ground that
measures nutrients potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen [10]. Anand Nayyar et.al introduces
smart sticks to monitor live moments in the green fields with various parameter analyses. This
parameter analysis consists of measures temperature data, moisture content of the soil. This
model is often used to collect live data from a mobile application that can be processed with the
aid of cloud computing technology by any agricultural expert from a remote region. The big
challenge in this model is authentication problems in mobile [11].

Chandan Kumar et.al discusses the direction of the water and its supervision methods.
Also, they are integrated with soil moisture sensor DHTT11 to control the direction of the water.
This model comprises switch control for the motor pump with a single click in the mobile
application. This article presents an irrigation system in the green field which is cost-effective.
Also, it considers the efficiency of the energy due to this modernized agriculture but it is limited
to access through mobile application [12]. Apurva C. Pusatkar et.al focused on wireless sensor
networks which are used to monitor green fields. The article includes many additional features
for monitoring agricultural fields like humidity, temperature, soil sensor, water level, wind
direction in the field, climate. Since wireless communication solves many problems of a wired
communication system. It also focuses on the former effort and money-saving that yields by

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optimizing water to be used in the green field [13]. Laxmi C. Gavade et.al suggested a model to
detect various features for greenfield such as soil, temperature, and the direction of sunlight with
the assistance of sensors. Therefore, the productivity from the greenfield will be increased. The
author tests soil nutrients by conducting the optical method chain and calculation of conductivity
[14].

T.Vineela et.al discusses various sensor modules for a monitor in the smart agriculture
field. The main objective of this article is to introduce a wireless sensor network in the field of
agriculture to increase the production performance of the field. This model serves as a interface
with many integrated sensors with raspberry pi [15].

Many research articles are focusing the water optimization to save money and energy for
the farmer with automated irrigation systems [16]. Also, the system consists of distributed
wireless sensor network for various activities for agriculture. For the irrigation method, the
measurement data are communicated between Zigbee protocols, Arduino UNO along
with raspberry pi. The threshold value will be set on the basis of the cultivation variable in the
suitable soil. They concentrate on the minimum loss of water in the green field [17].

4. METHODOLOGIES
Figure 4 shows a block diagram of proposed concepts. This functional block diagram is
consisting the units of culture analysis, predictive analysis, IoT clouds, IoT devices and sensor
module, Agri robot, and security management for all integrating devices [18]. The IoT system
collects and processes the data from the different sensor outputs with centralized processing
servers and provides input to green fieldwork devices in real-time. Thus IoT devices are
integrating all other sensor infrastructure. The audio and video interfaces for display output of
the system [19]. The sensor data created from raw data from soil or any appropriate places and is
processed by IoT central processing unit with optimum scheduled time.

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Figure 4 Block diagram of overall Proposing Concepts

4.1 Multi culture framework

Figure 5 shows a block diagram of multi-culture. Generally, there are many culture
classifications and the proposed model shows the block diagram of multi-culture types in figure
5. For horticulture, floriculture, and citriculture[20], crop status and pest control can be activated.
The profit margin can be estimated for the number of fruits and flowers that can be separately
listed from citrus fruits. The organic fertilizer is created by cultivating earthworms named
vermiculture. Silviculture is used to establish the control of the composition and quality of land
to be evaluated for various growths [21].

Citriculture Silviculture arboriculture

Vermiculture Olericulture Horticulture

Floriculture

Figure 5 Block diagram of classification of Multi-culture

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Cloud computing enhances forest cultivation by environmental analysis. Arboriculture is

related to bushes and woody plants which are used to standardize the soil nutrients [22].
Olericulture is predicting the vegetation status from consumption of the human community.

4.2 Predictive analysis framework

The cloud computing process performs to demand predictive analysis with big data
processing from IoT for multi-culture analysis. The probabilistic measures provide increased
production in the next monsoon named predictive analysis [23]. The block diagram of predictive
analysis for the proposed system is shown in figure 6. Traditional agriculture can have ideas
about field areas including soil nutrients, temperature, rainfall details, and future climatic
conditions with a very experienced farmers’ community [24]. Here the predictive analysis
framework is performed with many sector data analyzes based on the detection capability for
predicting the probable situation that occurred. In conventional agriculture, the pest and attack
solution trends in the field are based on past data [25]. An optimized prediction method is used to
predict the scenario before big data analysis. This structure analysis can also predict the use of
the vehicle for carrying all plugged goods from the plant product. This structure can have a good
profit margin and a positive impact on the sale of goods on the market. This forecast will explain
the role of profit or loss that has occurred at present and also in the future. With the support of
this predictive system, the farmer will mitigate many risk factors. For the successful functioning
of the new age of framing, this system formulates and processes.

Monsoon Prediction Crop Stage Analysis Agri Logical Prediction

Calculate Profit Decision Making Plant Condition

Analysis Analytics (disease) for Growth

Figure 6 Block diagram of Prediction analysis for proposing system

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4.3 IoT cloud for proposed method

This IoT-cloud plays a vital role in providing the data and transferring the data between
the devices. For each analysis, the storage is maintained separately like sensor output, object
identification, plant diseases, and predictive big data analysis [26]. Besides, the farmer can have
the details about smart agriculture or future prediction information through internet services from
agro experts. The experts can provide the idea about field crop plantation, pesticide control, and
management in cultivation of the agricultural land [27]. Based on these services, the traditional
farmer can equip in the field of agriculture. It would be very user-friendly and the main server is
powered by IoT devices [28].

4.4 IoT device and sensors

This section consists of many different types of sensors, cameras, display units,
microcontrollers, network components such as a router, switches, etc. The parameters obtained
from sensors are conditioning with actuators according to the predictive tasks performed [29].
The major focus of the central processing unit used to transfer information between components
[30] that can be used to process IoT devices.

4.5 Security Management

Security management is protecting ground cable or wireless data. The preventive measure
took place under the network layer protocol infrastructure with authorized access. The
malfunction, fabrication, destruction, improper handling of the IoT devices can be secured by
this security management. Here the appropriate security management with the assistance of Wi-
Fi, GSM, CDMA techniques for communication medium [31]. The Zigbee unit plays a vital role
in communicating data between components. Also the GSM, CDMA, LTE services can avail for
the communicating process. The internet facility has been used for authentication or access
processes with the cooperation of user layer protocol such as HTTP, WWW, SMTP protocols
[32] [33] [34].

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4.6 Agri Robot

The proposed model consists of an Agri robot for fruit picking, driverless vehicle, and
water spraying for smart agriculture. Identification of matured size, color of the fruit or flower
will be picked by the Agri robot after it received the signal from the IoT. The incorporation of
the robot for agriculture farm work will be used in many applications that are above mentioned.
As shown in figure 7, the fruit will be chosen by Agri robots [34].

Figure 7 Fruit picking agri robot

The programming can be modified for many applications such as apple, strawberry,
guava fruit picking process. This harvesting time is very small compared to the traditional
handpicking process [35].

5. RESULTS DISCUSSION
Figure 8 shows obtained results from fields 1-3. The irrigation data for different sensors
like moisture, temperature, humidity. Once it reaches the threshold level, the device provides
appropriate action to the fieldwork robot. Figure 8 shows the irrigation of raw data details with
moisture, temperature, humidity sensor output. This continuous graph shows well-performed
device activities during feedback processing time.

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Figure 8 Obtained result from sensor data

Figure 9 shows the overall performance response of the smart agriculture system. In the
sensor fieldwork, the robot responds to the real-time scenario. The experimental setup of our
IoT-based smart agriculture monitoring system consisting of many sensors with CPU. The
microcontroller unit is connected with mobile for live stream data fetching from the raw field
[36]. The raw data of temperature sensor details shows in figure 9. Based on this data, the IoT
will provide proposed feedback with help of the fieldwork robots in the smart agriculture
domain.

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Figure 9 Overall performance response of smart agriculture system

The WiFi module is used to fetch the information processes. Here, sufficient action is taken by
the moisture level of the soil down IoT. Based on sensor inputs to the IoT system, so many
switching units are "ON" & "OFF" for fieldwork output.

6. CONCLUSION
This research describes the proposed model which consists of many analysis sections for
an overall framework. Thus our integrated units having many advantages as discussed earlier in
smart agriculture units with IoT modules. Few limitations are also incorporated in this
constrained model for platforms and security. The number of challenges and limitations
considers the most IoT-based devices for smart agriculture. The main focus is cost-effectiveness
in the IoT devices in the reduction of hardware and software cost with compromising precision
system output. The imported devices ignores the compromise with the component's expenses
gets minimized. The standardization of the data format for the process will also provide
improved device consistency and execution time. The initial process barrier providers for active
farmers are regulated when improving the system's goods or services. Also, the proposed
integrated system will provide complexity due to many devices interlinked through a web server.
The heterogeneity property is a very complicated process in the IoT sector which provides better

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accuracy and excellent overall performance of the system. Finally, the deep learning analysis
with a huge amount of features or data can increase the production from smart agriculture by
IoT.

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 2 177 – 181
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
IOT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System
1
Dr.N.Suma,2 Sandra Rhea Samson,3 S.Saranya, 4 G.Shanmugapriya,5 R.Subhashri
1
Associate Professor, Department of ECE,
SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India.
e-mail:[email protected]
2
Student, Department of ECE, SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
e-mail: [email protected]
3
Student, Department of ECE, SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
e-mail: [email protected]
4
Student, Department of ECE, SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
e-mail:[email protected]
5
Student, Department of ECE, SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
e-mail:[email protected]

Abstract:- Agriculture is the primary occupation in our country for ages. But now due to migration of people from rural to urban there is
hindrance in agriculture. So to overcome this problem we go for smart agriculture techniques using IoT. This project includes various features
like GPS based remote controlled monitoring, moisture & temperature sensing, intruders scaring, security, leaf wetness and proper irrigation
facilities. It makes use of wireless sensor networks for noting the soil properties and environmental factors continuously. Various sensor nodes
are deployed at different locations in the farm. Controlling these parameters are through any remote device or internet services and the
operations are performed by interfacing sensors, Wi-Fi, camera with microcontroller. This concept is created as a product and given to the
farmer’s welfare.

Keywords:IoT,Sensors,GPS,Microcontroller,Wi-Fi

__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION TO SMART AGRICULTURE II. LITERATURE SURVEY

As the world is trending into new technologies and The existing method and one of the oldest ways in
implementations it is a necessary goal to trend up in agriculture is the manual method of checking the
agriculture also. Many researches are done in the field of parameters. In this method the farmers they themselves
agriculture. Most projects signify the use of wireless sensor verify all the parameters and calculate the readings. [1]It
network collect data from different sensors deployed at focuses on developing devices and tools to manage, display
various nodes and send it through the wireless protocol. The and alert the users using the advantages of a wireless sensor
collected data provide the information about the various network system. [2]It aims at making agriculture smart
environmental factors. Monitoring the environmental factors using automation and IoT technologies. The highlighting
is not the complete solution to increase the yield of crops. features are smart GPS based remote controlled robot to
There are number of other factors that decrease the perform tasks like weeding, spraying, moisture sensing,
productivity to a greater extent. Hence automation must be human detection and keeping vigilance. [3]The cloud
implemented in agriculture to overcome these problems. So, computing devices that can create a whole computing
in order to provide solution to all such problems, it is system from sensors to tools that observe data from
necessary to develop an integrated system which will take agricultural field images and from human actors on the
care of all factors affecting the productivity in every stage. ground and accurately feed the data into the repositories
But complete automation in agriculture is not achieved due along with the location as GPS coordinates.[4]This idea
to various issues. Though it is implemented in the research proposes a novel methodology for smart farming by linking
level it is not given to the farmers as a product to get a smart sensing system and smart irrigator system through
benefitted from the resources. Hence this paper deals about wireless communication technology.[5]It proposes a low
developing smart agriculture using IoT and given to the cost and efficient wireless sensor network technique to
farmers. acquire the soil moisture and temperature from various
location of farm and as per the need of crop controller to
take the decision whether the irrigation is enabled or
not.[6]It proposes an idea about how automated irrigation
system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural
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crops. In addition, a gateway unit handles sensor IV. HARDWARE USED
information.[7]The atmospheric conditions are monitored
and controlled online by using Ethernet IEEE 802.3.The PIC16F877A-MICROCONTROLLER:
partial root zone drying process can be implemented to a
maximum extent.[8]It is designed for IoT based monitoring The PIC microcontroller 16F877A is one of the most
system to analyze crop environment and the method to popular microcontrollers in the industry. It is user
improve the efficiency of decision making by analyzing convenient and easier to handle. The coding or
harvest statistics.[9]In this paper image processing is used as programming of this controller is also easy. The program
a tool to monitor the diseases on fruits during farming, right that is coded can be easily erased due to the flash memory
from plantation to harvesting. The variations are seen in technology. The microcontroller has wide range of
color, texture and morphology. [10]In this paper, greenhouse applications used in many huge industries. It is used in
is a building in which plants are grown in closed security, remote sensors, home appliances and industrial
environment. It is used to maintain the optimal conditions of automations. An EEPROM is also featured which is used to
the environment, greenhouse management and data store the information permanently like transmitter codes and
acquisition. receives frequencies and some other related data.

III. PROPOSED WORK ARCHITECTURE

In the field section, various sensors are deployed in the field

like temperature sensor, moisture sensor and PIR sensor.
The data collected from these sensors are connected to the
microcontroller through RS232.

In control section, the received data is verified with the

threshold values. If the data exceeds the threshold value the
buzzer is switched ON and the LED starts to blink. This
alarm is sent as a message to the farmer and automatically
the power is switched OFF after sensing. The values are
generated in the web page and the farmer gets the detailed
description of the values.

In manual mode, the user has to switch ON and OFF the

microcontroller by pressing the button in the Android
Application developed. This is done with the help of GSM
Module.

In automatic mode, the microcontroller gets switched ON

and OFF automatically if the value exceeds the threshold
point. Soon after the microcontroller is started,
automatically an alert must be sent to the user. This is
achieved by sending a message to the user through the GSM
module.

Other parameters like the temperature, humidity, moisture

and the PIR sensors shows the threshold value and the water
level sensor is used just to indicate the level of water inside
a tank or the water resource.
Fig 4.1 : Architecture of PIC16F877A

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GSM MODULE sensor has long life which will afford the farmer at a
minimum cost.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Fig 4.2: GSM Module

Fig 4.4: Temperature Sensor
GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM
and it can act just like a mobile phone with its own unique The LM 35 sensor is highly used because its output voltage
phone number. The necessity to use this is it can use RS-232 is linear with the Celsius scaling of temperature. It does not
protocol which can be easily connected to the controller. It provide any external trimming. It has a wide operating
can be used like a phone where it can send and receive SMS range. The maximum output is 5V. The output will increase
and make a call. 10mV for every one degree rise in temperature. The range is
from -55 degrees to +150 degrees. There are three terminals
The GSM modem is connected to the controller through RS- as Vcc, Ground and the analog sensor. It consumes
232. The SMS is sent through the terminal to the number minimum amount of electricity. Thus, it is energy efficient.
using AT Commands. “AT-Attention” commands which is It is very efficient in horticulture. It is user friendly to use.
used by the controller to control the GSM to perform the
desired function. It also has reverse voltage protection and PIR SENSOR
the LED notifications. It is operated in 900/1800 MHz.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Fig 4.5: PIR Sensor

Fig 4.3: Soil Moisture Sensor
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat
Soil moisture sensor is a sensor which senses the moisture energy in the form of radiation. It is invisible to the human
content of the soil. The sensor has both the analog and the eye since it radiates infrared wavelengths. PIR sensors don’t
digital output. The digital output is fixed and the analog detect or measure heat, instead they detect the infrared
output threshold can be varied. It works on the principle of radiation emitted or reflected from an object. It is used to
open and short circuit. The output is high or low indicated detect the movement of people, animals or other objects.
by the LED. When the soil is dry, the current will not pass They are commonly used in burglar alarms and
through it and so it will act as open circuit. Hence the output automatically activated lighting systems. When a human
is said to be maximum. When the soil is wet, the current will passes in the field, the temperature at that point will rise
pass from one terminal to the other and the circuit is said to from room temperature. The sensor converts the resulting
be short and the output will be zero. change into a change in the output voltage and this triggers
the detection.
The sensor is platinum coated to make the efficiency high.
The range of sensing is also high. It is anti-rust and so the

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V. SOFTWARE USED

PROTEUS 8 SIMULATOR

Proteus 8 is one of the best simulation software for various

circuit designs of microcontroller. It has almost all
microcontrollers and electronic components readily
available in it and hence it is widely used simulator.

It can be used to test programs and embedded designs for

electronics before actual hardware testing. The simulation of
programming of microcontroller can also be done in
Proteus. Simulation avoids the risk of damaging hardware
due to wrong design.

VI. EXPERIMENTATION & RESULTS

The hardware is interfaced with all the sensors in the board.

The hardware components include the microcontroller,
buzzer, relay, ADC converter, GSM module and all the
sensors interfaced. The board is inserted with a SIM card
which is used to communicate with the owner and the Fig 6.2: Output of Temperature, Moisture, PIR detection
recorded values.

The output shown below denotes the temperature, soil

moisture condition and the intruder detection. The second VII. FUTURE WORK & CONCLUSION
result is the output from the Android Application that is
developed in the mobile phone. It determines the For future developments it can be enhanced by developing
temperature, humidity, moisture and the intruder detection. this system for large acres of land. Also the system can be
integrated to check the quality of the soil and the growth of
crop in each soil. The sensors and microcontroller are
successfully interfaced and wireless communication is
achieved between various nodes. All observations and
experimental tests prove that this project is a complete
solution to field activities and irrigation problems.
Implementation of such a system in the field can definitely
help to improve the yield of the crops and overall
production.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thankfulness to our Project Guide

Dr. N. Suma for her successful guidance to our project.
Without the help it would be a tough job for us to
accomplish this task. We thank our guide for her consistent
guidance, encouragement and motivation throughout our
period of work. We also thank our Head of the Department
(ECE) Dr. P. Gnanasundari for providing us all the
necessary facilities.

REFERENCES

[1] K.Lakshmisudha, Swathi Hegde, Neha Kale, Shruti Iyer,

“ Smart Precision Based Agriculture Using Sensors”,
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Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(IJARCCE), Vol.5, Issue 6, June 2016.

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Volume: 5 Issue: 2 177 – 181
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
[3] M.K.Gayatri, J.Jayasakthi, Dr.G.S.Anandhamala, [17] A.R. Sepaskhah, S.H. Ahmadi, “A review on partial root-
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[6] Joaquín Gutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina,
Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, and Miguel Ángel Porta-
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Sensor Network and GPRS Module”, IEEE Transactions
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(IJRRASE) Vol3 No.1. PP 7-12, 2013.
[8] Meonghun Lee, Jeonghwan Hwang, Hyun Yoe,
“Agricultural Protection System Based on IoT”, IEEE
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[9] Monika Jhuria, Ashwani Kumar, Rushikesh Borse,
“Image Processing for Smart Farming: Detection of
Disease and Fruit Grading”, IEEE Second International
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[10] Orazio Mirabella and Michele Brischetto, “A Hybrid
Wired/Wireless Networking Infrastructure for
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[11] C. Liu, W. Ren, B. Zhang, and C. Lv, “The application of
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sensors,” International Conference on Electronic and
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[12] D.D.Chaudhary1, S.P.Nayse2, L.M.Waghmare,
“Application of wireless sensor networks for greenhouse
parameter control in precision agriculture”, International
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[13] Q. Wang, A. Terzis and A. Szalay, “A Novel Soil
Measuring Wireless Sensor Network”, IEEE
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412–415, 2010
[14] Ji-woong Lee, Changsun Shin, Hyun Yoe, ”An
Implementation of Paprika Green house System Using
Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of
Smart Home Vol.4, No.3, July, 2010.
[15] Mahesh M. Galgalikar, “Real-Time Automization Of
Agricultural Environment for Social Modernization of
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7/10/$26.00 C 2010 IEEE.
[16] Y. Song, J. Wang, X. Qiao, W. Zheng, and X.
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2010

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 04 | Apr 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

IoT based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System

Gupta Satyam Ramdayal Asha
Ajit Divakaran Mini Minchekar Ansh Suresh Anuradha
Department of Electronics
Department of Electronics Engineering Department of Electronics Engineering
Engineering Shah and Anchor
Shah and Anchor Kutchhi Engineering Shah and Anchor Kutchhi Engineering
Kutchhi Engineering College
College College
Mumbai 400088,
Mumbai 400088, India Mumbai 400088, India
India

Mrs. Manjusha Kulkarni

Jagdale Satyam Suyog Rekha Mr. Santosh Kamble
Department of Electronics Engineering
Department of Electronics Department of Electronics Engineering
Shah and Anchor Kutchhi Engineering
Engineering Shah and Anchor Shah and Anchor Kutchhi Engineering
College
Kutchhi Engineering College College
Mumbai 400088, India
Mumbai 400088, India Mumbai 400088, India

--------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract— India is an agricultural country with I. INTRODUCTION
agriculture contributing significantly to the
country's GDP [2]. However, the Indian agricultural The agriculture sector is one of the most important
sector is facing several challenges such as inefficient sectors in India, as it provides livelihoods for a significant
water usage, poor soil quality, and unpredictable portion of the population and contributes significantly to
weather conditions, which directly impact crop yield the country's economy. However, the sector faces several
and profitability. In recent years, there has been an challenges, including water scarcity, inadequate
increasing demand for smart agriculture systems irrigation, and a lack of real-time monitoring and control
that can help farmers optimize their crop yield and systems. In order to address these challenges, there is a
reduce resource wastage [1]. In this paper, we need for innovative and cost-effective solutions that can
propose an IoT-based smart agriculture robotic enable farmers to optimize resource usage and increase
system that is designed to sense the temperature, crop yields.
humidity, and moisture levels in the soil, and
transmit this data to an IoT platform via the internet. The need to increase farm productivity has become
The system is also equipped with wireless and urgent due to factors such as the exponential expansion
manual control capabilities via a mobile application of the global population, which would require the globe
using Bluetooth, enabling farmers to control the to produce 70% more food by 2050(according to the UN
movements of the robotic system in real-time. Food and Agriculture Organization), shrinking
Compared to the complex and expensive smart agricultural lands, and depletion of finite natural
agriculture systems currently on the market, our resources, the need to enhance farm yield has become
proposed system is both cost-effective and easy to critical. The problem has been made worse by the
use. This allows farmers to optimize resource usage limited supply of natural resources including fresh
and reduce waste, and take corrective measures to water and arable land as well as declining yield patterns
prevent crop loss when soil moisture falls below a in a number of essential crops. The agricultural
predetermined threshold. The system's workforce's changing organizational structure is
rechargeable lithium-ion batteries offer a cost- another hindering factor. In addition, agricultural work
effective and sustainable power supply solution, has decreased in the majority of the nations. The demand
especially in rural areas with limited access to for physical labour has decreased as a result of the
reliable electricity. Overall, this system has the shrinking agricultural workforce, which has prompted
potential to improve crop yield and profitability the introduction of internet connectivity solutions in
while reducing resource waste and environmental farming techniques.
damage in the agricultural sector of India.
The traditional farming methods are no longer efficient
Keywords— Smart Agriculture system, Internet of and cannot meet the increasing demand for food
Things (IoT), Robotic Car, Mobile application, production. The agricultural sector needs to modernize
Bluetooth and embrace technology to meet the challenges.
Precision agriculture is a new approach that uses

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technology to optimize crop production while II. DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
minimizing resource usage. IoT-powered smart
agriculture systems have the potential to revolutionize A. Block Diagram:
the agricultural sector by providing real-time data
about the crops and the environment. Such systems can
help farmers make informed decisions about irrigation,
fertilization, and other critical aspects of farming.[3][4]

One of the significant challenges faced by farmers is

the lack of access to accurate and timely information
about the crops and the environment. IoT-powered
smart agriculture systems can provide farmers with real-
time data about the temperature, humidity, and moisture
content of the soil. The data can be used to make
informed decisions about the timing and amount of
irrigation and fertilization.

Another challenge is the inefficient use of resources.

Farmers often use more water, fertilizer, and pesticides
than necessary, leading to environmental damage and
increased production costs. IoT-powered smart
agriculture systems can help farmers optimize resource
usage by providing data about the crop's needs and Figure 1. Block Diagram of the proposed system
environmental conditions. Furthermore, pests and
diseases are a significant threat to crop production. B. Block Diagram Description
Traditional methods of pest and disease control involve
the use of pesticides, which can be harmful to the The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in the
environment and human health [3]. IoT-powered smart figure 1.1 which shows how each component in the system
agriculture systems can help farmers detect and prevent is connected and how they are related to each other. The
pest and disease outbreaks by monitoring the crop's hardware components are connected to each other on the
health and environment. basis of this diagram. This system makes use of two
microcontrollers Arduino Nano and ESP32
The aim of the proposed system is to provide farmers microcontroller. The controlling unit managed by Arduino
with a cost-effective and sustainable solution for nano controls the movements and the sensing unit
precision agriculture. The system uses IoT technology to managed by ESP32 collects all the necessary data which
provide farmers with real-time data about the crops and accurately has to be measured before sending it over the
the environment. The data can be used to optimize cloud for further analysis. An inbuilt Wi-Fi feature in
resource usage and prevent crop loss due to pests and ESP32 helps to send the data sensed through the sensors
diseases. By providing farmers with real-time data and in real time to the IoT platform Thing speak where all the
control over their crops, the proposed system has the history of the perceived data is stored. A customized
potential to improve crop yield and profitability while application built to control this system enables to control
reducing resource waste and environmental damage. the movements of robotic car and receive data from the
sensor used i.e., Temperature, Humidity & Soil moisture.[5]

C. Hardware Specifications:

The hardware components of the proposed system

consist of the components listed below:

 ESP32: -

The ESP32 microcontroller is a versatile and

powerful module that can be used as a Wi-Fi module for
IoT applications. In this paper, we propose a system that
utilizes the ESP32 to sense the temperature, humidity,

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and moisture levels from attached sensors and send this a controller, such as a smartphone application. The
data over the cloud through the internet in real-time. controller sends commands to the Arduino Nano, which
The ESP32 is an ideal choice for this application due to translates them into motor movements and sends them
its built-in Wi-Fi capabilities and powerful processing to the motor driver. The motor driver then controls the
capabilities. It features a dual-core processor that can speed and direction of the DC motor, allowing for precise
run up to 240 MHz, along with 520 KB of SRAM and up control of the robotic car's movements. This system
to 16 MB of flash memory. The ESP32 also supports Wi- allows for wireless control of the robotic car's
Fi 802.11 b/g/n, making it compatible with a wide movements, making it an ideal choice for remote control
range of Wi-Fi networks. To sense the temperature, applications. The proposed system has the capability to
humidity, and moisture levels, we will attach a DHT11 move forward, backward, left, right, and stop on
sensor and a moisture sensor module to the ESP32. command. The use of a DC motor and motor driver
These sensors will provide accurate readings of the ensures precise control of the robot's movements,
environmental conditions and allow us to monitor the allowing for efficient and accurate control of the robot.
conditions in real-time. The ESP32 will then use the
 Temperature Sensor: -
built-in Wi-Fi to send this data to the cloud, where it can
be accessed and analyzed in real-time. This will be The DHT11 is a low-cost digital temperature and
accomplished using cloud-based IoT platforms such as humidity sensor module that is commonly used in
Thing speak Iot Cloud. By utilizing the powerful various applications such as home automation, weather
processing capabilities and built-in Wi-Fi of the ESP32, stations, and agricultural monitoring. The module is
we can sense the temperature, humidity, and moisture small and easy to use, making it an ideal choice for
levels and send this data to the cloud in real- time, applications where space is limited. It has a built-in
allowing for efficient monitoring and analysis of thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor, which
environmental conditions.[6][7] provide accurate and reliable temperature and humidity
readings. The DHT11 is compatible with a wide range of
 Arduino Nano: - microcontrollers, and its simple communication protocol
makes it easy to integrate into projects [6]
The Arduino Nano is a compact and affordable
microcontroller board that can be used to control the  Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries: -
motors of a robot car. In this paper, we present a system
where the Arduino Nano is used to control the motors In this paper, we propose a system that utilizes four
wheels of a robot car wirelessly in real-time. The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries to power two 10rpm
Arduino Nano is programmed to receive commands motors and the entire circuit. Lithium-ion batteries are a
wirelessly via Bluetooth, which is connected to the popular choice for portable devices due to their high
Arduino Nano. These commands are sent from a energy density and long cycle life. The system includes
smartphone application to control the robot car's two 10rpm motors that are used to drive a robotic car, as
movement. The Arduino Nano then translates these well as a range of other electronic components. The
commands into motor movements and controls the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries provide sufficient
speed and direction of the wheels using a motor driver. power to operate the motors and the entire circuit,
This system allows for real-time wireless control of the ensuring that the system can operate for extended
robot car's movement, making it an ideal choice for periods without the need for frequent recharging. The
applications that require remote control of a robot car. lithium-ion batteries are rated at 3.7 volts, which is
The Arduino Nano's compact size and affordability sufficient to power the motors and other electronic
make it an attractive option for robotics projects. components. The batteries are also rechargeable, which
means they can be recharged using a suitable charging
 DC Motor & Motor Driver: - circuit. The use of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in
this system provides a reliable and efficient power
DC motors are commonly used in robotics and other source for the motors and other electronic components.
applications that require precise control of motor
movement.  Soil moisture sensor: -

[6] In this paper, we present a system where a DC motor The soil moisture sensor is a device used to measure the
is used to control the movements of a robotic car via moisture content of soil. It is commonly used in
Bluetooth, using a motor driver L298N.The DC motor is agricultural and gardening applications to ensure that
connected to the motor driver, which provides the plants receive the right amount of water. The sensor
necessary power and control signals to the motor. The consists of two probes that are inserted into the soil, and
motor driver is then connected to an Arduino Nano, it works by measuring the resistance of the soil between
which receives commands wirelessly via Bluetooth from the probes. The higher the moisture content of the soil,

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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the lower the resistance, and vice versa. The soil soil. When the moisture sensor module detects that the
moisture sensor is a simple and effective tool that can soil is too dry, it sends a signal to the microcontroller,
help to prevent over-watering or under-watering of which in turn activates the buzzer. The buzzer produces
plants, which can lead to poor growth and yield. It is easy a sound that is audible to the user, alerting them that
to use and can provide accurate measurements of soil the soil needs to be watered. This simple but effective
moisture, making it an essential tool for any gardener or solution allows the user to monitor the moisture content
farmer. of the soil without having to constantly check the sensor
readings. The buzzer provides a convenient and easy-
 Buck Converter: - to-use alert system, ensuring that the plants receive the
right amount of water to grow and thrive.
In this paper, we propose the use of a Buck converter to
provide a stable DC supply to the ESP32 microcontroller.  OLED display: -
A Buck converter is a type of DC-DC converter that is
commonly used in electronic devices to provide a stable The OLED display is a small, low-power display module
voltage supply. It works by converting a higher voltage that is used to display the temperature and humidity
input to a lower voltage output, while maintaining a values measured by the DHT11 sensor. In this paper, we
constant power output. The ESP32 microcontroller propose the use of an OLED display to provide real-time
requires a stable DC supply to function correctly, and a temperature and humidity data to the user. The OLED
Buck converter is an ideal choice for this application. The display is easy to read and can be used to display a
Buck converter can provide a stable output voltage that is range of information, including text and graphics. The
independent of variations in the input voltage, making it temperature and humidity values are displayed in a
an ideal choice for applications that require a stable DC clear and easy-to-read format, allowing the user to
supply. The Buck converter also offers high efficiency, monitor the environmental conditions in real-time. The
which means that it can convert the input voltage to the OLED display is also low-power, which means that it can
desired output voltage with minimal power loss. This be used in battery-powered applications without
makes it an ideal choice for battery-powered significantly affecting the overall power consumption of
applications, where power efficiency is critical. Overall, the the system. This makes it an ideal choice for applications
use of a Buck converter to provide a stable DC supply to where power efficiency is critical.
the ESP32 microcontroller ensures reliable and efficient
operation of the system, making it an essential component D. Software used
of the overall design.
The Arduino IDE software platform is used to program
 Bluetooth HC05: - microcontrollers Arduino Nano and ESP32 in the
proposed system mentioned in this paper. Arduino IDE
The Bluetooth HC05 module is a small, low-cost device provides a user-friendly graphical interface and a
that enables wireless communication between the simplified programming language based on C/C++ to
robotic car and a mobile application. It is commonly make it easy for developers to write and upload code to
used in a range of applications, including home their microcontroller boards. The IDE includes a code
automation and robotics, where wireless editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
communication is required. In this paper, we propose automatic code completion, and error highlighting,
the use of the Bluetooth HC05 module to enable the making it easy to write, test, and debug code. It also
robotic car to be controlled via a mobile application. The has a serial monitor for real-time debugging and data
Bluetooth HC05 module can be easily integrated with visualization. With a wide range of libraries and
the microcontroller, allowing the user to control the examples available, developers can easily incorporate
robotic car through a mobile application. The mobile functionality such as reading sensors, controlling
application sends signals to the Bluetooth HC05 module, motors, and communicating with other devices into
which are then transmitted to the microcontroller to their projects. To program the Arduino Nano and
control the movement of the robotic car. This enables ESP32 microcontrollers using the IDE, one can select the
the user to control the robotic car from a distance, appropriate board and port settings, write the code in the
making it a convenient and user-friendly solution.[2][6] code editor, and upload the code to the board using a
USB cable. The Arduino IDE is a popular and versatile
 Buzzer: - platform for programming microcontrollers, making it
an ideal choice for both beginners and experienced
The buzzer is a simple audio device that is used to developers in various projects.
provide an audible alert in response to a signal from the
moisture sensor module. In this paper, we propose the
use of a buzzer to indicate the moisture content in the

© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1445
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 04 | Apr 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Temperature, Humidity, & Moisture of the soil

content.The system proposed in this paper is built in
such a way that if the moisture content of the soil
measured from the soil moisture sensor is below the
determined threshold value an alarm buzzer is
triggered and notification for the same is displayed on
the app. Also, they will now be able to control the
movement of the robotic car on which the system is
fixed wirelessly through the mobile app. The mobile
application is designed in such a way that it becomes
easier for the user to control the robotic movements
and at the same time receive real-time agricultural
parameters displayed within the app. Now this data can be
utilized further by the farmer to determine the best
conditions and environment for increased agricultural
production for each and every portion on the land used for
farming which is stored on the cloud Iot platform
Figure 2. Mobile application for proposed system Thing Speak IoT with all its current and previous
historical data.
III. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
V. FLOWCHART

Figure 3. Circuit Diagram of IoT based Smart

Agriculture Monitoring System

IV. WORKING
When the system is turned ON, powered by rechargeable
Lithium-ion Batteries it powers Arduino nano and ESP32
microcontroller which initiates the controlling and
sensing unit of the proposed system.[6][7] So, when this
system is powered up the user would be able to connect
with the system with the help of mobile application
explicitly designed for the purpose through Bluetooth
present in the system. User just have to turn ON the
Bluetooth connectivity on their mobile device identify
the system through its Bluetooth nme under available
devices and pair it with device using the correct
password.Once the user is connected with Smart IoT
system, authorized user will then have the access to
the entire system [8].The user will now get the
real-time information and readings of various Figure 4. Flowchart for the sensing Unit
parameters affecting agricultural yield like

© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1446
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 04 | Apr 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

real-time data and control over their crops, the

system has the potential to increase crop yields, reduce
resource waste, and improve environmental
sustainability. The system's simplicity, affordability, and
accessibility make it a valuable tool for farmers in
rural areas of India,[8] where access to advanced
agricultural technologies is often limited. The
proposed system represents a significant step towards
the development of smart and sustainable agriculture
practices in India, and has the potential to
significantly improve the livelihoods of farmers and the
overall health of the agricultural sector.

Figure 6. Readings from Thing Speak IoT

Figure 5. Flowchart for the controlling Unit

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The system sends the data that is collected by the sensor

to the IoT based platform Thing Speak IoT where all the
previous data and current data is stored. This data is
represented in the form of graph for each parameter as
seen in the fig. which is further used for data-based
analysis. The latest readings displayed on the Thing
Speak IoT is then fetched in real time using thing speak
API and these values are displayed on the mobile
application as shown in the figure. The overall system
helps the farmers/users in determining if the current
conditions in the agricultural field for different produce
is suitable or not without physically being there all the
Figure 7. Project Prototye
time which reduces labor effort and gives constant
accurate results.
REFERENCES
VII. CONCLUSION:
[1] M, Manasa Reddy et al. “IOT based Crop Monitoring
In summary, the proposed system is an innovative system for Smart Farming.” 2021 6th International
solution for addressing the challenges faced by the Conference on Communication and Electronics
agriculture sector in India. By providing farmers with Systems (ICCES) (2021): 562-568.

© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1447
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 04 | Apr 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[2] Boobalan. J, Jacintha. V, J. Nagarajan, K.

Thangayogesh and S. Tamilarasu, "An IOT based
Agriculture Monitoring System," in International
Conference on Communication and Signal
Processing, April 3-5, 2018, India.

[3] Islam, M. S. & Dey, G. K. (2019). Precision

Agriculture: Renewable Energy Based Smart Crop
Field Monitoring and Management System Using
WSN via IoT. In 2019 International Conference on
Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), 24-
25 December, Dhaka (pp. 1- 6). IEEE. doi:
10.1109/STI47608.2019.9029269.

[4] R. Nageswara Rao and B. Sridhar, "IoT based smart

crop-field monitoring and automation irrigation
system," in Proceedings of the Second International
Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC
2018), IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part
Number:CFP18J06- ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4;
DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-
0806-7.

[5] G. Sushanth and S. Sujatha, "IoT Based Smart

Agriculture System," 2018 International Conference
on Advances in Computing, Communications and
Informatics (ICACCI), Bangalore, India, 2018,
pp. 1014-1019, doi: 10.1109/ICACCI.2018.8554686

[6] Meti, A. G., Rayangoudra, P. N., Biradar, K. S., Kumar,

V., Manoj, G. H., & Murthy, B. T. V. (2022). IoT and Solar
Energy Based Multipurpose Agricultural Robot for
Smart Farming. In 2022 IEEE International
Conference on Data Science and Information System
(ICDSIS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. DOI:
10.1109/ ICDSIS53466.2022.9753855

[7] Akhund, T. Md. N. U., Hossain, Md. Rakib, Newaz, N.

T., & Kaiser, M. Shamim. (2021). Low-Cost
Smartphone- Controlled Remote Sensing IoT
Robot. In M. S. Kaiser et al. (Eds.), Information
and Communication Technology for Competitive
Strategies (ICTCS 2020), Lecture Notes in
Networks and Systems 190. Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.

[8] Prema, P. (2019). Smart Agriculture

Monitoring System using IoT. International
Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience.

© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1448
Hindawi
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Volume 2022, Article ID 7372053, 16 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7372053

Research Article
Development of Algorithms for an IoT-Based Smart Agriculture
Monitoring System

Kazy Noor-e-Alam Siddiquee ,1 Md. Shabiul Islam,2 Ninni Singh,3 Vinit Kumar Gunjan,3
Wong Hin Yong,2 Mohammad Nurul Huda,4 and D. S. Bhupal Naik5
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
2
Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology, Medchal, Hyderabad, India
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
5
Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Guntur, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Kazy Noor-e-Alam Siddiquee; [email protected]

Received 17 February 2022; Revised 4 March 2022; Accepted 14 March 2022; Published 4 April 2022

Academic Editor: Kuruva Lakshmanna

Copyright © 2022 Kazy Noor-e-Alam Siddiquee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited.

Sensor-based agriculture monitoring systems have limited outcomes on the detection or counting of vegetables from agriculture
fields due to the utilization of either conventional color transformations or machine learning-based methods. To overcome these
limitations, this research is aimed at proposing an IoT-based smart agriculture monitoring system with multiple algorithms such
as detection, quantification, ripeness checking, and detection of infected vegetables. This paper presents smart agriculture
monitoring systems for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The CHT has been applied to detect and quantify vegetables
from the agriculture field. Using color thresholding and color segmentation techniques, defected vegetables have also been
detected. A machine learning method-convolutional neural network (CNN) has been used for the development and
implementation of all algorithms. A comparison between traditional methods and CNN has been simulated in MATLAB to
find out the optimal method for its implementation in this agricultural monitoring system. Compared to the traditional
methods, the CNN is the optimal method in this research work which performed better over the previously developed
algorithms with an accuracy of more than 90%. As an example (case study), a tomato field in Chittagong, Bangladesh, was
chosen where a camera-mounted mobile robot captured images from the agriculture field for which the proposed IoT-based
smart monitoring system was developed. This system will benefit farmers through the digitally monitored output at an
agriculture field in Bangladesh as well as in Malaysia. Since this proposed smart IoT-based system is still driven by bulky,
costly, and limited powered sensors, in a future work, for the required power of sensors, this research work is aimed at the
design and development of an energy harvester (hybrid) (HEH) based on ultralow power electronics circuits to generate the
required power of sensors. Implementation of multiple algorithms using CNN, circular Hough transformation (CHT), color
thresholding, and color segmentation methods for the detection, quantification, ripeness checking, and detection of infected crops.

1. Introduction The economic concern of farmers has a functional depen-

dency on these data (digitized form) as digitized outcome sce-
A smart agriculture monitoring system outcomes a digitized narios are received from the smart monitoring system since
scenario of existing crops in the fields to the farmers who both their concerns and outcome scenarios consist of com-
usually have an economic concern on their products of agri- mon attributes such as quantity, ripening, damaged crops,
culture field [1] using sensors or transducers. Sensors or infected crops, and many more. Hence, farmers will obtain
transducers receive physical quantities or signals from the information on the economic values of crops in advance. This
agriculture environment and return data in digitized forms. research will benefit farmers and upgrade the traditional
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2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Table 1: Performance comparison of image processing methods for agriculture monitoring systems.

Sl. no. Authors Methods and scheme Performance

1 Ni et al. [7] The method, CHT was applied on overlapped objects
Applied the deep CNN along with RGB color followed by near-
2 Sa et al. [20] 80% to 83%.
infrared and faster R-CNN
3 Jimenez et al. [21] The CCD sensor 85%
4 Zhang et al. [22] The FSCABC algorithm and feed-forward neural-network (FNN) 87%
Deep learning method was applied, and deep learning classifier was
5 Zheng et al. [23] 99%
trained having a larger dataset
Mureșan and M.
6 Neural network —
Oltean [24]
HOG features were applied along with LBP and Gabor-LBP followed A lower miss rate of 0.0377 with false
7 Kuang et al. [25]
by global color, global shape features, and histogram positives at 0.0682 per image
8 Ali et al. 2017 [26] Applied HOG features for detection and counting mangoes in trees —

Table 2: Comparison on related works.

Sl.
Authors Comparison
no.
1 Crow [27] Applied the object-detection procedures along with mapping of the texture procedures
2 Zhuang et al. [13] Applied the cascaded-classifiers using Haar-features with an objective of improvement of the paleness
3 BaoHua et al. [28] Color transformation and machine learning were applied
Barbedo [1]
Mukhopadhyay and
4 Applied the CHT method for detection of objects
Chaudhuri [6]
Yuen et al. [8]
5 Liebig [9] Color transformation and color segmentation were applied
Rizon et al. [29]
6 Applied the object counting method
D’Orazio et al. [5]
7 Ni et al. [7] Applied the CHT for detection among intersection objects
8 Sa et al. [20] Applied the deep convolutional neural networks for fruit detection
9 Zheng et al. [23] Deep learning procedures for the large datasets have been implemented here
10 Kuang et al. [25] HOGm LBP-, Gabor-, and histogram-based methods have been utilized here
With the cascaded classifiers, Otsu method, with color thresholding, and an RGB camera, a laser
11 Wang et al. [30]
rangefinder was used to estimate the mangoes length
12 Ali et al. [26] Applied the HOG features for detection and counting of mangoes in trees

methodologies used in Bangladesh and Malaysia from a non- 1.1. The Problem Statement and Its Justification. FA Farmers’
digitized agricultural field to an IoT-based smart agricultural traditional way of cultivating and perceptions on crops in
system. Since the supply power of sensors and transducers the field [1] do not reflect the accurate economic value
during working hours in the field is another challenge [2], much, since ripening of tomatoes likely depends on colors.
the research intends to harvest energies from the surrounding That is why, the detection and the quantification of vegeta-
environment and drain it to the input pin (VCC) of sensors bles (tomatoes) using the Internet of Things (IoT) will pro-
and transducers. Hence, we have decided to design and simu- vide an accurate scenario of the existing crops in fields.
late a hybrid energy harvester [3] to save up energies from Traditional methods are appropriate for agricultural
solar power and electromagnetic (EM) sources. monitoring on a small scale [1]. In such systems, the circular
In this research, we have developed and simulated a smart Hough transformation (CHT) is appropriate for objects with
agriculture monitoring system and a proposal that will receive regular forms, such as circles [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. The thresh-
power from a designed and simulated hybrid energy harvester. olding and color segmentation techniques are advantageous
The primary outcome of the smart agriculture monitoring sys- [9]. Simultaneously, the detection and quantification of veg-
tem is the detection of ripen/unripe vegetables with defects in etables (tomatoes) using the Internet of Things (IoT) will
the crop field. A tomato field has been chosen as the case study. provide an accurate scenario of the existing crops in fields.
 6302, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/7372053, Wiley Online Library on [08/02/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 3

Table 3: Output efficiencies of energy harvesters from sources.

Sl. no. Source of power Output

(i) 1781 MWh/lane-mile, Wang et al. [34]
1 Photovoltaic solar panels
(ii) 15 m W/cm2, Prauzek et al. [35]
2 Solar collectors 588.634 kW/lane-mile, Wang et al. [34]
3 Thermoelectric 0.748 kW/lane-mile, Wang et al. [34]
4 Geothermal 4447.270 kW/lane-mile, Wang et al. [34]
(i) 15 μW/cm3, Prauzek et al. [35]
5 Thermal (ii) 20–60 μW/cm2, Prauzek et al. [35]
(iii) 40 μW/cm3, Prauzek et al. [35]
(i) 35.67 mW per system, Wang et al. [34]
6 Electromagnetic (ii) 12nW/cm2, Prauzek et al. [35]
(iii) 0.2 mW/cm2–1 μW/cm2, Prauzek et al. [35]
7 Piezoelectric 188 kW h/lane-mile, Wang et al. [34]
(i) 28.5 mW/cm2, Prauzek et al. [35]
8 Wind
(ii) 3.8 x 10-4 W/cm3, Prauzek et al. [35]

Traditional methods are appropriate for agricultural (ii) To develop and implement algorithms for the smart
monitoring on a small scale [1]. In such systems, the circular agriculture monitoring system using convolutional
Hough transformation (CHT) is appropriate for objects with neural network to detect, quantify, and classify
regular forms, such as circles [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. The thresh- objects in machine learning platform
olding and color segmentation techniques are advantageous
(iii) To integrate and validate the hybrid energy harvester
[9]. Simultaneously, classifiers [10] [11] [12] [13], image fil-
IoT-based smart agriculture monitoring system
ters [14], support vector machines [15], and neural networks
[15] may get higher outcomes when detecting fruits or crops
1.3. Description of the Proposed System. A tomato field in
in the agriculture industry.
Chittagong of Bangladesh has been chosen as the small-
CHT can be used to detect and quantify tomatoes, while
scaled agriculture field. A small lower-cost camera container
thresholding and segmentation can be used to detect defects
robot was built for the mobility of the small camera over the
or black patches on the outer peel [16].
land, as depicted in Figures 1 and 2 through guard lanes (20
Detecting and quantifying ripened, green, and tomatoes
inches in length and 20 inches in gap).
with black spots on the outer peel in the field would
This robot and the camera will consume a maximum
undoubtedly lower farmers’ workloads while continuing to
power of approximately 8500 MWh. Such an amount of
play a critical role in sustaining market food values through-
power supply from a single source will be difficult, and mul-
out tomato package distribution.
tiple external sources need to be considered to design and
Due to energy constraints of sensors, to provide a continu-
integrate within a system. That is why, a hybrid energy har-
ous required supply of power, an energy harvester will be used,
vester has been planned as a significant component of this
and a hybrid energy harvester will be designed and imple-
research to be designed and prototyped.
mented, which will harvest energies from multiple sources of
ambient energies from the environment [17] [18] [19].
Previous studies at a glimpse are highlighted in Tables 1– 2. Literature Review
5, where those researched were limited to detecting or
counting crops, fruits, or vegetables from fields. Detection A comparative tabulated list is shown in Table 1 on the accu-
quantification of tomatoes and classifying them as ripened, racy of different image processing methods and technologies.
semiripened, or green followed by identifying defective veg-
etables have not yet been addressed. Moreover, a digitized 2.1. Technologies Used in Smart Agriculture Monitoring
monitoring system with a hybrid energy harvester that will System. Table 2 focuses on a comparison of characteristics
scavenge energies from multiple sources added another nov- of related research.
elty in this research. In addition to the related works mentioned (Table 2), the
authors in [31] have worked on object recognition with a
cascaded structured type of classifiers, and in [12, 32], the
1.2. Objectives. The research outlines the following objectives: work was implemented using HAAR based transformations
along with Boosting filters. The researchers in [11] worked
(i) To design and simulate a hybrid energy harvester to on the Kalman filters to attain the optimal results, where
achieve the required power using solar and EM energy the researchers in [33] implemented hardware-based
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4 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Table 4: Literature review on energy harvesters using single sources.

Sl. no. Ambient sources Literature scheme

(i) Kang-Won and Correia [36]
(ii) Paradiso and Starner [37]
(iii) Bialasiewicz [38]
(iv) Wakulat [39]
1 Solar: photovoltaic (v) Andriopoulou [40]
(vi) Efthymiou et al. [41]
(vii) Golden et al. [42]
(viii) Nordmann and Clavadetscher [43]
(ix) Nordmann et al. [44]
(i) Paradiso and Starner [37]
(ii) Eugster [45]
(iii) Chen et al. [46]
(iv) Pan et al. [47]
(v) Zwarycz [48]
(vi) Wu and Yu [49]
2 Solar: solar collectors (vii) Matrawy and Farkas [50]
(viii) Chen et al. [51]
(ix) García and Partl [52]
(x) Pascual-Muñoz et al. [53]
(xi) Nasir et al. [54]
(xii) Nasir et al. [55]
(xiii) Guldentops et al. [56]
(i) Paradiso and Starner [37]
(ii) Yildiz [57]
(iii) Abdelkefi et al. [58]
(iv) Hasebe et al. [59]
3 Thermoelectric
(v) Wu and Yu [49]
(vi) Uchida et al. [60]
(vii) Goldsmid [61]
(viii) Datta et al. [62]
(i) Paradiso and Starner [37]
(ii) Fthenakis and Kim [63]
(iii) Rabaey et al. [64]
4 Electromagnetic (EMF)
(iv) Lu et al. [65]
(v) Elliott and Zilletti [66]
(vi) Peralta et al. [67]
(i) Moure et al. [19]
(ii) Chongfeng Wei [68]
(iii) Liu et al. [69]
5 Vibration based piezoelectric
(iv) Roshani et al. [70]
(v) Yesner et al. [71]
(vi) Fan et al. [72]
6 Vibration based electromagnetic Chongfeng Wei [68]
(i) Paradiso and Starner [37]
7 Vibration based electrostatic/human walking (ii) Chongfeng Wei [68]
(iii) Yang et al. [73]
8 Wind/airflow Paradiso and Starner [37]
9 Light Paradiso and Starner [37]
10 Push buttons Paradiso and Starner [37]
11 Human motion Ylli et al. [74]
12 Hand generators Paradiso and Starner [37]
13 Heel strike Paradiso and Starner [37]
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Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 5

Table 4: Continued.

Sl. no. Ambient sources Literature scheme

(i) Tota-Maharaj and Paul [75]
14 Geo-thermal
(ii) Shen et al. [76]
15 Kinetic energy from running vehicle Zhang et al. [77]
(i) McCarty and Whitesides [78]
16 Chemical (ii) Wang [79]
(iii) Fan et al. [80]
17 Wave energy Lin et al. [81]

Table 5: Literature review on hybrid energy harvesters using multiple sources.

Sl. no. Ambient sources Literature scheme

(i) Seol et al. [3]
(ii) Hu et al. [82]
1 Triboelectric and electromagnetic
(iii) Chen et al. [83]
(iv) Salauddin et al. [84]
2 Ferrofluid based vibration energy Seola et al. [85]
(i) Uluşan et al. [86]
(ii) Muhammad Iqbal [87]
3 Electromagnetic and piezoelectric (iii) Fokou et al. [88]
(iv) Tao Yang [89]
(v) Toyabur et al. [90]
(i) Quintero et al. [91]
4 Vibration
(ii) Sang et al. [92]
5 Thermo-electrics and photovoltaics Muhtaroglu et al. [93]
6 Light and vibration energy Yu et al. [94]
7 Thermal and infrared Ghosh et al. [95]
8 Piezoelectric and triboelectric Li et al. [96]
9 Solar cells and triboelectric Cho et al.; Rashid et al.; Ahmed et al.; Iwendi et al.; Alazab et al. [97–103]

Sun light Hybrid energy harvesting

Switch
Solar plate DC-DC Step Storage
AC-DC Rectifier
converter device
EM signals EM switch

Smart agriculture monitoring system

Tomato
quantification

Ripeness Tomato
Display result
checking detection
Robot with
sensor
Detection of
damaged
tomatoes

Figure 1: The block diagram (proposed) of the smart agriculture monitoring system with hybrid energy harvester.
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6 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Sensor (s) container (s)

DC Power
supply
Image C Image 1

Plant 1 Image 3 Image 2

Energy harvester
Plant 2

Solar Electromagnetic
Plant P source

Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane P

Smart monitoring system in the agriculture field

Figure 2: Work flow diagram of the proposed smart agriculture monitoring system with hybrid energy harvester.

interface for better outcomes. In [21], a computer vision- ing algorithms (CNN) was projected to conclude the
based survey system was developed, whereas in [22, 28] the optimal feasible method to obtain research objectives.
research work was mainly based on design and development
of machine learning-based system. 3.2. Development of Hybrid Energy Harvester. From Table 4,
it is shown that solar panels and electromagnetic sources are
2.2. Technologies for Hybrid Energy Harvester. Wang et al. [34] optimal sources of energies to be saved up by energy
investigated performances of energy harvesters in terms of mate- harvesters. Hence, this research also proposes to harvest
rial design, system optimization, laboratory, and field works led energies from these two sources. As limitation and availabil-
by a numerical model in theory. For the proposal, we have ity of power is a challenge, we are planning to use both the
tabulated the comparison of different sources in Table 3. sources (solar and electromagnetic) within a single hybrid
Reviews on energy harvesters using single sources are generator to harvest energy to supply power to sensors of
highlighted in Table 2, and those of using multiple sources the smart agriculture monitoring system.
are highlighted in Table 4.
3.2.1. For Checking Ripened Tomatoes

3. Methodology 3.2.2. For Classification of Ripened Tomatoes

3.1. Development of Smart Agriculture Monitoring System. (1) Get all the regions of detected tomatoes
According to the flow chart (Figure 3), the circular Hough
transformation (CHT) method has been applied to detect (2) Average values of R, G, B channels are attained
and quantify tomatoes in the fields. Outer skin black spots (3) Using the intensity value rules, categorise tomatoes
as defects of tomatoes have been detected using thresholding as follows:
and segmentation.
The two approaches listed below have been implemented
for the detection, quantification, ripeness checking, and
identification of damaged (or defected) tomatoes. (a) The ripened stage

(i) The color thresholding (CT) (b) The semiripened stage

(ii) The cascaded object detection (COD) method (c) The green stage

A machine learning algorithm using CNN with the COD 3.2.3. Algorithm using Machine Learning. Datasets for
was also applied for the same purpose. In the end, a compar- validation have been set as null (positive samples: 117;
ison between those traditional methods and machine learn- negative samples: 288).
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Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 7

Start

Input of image Image datasets

Color-segmentation for
red, green and blue
Individually

If not Plotting segments

Setting color threshold

such as. T < 15 for red,

T < 115 for green and

Is R, G or B detection
successful

If successful
Setting color threshold
such as. Ir, Ig and Ib to
Store to
detect color levels
Database

Conversion of the image

to a binary image and
setting three individual Display the
results

Summing three
segments

End

Figure 3: Flow chart of the system.

(i) The positive valued dataset is to be loaded Let there be “g” learning objectives mentioned; subse-
quently, a cascade of useful binary nodes of the classifiers
(ii) The negative valued dataset is to be loaded are available as stated below.
(iii) A cascaded object detector is trained for extracting There is a seriesH1, H2, H3, ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ , Hn… up
HOG-related image features to “n” number of stages.
Here, n > >p.
(iv) There is image reading from the considered datasets The learning will be based on the number of positive
(v) Tomato detection is from the image dataset samples at each of the learning stage H given by

(vi) Look up, and verify for ripened type of tomatoes  

p
No:of ð+ive SampleÞ = floor , ð1Þ
1 + ðn – 1Þ ∗ ð1 – TPR Þ

4. Result and Discussion

where TPR stands for true positive rate value, whereas FPR
Consider the following scenario: assume that thepnumber of for false positive rate values, and on the same note FNR
the positive type of datasets, on the same notennumber of represents false negative rate values.
negative datasets, are available, and also, there is availability Tomatoes are sorted into three groups using a cascaded
of database of optimum amount of bootstrapping negative classifier: the ripened stage, the semiripened stage, and the
version of the datasets represented by d. green colored stage as shown in (Figure 4).
 6302, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/7372053, Wiley Online Library on [08/02/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
8 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

a. steps to detect tomatoes (with presence of solid nature of background)

1 Input image acquisition Process for Tomatoes
2 Detection process and also Counting by means of carrying out circular Hough transformation
b. steps to detect tomatoes (with presence of natural type of background)
1 Input image acquisition Process for Tomatoes
2 Carrying out adjustment process of colors in the images
3 Modification of Internal type of Threshold values
4 Modification of sensitivity values
5 Modifying the polarity of Objects recognised
6 Detection process and also Counting by means of carrying out circular Hough transformation
Step 1: Image acquired and Read
Step 2: Calculate range of radius with minimum and maximum acceptable values
Iterative process from Step 3 and upto 7th Step until the desired value is attained
Step 3: To upsurge the detection sensitivity values, start assuming that all the circles involved < internal threshold, the sensitivity
value here is set exact to a value of 0.94
Step 4: Call function to find circle
Step 5: Lower value of edge threshold
Step 6: Return values of centre and radius
Step 7: Insert circles centre and radius for yellow coloured tomatoes which were detected, call function to find circle to add
boundary type of circles, say COUNT is equal to COUNT + 1
Step 8: Add label reading COUNT variable and display
END
IFINDCIRCLES
Step 1: Call function corresponding to circles and their methods

Algorithm 1: Pseudocode for this algorithm.

Step 1: Read the input image

Step 2: Compute radii range by Minimum radius and Maximum radius
Repeat from Step 3 to Step 7 until the desired output is NOT found from a single image
Step 3: To upsurge the detection sensitivity values, start assuming that all the circles involved < internal threshold, the sensitivity
value here is set exact to a value of 0.94
Step 4: Call function to find circle
Step 5: Lower value of edge threshold
Step 6: Return values of centre and radius
Step 7: Insert circles centre and radius for yellow coloured tomatoes which were detected, call function to find circle to add boundary
type of circles, say COUNT is equal to COUNT + 1
Step 8: Add label reading COUNT variable and display
END
IFINDCIRCLES
Step 1: Call function corresponding to circles and their methods

Algorithm 2: Pseudocode for ripeness checking using color thresholding.

4.1. Method-Wise Comparative Analysis Process. The deci- The object polarity here is established as dark and
sion table (Table 6) accurately reflects the classification of gloomy (the detector performs better detection of objects
the stage of the ripened tomatoes is based on the rubrics which are brighter than the visibility of the background por-
using diverse color weighted values. Based on the category, tion of the image)
wise applicability rules are divided into three parts. The first The method of circle finding was also updated yet again,
rule applies to ripened selections, whereas the second and this time using Phase-code, which is both faster type and
third rules apply to the semiripened and also the green selec- also more vigorous to noise when compared to the previous
tions, correspondingly. method involving two-stage procedure.
Based on Table 7, sensitivity was set to 0.92 (comparing In addition, the type of outcome has been revised from
with the previous value 0.90) for obtaining optimal detec- Table 8. False positive type of outcomes has been eliminated;
tion. Since using circles, the tomato detection was lower nevertheless, the number of undiscovered tomatoes has been
when the color-transformation-method was utilized. increased to two.
 6302, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/7372053, Wiley Online Library on [08/02/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 9

(i) Read image IMG

Repeat following steps for J =1–3
Color Segmentation are performed on Red , Green and Blue
Break up the image in to 3 channels as per Red , Green and Blue
(ii) plot the three-separate channel of RGB
(iii) Threshold value is defined for identification of Colors (110 – Red, 115 – Green and 240- Blue)
(iv) Functions for the purpose of filling, structuring element and morphological dilation are called for operation
(v) The image is processed and displayed in a window
(vi) Threshold levels are set for RGB Colors
(vii) Image conversion to Binary form using im2bw functions for each level
(viii) Carryout the summation of the subdivision values and display the attained binary type of image
Finally END the procedure.

Algorithm 3:

1. Original image 2. Riped detection Table 8: Comparative analysis between revised and regular
parameters.

Regular Revised
Topic
parameters parameters
Total tomatoes in image 7 7
Detected 8 5
False positive 2 0
Undetected 1 2
3. Green detection 4. Detected tomatos

Table 9: Comparison of COD and CSM methods.

Topic CSM COD

Positive 138
Dataset X
Negative 288
False detection accuracy 85% 95%


Time complexity OðnÞ O n2
Figure 4: Input images (1) and (3) for algorithms of detection of
quantification of tomatoes and output images (2) and (4) using
color thresholding method. Table 10: No. of detected tomatoes.

Sl. no. No. of tomatoes existed No. of tomatoes detected

1 7 5
Table 6: Decision table.
2 8 6
Rule no. Ravg Gavg Bavg Decision 3 9 7
1. >160.0 <90.0 <60.0 Ripened 4 11 8
2. <160.0 >50.0 <60.0 Semiripened 5 11 9
3. <50.0. >50.0 <50.0 Green 6 13 10
7 14 13

Table 7: Optical detection parameters [16]. Table 11: No. of false positives.

Subject Regular Revised Sl. no. No. of tomatoes detected False positive
Circle finding method Two-stage Phase code 1 5 1
Sensitivity 0.90 ≥0.92 2 6 3
Object polarity Dark Dark 3 7 2
Edge threshold 0.11 0.11 4 8 3
5 9 2
6 10 3
7 13 3
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10 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Start

Input data of Regions of detected

detected tomatoes tomatoes

For 1.
Either use
Colour transformation
color adjustment
No with natural background
model
or

Colour adjustment and

For 2. hough transformation
Calculation of mean of
RGB for each region

Classification rule process

Satisfy rule for ripped, Display

semi-ripped or green

End
Yes

Figure 5: Cascaded object detector (COD) method.

RGB adjusted After color transformation

(a) (b) Figure 8: Output (detected tomatoes) (in sunny lighting).

Figure 6: (a) Input image for detection and quantification of The machine learning method outperformed the tradi-
tomatoes and (b) detected and quantified output 1.
tional method in terms of accuracy and run time complexity
when it came to tomato detection. However, from the anal-
ysis, it has been found that by utilizing the COD, the ripe-
ness complexity is Oðn2 Þ. In contrast, with the CSM, the
ripeness complexity is reduced to OðnÞ (refer to Table 9).
Ion the basis of Table 10, it has been found that the
detection ratio is higher in proportion to the actual number
of tomatoes harvested. In addition, the rate of false-positive
type of the results has been lowered in relation to the rate
of detected tomatoes (Table 11).

4.2. Performances of Algorithm Detection and Quantification.

With both the color thresholding and machine learning
methods, from input images (Figures 4(1), 5, and 6(a)), Toma-
toes from fields were detected and quantified (Figures 6(b) and
Figure 7: Image used as a COD input (captured in the light of sun). 7–9 in sunny light) using detection and quantification
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Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 11

Figure 9: Detected and quantified output 2.

Mobile camera
Database Start
End robot

Input images
Solar Electromagnetic
Display Detection of
energy energy
damaged tomatoes

Object
Classification detection Power System
Detection of
(Green, Semi storage modelling
ripened tomatoes
-ripened)

Quantification Electrical Circuit

(Colour Detected (Rectification,
thresholding, CNN) step conversion,
boosting, voltage
stabilization)

Figure 10: Algorithm1: detection of crops.

Sum before BW Sum after BW

Figure 11: After the color segmentation method of red, green, and
blue (before BW). Figure 13: After the color segmentation method of red, green, and
blue (after BW).
Original image
algorithms (whose flow chart is in Figure 10). In contrast,
from input images of Figure 4(1), ripened tomatoes have been
detected and quantified (Figures 4(2) and 4(4)) using color
thresholding, color transformation methods, and cascaded
object detector (COD) of machine learning method (whose
flow chart is in Figure 7).

4.3. Performances of Algorithm in Identification of Tomatoes

Figure 12: Original image of a damaged tomato as input. with Defects. With the color segmentation method, using an
 6302, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/7372053, Wiley Online Library on [08/02/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
12 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

ROC curve for tomato detection using traditional approach

1.2

0.8
True positive rate

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

False positive rate

Figure 14: False positives vs. true positives using traditional approach (without machine learning).

ROC curve for tomato detection using learning approach

1.2

0.8
True positive rate

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

False positive rate

Figure 15: False positives vs. true positives using machine learning.

input image (Figure 4), defected tomatoes were identified and 6. Conclusion
output images are given in Figures 11 and 12 where RGB values
were applied before the binary conversion and in Figure 13 The traditional method comprising CHT and CSM per-
where RGB values were applied after the binary conversion. formed an accuracy of 84%, whereas the COD with the
CNN outperformed the traditional method with an accuracy
5. Discussion of 92%. For detection and ripeness checking, this research
was only conducted in sunlight, whereas in the future, the
The color transformation method was added with color thresh- research will apply these methods under shadow or different
olding (for input image in Figure 4(1)) due to uneven bright- weather parameters. Besides, damaged tomatoes with black
ness all over the image. The color adjustment was required spots at their outer surface have been considered only. In
for input Figure 4(1) to get both ripened and green tomatoes the future, damaged tomatoes with other characteristics such
individually detected and quantified (Figures 4(2) and 4(3)). as changing shapes water elements in outer skin will be iden-
The object polarity was set to dark for common thresholding tified to help farmers achieve more accurate economic value.
and object polarity. With this, the obtained accuracy for the The research has only compared the output of different
color thresholding method was 85% approximately, and that energy sources. In contrast, a hybrid energy harvester will
for machine learning was 95% applying the Convolutional be designed and simulated to achieve the required power
Neural Method (CNN) (see Figures 14 and 15). using solar and EM energy.
 6302, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/7372053, Wiley Online Library on [08/02/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 13

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zation,” in Fourth International Conference on Advances in
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