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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Peperiksaan Pertengahan Semester Satu

Sidang Akademik 2022/2023

Januari 2023

NMJ 41203 – Image Processing

[Pemprosesan Imej]

Masa: 3 Jam

Please make sure that this question paper has SEVENTEEN (17) printed pages including
this front page before you start the examination.
[Sila pastikan kertas soalan ini mengandungi TUJUH BELAS (17) muka surat yang bercetak termasuk
muka hadapan sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.]

This question paper has THREE (3) questions. Answer ALL questions. Each question
contributes 25 marks.
[Kertas soalan ini mengandungi LIMA soalan. Jawab SEMUA soalan. Setiap soalan menyumbang 25
markah.]

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Question 1
[Soalan 1]

(C4, CO1, PO2)

(a) Please differentiate between the concept of image contrast, image sharpening and
image smoothing.
[Sila bezakan diantara konsep kontras gambar, penajaman gambar dan pengsekataan gambar.]
(3 Marks/Markah)
-Contrast is the difference in luminance or color that makes an object
____________________________________________________________________ (or its
representation in an image or display) distinguishable
____________________________________________________________________
-Image sharpening is a technique for emphasizing texture and drawing viewer
____________________________________________________________________
focus.
____________________________________________________________________
-Image smoothing is a process to create data set that can be represented by
____________________________________________________________________
approximating function which attempts to capture important patterns in the image
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

(C4, CO1, PO2)

(b) Why is contrast stretching needed in image processing?
[Mengapakah penganjalan kontras diperlukan didalam pemprosesan gambar?]
(1 Marks/Markah)
-Contrast Stretching: to get an image with higher contrast than the original image
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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(C3, CO1, PO2)

(c) Given the original image, K as shown in Figure 1 below. Please used the given graph
as operator, T and sketch the output image, S.
[Diberikan gambar asal, R seperti ditunjukkan didalam Rajah 1 dibawah. Sila gunakan graf yang
diberikan sepagai operator, T dan lakarkan gambar keluaran, S.]
(4 Marks/Markah)

200
78 100 160 230
100
45 98 120 160

20 45 137 210

70 90 200 255 r
Original Image, K

Figure 1
[Rajah 1]

100 0 0 200

45 0 0 0

20 45 0 200

….4/-

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(C3, CO1, PO2)

(d) Image Negative and Power Law are two types of techniques in the grey level
transformation. Indicate the difference between both techniques.
[Gambar Negatif dan Hukum Kuasa adalah merupakan dua jenis teknik didalam transformasi aras
kelabu. Berikan perbezaan diantara dua Teknik tersebut]
(4 Marks/ Markah)
-Image negative suited for enhancing white detail embedded in dark regions.
____________________________________________________________________
-Power Law maps a narrow range of dark input values into a wider range of output
____________________________________________________________________
values or vice versa.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

(C3, CO1, PO2)

(e) Given the equation of Log Transformation of Grey level image below. Transform
the given image N below using the given Log transformation equation. (Note C is
equal to one (1))
[Diberikan persamaan Transformasi Log bagi sesuatu gambar aras kelabu dibawah.
Transformasikan gambar N dibawah menggunakan persamaan Transformasi Log yang diberikan.
(Nota: Nilai C adalah satu (1).]
(4 Marks/ Markah)
𝑠 = 𝐶 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑟)

100 100 255 255

100 0 255 255

0 0 0 100

Original Image, K

2 2 2.4 2.4
2 0 2.4 2.4
0 0 0 2
….5/-
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(f) Figure 2 shows the image of M is in grey scale format image.

[Rajah 2 menunjukkan gambar N didalam format gambar sekala kelabu.]

120 160 160 150

130 120 160 100
130 170 120 170
Image N
Figure 2
[Rajah 2]

(C3, CO1, PO2)

(i) Sketch histogram that represents image N.
[Lakarkan histogram yang mewakili gambar N]
(5 Marks/ Markah)

4
3
2
1
100 120 130 150 160 170

0.33
0.25
0.17
0.08
100 120 130 150 160 170

….6/-
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(C3, CO1, PO2)

(ii) Compute average, µ and standard deviation, σ value for both histogram from
question 1(f)(i) above.
[Kirakan nilai purata, µ dan sisihan piawai, σ bagi kedua-dua histogram dari soalan 1(f)(i)
diatas. ]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

M =  g*h(g)
V = g (g-M)2 h(g)
D = sqrt(V)
hig)
0.33
0.25
0.17
0.08
9 100 120 130 150 160 170
10040 08
. Roxo 25
.
22 .
1 12 40 28 9 .

M =
8.333333 30 21.66667 12.5 40 28.33333
140.8333 =
141
1667.361 434.0278 117.3611 84.02778 367.3611 850.6944
133 38
138.9468 000
.

V =
108.5069 19.56019 7.002315 91.84028 141.7824
507.6389
D =
22.53084

(C4, CO1, PO2)

(iii) Based on your understanding about the concept of brightness and contrast in
grey scale images, what is the contrast of image N ? (is it low or high). Provide
an explanation of your given answer based on question 1(f)(ii) above.
[Berdasarkan kepada pemahaman anda mengenai konsep kecerahan dan kontras didalam
gambar berskala kelabu, apakah keadaan contras gambar N?(adakah tinggi atau rendah).
Berikan penjelasan jawapan yang anda berikan bedasarkan soalan 1(f)(ii).]
(1 Marks/ Markah)
-Standard deviation is low/medium.
____________________________________________________________________
-low/normal contast.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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Question 2
[Soalan 2]

(C4, CO2, PO2)

(a) Figure 3 below shows the two image A and B. Image B is the frequency domain of
the given image A (Image A in spatial domain). Choose which area (area X or Y) in
Image B is for high frequency and which area is for low frequency.
[Rajah 3 dibawah menunjukkan dua gambar A dan B. Gambar B adalah didalam domain frekuensi
bagi gambar A (Gambar A adalah didalam spatial domain). Pilih kawasan (kawasan X atau Y)
manakah didalam gambar B yang menunjukkan frquensi tinggi dan kawasan frequensi rendah.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

X X

X X
Image A Image B
Figure 3
[Rajah 3]

-Y is LOW frequency.
____________________________________________________________________
-X is HIGH frequency.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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(C4, CO2, PO2)

(b) Refer to the Image B on question 2(a), predict what going to happen to area X and Y
if the low pass filter is implemented to image B. Please provide an explanation for
your answer.
[Rujuk gambar B didalam soalan 2(a), jangkakan apakah yang akan terjadi kepada kawasan X dan
Y sekiranya penapis laluan rendah digunakan kepada gambar B. Sila berikan penjelasan kepada
jawapan anda.]
(3 Marks/ Markah)
-Y value retain as it will be pass out by the filter.
____________________________________________________________________
-X value will be trim near to zero by the filter.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
-This is because low pass filter only allow low frequencies to pass its value while
____________________________________________________________________
High frequencies are not.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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(c) Figure 4 shows the given an image in grey scale format.

[Rajah 4 menunjukkan sesuatu gambar diberikan dalam bentuk format scale kelabu.]

100 150 80 200

100 50 80 80
100 80 150 200
100 150 150 200

Figure 4
[Rajah 4]

(C3, CO2, PO2)

(i) Use the Arithmetic Mean filter and show the final image result. (Note: used
3x3 filter size)
[Gunakan penapis Purata Arithmatik dan tunjukkan keputusan gambar terakhir. (Perhatian:
Gunakan penapis bersaiz 3x3)]
(5 Marks/ Markah)

100 150 80 200

100 98.89 118.89 80
100 106.67 126.67 200
100 150 150 200

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(C3, CO2, PO2)

(ii) Use the Harmonic Mean filter and show the final image result. (Note: used
3x3 filter size)
[Gunakan penapis Purata Harmonik dan tunjukkan keputusan gambar terakhir. (Perhatian:
Gunakan penapis bersaiz 3x3)]
(5 Marks/ Markah)

100 150 80 200

100 79.41 85.04 80
100 83.72 90 200
100 150 150 200

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(C3, CO2, PO2)

(iii) Use the Midpoint filter and show the final image result. (Note: used 3x3 filter
size)
[Gunakan penapis Titik Pertengahan dan tunjukkan keputusan gambar terakhir. (Perhatian:
Gunakan penapis bersaiz 3x3)]
(5 Marks/ Markah)

100 150 80 200

100 100 125 80
100 100 125 200
100 150 150 200

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(C3, CO2, PO2)

(iv) Use the Alpha-Trimmed filter and show the final image result. (Note: used
3x3 filter size)
[Gunakan penapis Alpha-Potongan dan tunjukkan keputusan gambar terakhir. (Perhatian:
Gunakan penapis bersaiz 3x3)]
(5 Marks/ Markah)

100 150 80 200

100 90.00 103.33 80
100 92 115 200
100 150 150 200

….13/-
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Question 3
[Soalan 3]

(C5, CO2, PO2)

(a) Figure 5 below shows two images A and B of the same object but in different colour
file format. Image A is in RGB format while image B is in HSI format. Evaluate Image
A and B then identify the value for X and Y.
[Rajah 5 dibawah menunjukan dua gambar A dan B mewakili satu objek yang sama tetapi dengan
format fail yang berbeza. Gambar A adalah didalam format RGB mana kala gambar B didalam format
HSI. Buat penilaian gambar A dan B dan kenalpasti nilai bagi X dan Y.]
(7 Marks / Markah)

Y 0.1,0.2,0.1 270,0.67,0.30 120,0.25,0.13

0.1,0.9,0.1 0.27,0.15,0.27 120, 0.73,0.37 X
Image A Image B
Figure 5
[Rajah 5]

X
R 0.27 H 300
G 0.15 S 0.35
B 0.27 I 0.23
Y
R 0.3 H 270
G 0.1 S 0.67
B 0.5 I 0.3

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(b) Figure 6 below shows an Image K and the structuring element. In both images the
white colour represents 0 value, while the grey colour represents the 1 value. Sketch
the outcome of dilation and erosion morphological operation between the image K
and the given structuring element.
[Rajah 6 dibawah menunjukkan suatu gambar K dan element struktur. Bagi kedua-dia gambar tersebut,
warna putih mewakili nilai 0, manapula warna kelabu mewakili nilai 1. Lakarkan hasil akhir daripada
operasi pengembangan dan hakisan morphologi diantara gambar K dan struktur elemen yang
diberikan]
erosion >
- all element must touch

dilation
Image K Structuring Element
Figure 6
[Rajah 6] (6 Marks / Markah)

Dilation

Erosion

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(C5, CO2, PO2)

(c) Figure 7 below shows an Image N and the structuring element. In both images the
white colour represents 0 value, while the grey colour represents the 1 value. Sketch
the outcome of opening morphological operation between the image N and the given
structuring element.
[Rajah 7 dibawah menunjukkan suatu gambar N dan element struktur. Bagi kedua-dia gambar
tersebut, warna putih mewakili nilai 0, manapula warna kelabu mewakili nilai 1. Lakarkan hasil akhir
daripada operasi bukaan morphologi diantara gambar N dan struktur elemen yang diberikan.]
(6 Marks / Markah)

Image N Structuring Element

Figure 7
[Rajah 7]

Erosion

Dilation

….16/-
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(C5, CO2, PO2)

(d) Figure 8 below shows an Image N and the structuring element. In both images the
white colour represents 0 value, while the grey colour represents the 1 value. Sketch
the outcome of closing morphological operation between the image N and the given
structuring element.
[Rajah 8 dibawah menunjukkan suatu gambar N dan element struktur. Bagi kedua-dia gambar
tersebut, warna putih mewakili nilai 0, manapula warna kelabu mewakili nilai 1. Lakarkan hasil akhir
daripada operasi penutupan morphologi diantara gambar N dan struktur elemen yang diberikan.]
(6 Marks / Markah)

Image N Structuring Element

Figure 8
[Rajah 8]

Dilation

Erosion

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APPENDIX

Program and Course Outcomes

PO 01 Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering and an in-depth
technical competence in computer/communication/computer network engineering discipline
to solve the complex engineering problem

PO 02 Ability to identify, formulate and solve complex engineering problems.

PO 03 Ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and systems, components or
processes to meet desired needs.

PO 04 Ability to conduct investigation into complex problems as well as to analyze and interpret data.

PO 05 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for complex
engineering practices so as to be easily adaptable to industrial needs.

PO 06 Understanding of the social, cultural, global and environmental responsibilities of a

professional engineer.

PO 07 Ability to have entrepreneurship, the process of innovation and the need for environmental and
sustainable development.

PO 08 Ability to understand the professional and ethical responsibilities and commitment to the
community.

PO 09 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.

PO 10 Ability to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large

PO 11 A Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning

PO 12 Demonstrate the understanding of project management and finance principles

CO1 Ability to evaluate and analyse the digital images in spatial and frequency domain.
CO2 Ability to evaluate a filter in frequency and spatial domain for image enhancement.
Ability to analyse the multiresolution image, image compression in grey and colour,
CO3
feature extraction and segmentation and design image processing application.

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