1.

Import the Selenium library

You can get Selenium from here.
from selenium import webdriver

2. Start the webdriver and the browser

Starting the webdriver and the Chrome browser.

You can get ChromeDriver from here.
chromedriver = "C:/tests/chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path = chromedriver)

Starting the webdriver and the Firefox browser.

You can get GeckoDriver from here.
geckodriver = "C:/tests/geckodriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path = geckodriver)

Starting the webdriver and the Internet Explorer browser.

You can get IEDriverServer from here.
iedriver = "C:/tests/IEDriverServer.exe"
driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path = iedriver)

Starting the webdriver and the Safari browser.

Nothing to download. The SafariDriver is integrated in Safari.
driver = webdriver.Safari()

Instead of having machines with all those browsers, I just use Endtest.
It's a platform for Codeless Automated Testing where you can create, manage and execute tests on
real browsers on Windows and macOS machines and mobile devices.

3. Open a website
the_url = "https://example.com"
driver.get(the_url)

4. Find an element
Let's try to find this element:
<a href="/sign-up" id="register" name="register" class="cta nav-link">Sign Up</a>

Find element by ID
the_id = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)

Find element by Name

the_name = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_name)

Find element by Class Name

the_class_name = 'nav-link'
element = driver.find_element_by_class_name(the_class_name)
Find element by Tag Name
the_tag_name = 'a'
element = driver.find_element_by_tag_name(the_tag_name)

Find element by Link Text

Works only for anchor elements.
the_link_text = 'Sign Up'
element = driver.find_element_by_link_text(the_link_text)

Find element by Partial Link Text

Works only for anchor elements.
the_partial_link_text = 'Sign'
element = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(the_partial_link_text)

Find element by CSS Selector

You can extract the CSS Selector from the browser.
Or you can write your own by using an attribute from the element:
*[attribute="attribute_value"]

For our element, a custom CSS Selector would be:

a[href="/sign-up"]

the_css_selector = 'a[href="/sign-up"]'
element = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(the_css_selector)

Find element by XPath

You can extract the XPath from the browser.
Or you can write your own by using an attribute from the element:
//*[@attribute = "attribute_value"]

For our element, a custom XPath would be:

//a[@href = "/sign-up"]

You can read more about that here.

the_xpath = '//a[@href = "/sign-up"]'
element = driver.find_element_by_xpath(the_xpath)

5. Click on an element
the_id = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.click()

6. Write text inside an element

Works only for inputs and textareas.
the_id = 'email'
the_email = '[email protected]'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.send_keys(the_email)
7. Select an option
Works only for select elements.
<select id="country">
<option value="US">United States</option>
<option value="CA">Canada</option>
<option value="MX">Mexico</option>
</select>
Let's select Canada. ?￰ﾟﾇﾦ

You can use the visible text:

the_id = 'country'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
select_element = Select(element)
select_element.select_by_visible_text('Canada')

You can use the value:

the_id = 'country'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
select_element = Select(element)
select_element.select_by_value('CA')

You can also use the index:

the_id = 'country'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
select_element = Select(element)
select_element.select_by_index(1)

8. Take a screenshot
the_path = 'C:/tests/screenshots/1.png'
driver.save_screenshot(the_path)

Selenium does not offer Screenshot Comparison but we know who does.

9. Upload a file
This works by using the send_keys method to write the local path of the file in the input type="file"
element.
Let's use this example:
<input type="file" multiple="" id="upload_button">

the_file_path = 'C:/tests/files/example.pdf'
the_id = 'upload_button'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.send_keys(the_file_path)

You can read more about uploading files in a test here.

10. Execute JavaScript

In some cases, you might need to execute some JavaScript code.
This works exactly like you would execute it in your browser console.
js_code = 'document.getElementById("pop-up").remove()'
driver = execute_script(js_code)
11. Switch to iframe
<iframe id="payment_section">
<input id="card_number">
<input id="card_name">
<input id="expiration_date">
<input id="cvv">
</iframe>

the_iframe_id = 'payment_section'
the_element_id = 'card_number'
the_iframe = driver.find_element_by_id(the_iframe_id)
driver.switch_to.frame(the_iframe)
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_element_id)
element.send_keys('41111111111111')
driver.switch_to.default_content()

Endtest also supports iframes and it even supports Shadow DOM.

12. Switch to the next tab

You have to store the handle of your current tab in a global variable.
If you have only one tab open, the handle is 0.
global nextTab
global currentTab
nextTab = currentTab + 1
driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[nextTab])
currentTab = currentTab + 1

13. Switch to the previous tab

global previousTab
global currentTab
previousTab = currentTab - 1
driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[previousTab])
currentTab = currentTab - 1

14. Close tab

driver.close()

15. Close alert

driver.switch_to.alert.accept()

16. Refresh
driver.refresh()

17. Hover
the_id = "register"
the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
hover = ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(the_element)
hover.perform()

18. Right Click

the_id = "register"
the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
right_click = ActionChains(driver).context_click(the_element)
right_click.perform()

19. Click with offset

In order to precisely click on a certain position in a canvas element, you have to provide the offset.
The offset represents the number of pixels to the right and down, starting from the top left corner of
your canvas element.
the_id = "register"
the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
x = 30
y = 20
offset = ActionChains(driver).move_to_element_with_offset(the_element,x,y)
offset.click()
offset.perform()

You can read how to do this with Endtest here.

20. Press Key

the_id = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

21. Drag and drop

element_to_drag_id = 'ball'
target_element_id = 'goal'
element_to_drag = driver.find_element_by_id(element_to_drag_id)
target_element = driver.find_element_by_id(target_element_id)
ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop(element_to_drag_id, target_element).perform()

22. Get Page Source

the_page_source = driver.page_source

23. Get Cookies

cookies_list = driver.get_cookies()

24. Delete Cookies

cookie_item = 'shopping_cart'
# delete one cookie
driver.delete_cookie(cookie_item)
# delete all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()

25. Get first element from list

the_id = 'register'
list_of_elements = driver.find_elements_by_id(the_id)
first_element = list_of_elements[0]

26. Configure Page Load Timeout

driver.set_page_load_timeout(20)
27. Configure Element Load Timeout
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

the_id = 'register'
WebDriverWait(driver,10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, the_id)))

28. Set window size

driver.set_window_size(1600, 1200)

29. Change the user agent string

the_user_agent = 'hello'
chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe'
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--user-agent = '+ the_user_agent)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)

30. Simulate webcam and microphone

chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe'
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--use-fake-ui-for-media-stream")
options.add_argument("--use-fake-device-for-media-stream")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)

31. Add Chrome Extension

chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe'
extension_path = 'C:/tests/my_extension.zip'
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_extension(extension_path)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)

32. Emulate mobile device

google_pixel_3_xl_user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9.0; Pixel 3 XL Build/OPD3.170816.012)
AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.98 Mobile Safari/537.36'
pixel_3_xl_emulation = {
"deviceMetrics": {
"width": 411,
"height": 731,
"pixelRatio": 3
},
"userAgent": google_pixel_3_xl_user_agent
}
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_experimental_option("mobileEmulation", pixel_3_xl_emulation)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)