MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY

4TH QUARTER | 2ND SEMESTER

Media and Information Literacy provides a set of essential skills to address the challenges of the 21st century including the proliferation of mis- and
disinformation and hate speech, the decline of trust in media and digital innovations notably Artificial Intelligence.
taking pictures
LESSON ■​ Abstraction: identifying concepts from art
elements
Visual Information and Media ○​ Skilled Level
■​ Manipulation: using tools for
●​ Visual Media and Information problem-solving
○​ Visual Media - Symbols, pictures, icons, signs, and ■​ Construction: drawing perspective;
others that communicate with one's sense of sight controlling variables in picture-taking;
are called visual media. origami; interpreting instructions
■​ Abstraction: creating visual plans;
specifying photographic treatment for
Types of Visual Media subjects; creating visuals from verbals and
vice versa
Type Definition ○​ Advanced Level
■​ Manipulation: mental manipulations of
Ideogram These are graphical symbols that represent ideas. complex representations
Examples of such are signs, logos, and symbols. ■​ Information: drawing in 3-D; creating own
visual style; producing multimedia
■​ Abstraction: lateral thinking, visual
Statistical This refers to the study and creation of data using
intuition, visual invention; describing visual
Visualization visual representation. Charts and graphs are
ideas verbally
examples of statistical visualization.
●​ Producing Visual Information - Similar to producing text
information, the first thing that must be done in producing visual
Picture Photography, painting, drawing, and the like all fall information is following the MIL Design framework.
under pictures. People use it widely to express
their ideals, opinions, and sentiments.
Target Who are the possible readers/viewers of this
Graphic This refers to the art of combining text and pictures Audience information?
Design to communicate information Infographics, posters,
and graphic advertisements are considered Author Who is the author of the information?
graphic designs.
Key Content What is the information all about?
Video If graphic design is the combination of text and
picture, video is the combination of motion and Purpose What is the intention of creating such information?
picture; or of motion, picture, and audio.
Form/Style How will this information be presented?
3D Image A three-dimensional visual medium can be a
sculpture, architecture, real-life object, or person. Medium/Format Where will this information be published?
Information conveyed through sign language is
considered visual information.
●​ Visual Design Elements - Generally, there are seven visual
design elements: space, line, shape, texture, value, color, and
○​ Visual Information - The information that a person form.
gets from these visual media is called visual
information. Seeing, watching, reading, and even
glimpsing are all examples of acquiring visual Visual Design Elements
information.
Elements Definition
Sources of Visual Information
Space It is the void or emptiness that provides an interval
Source Definition between design elements.

Formal These groups process information through Line This thin mark is drawn on a surface that can
rigorous editing and evaluation (i.e. schools, suggest specific directions, meanings, and
publishers, etc.,). Governed by state censorship.
Shape This is a filled-in space enclosed in a line and can be
Informal These produce visuals that are usually unverified geometric or organic.
and/or come from personal views and opinions.
Texture This describes how a surface in a design feels or is
perceived to feel, which can be either tactile or
●​ Power of Visual Information and Media illusory.
○​ Visual Communication - The process of giving and
receiving information through media. Value This shows the degree of lightness and darkness,
■​ According to Pettersson (2015), visual suggesting an atmosphere or moodina visual design.
communication is a powerful form of
communication, for visual messages
stimulate both intellectual and emotional Color It is the most striking element that catches a viewer's
responses. eye. Used primarily for emphasis and evoking
●​ Visual Literacy - Defined as the "learned ability to interpret reactions, this is determined by its hue, intensity, and
visual images accurately and to create such messages." This is value.
what you must gain at the end of this lesson.
○​ Primary Level Form Also known as a three-dimensional shape, this
■​ Manipulation: changing objects shows the volume and thickness of a figure in a
■​ Construction: producing simple visuals;
 visual design. Radio Dramas These are similar to television soap operas;
these are purely acoustic programs broadcasted
on radio.
●​ Visual Design Principles - These principles of design work
together to create something that is aesthetically pleasing and
optimizes the user experience. Podcasts These digital audio programs can be streamed
or downloaded through the Internet.

Visual Design Principle

●​ Audio File Formats - The quality of audio can be categorized
into two: lossless and lossy.
Principle Definition

Consistency Changing margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors in Lossless Lossy

visual media that are more than one page must be
avoided. As much as possible, limit your typefaces ●​ The lossless format ●​ On the other hand,
and color usage to avoid confusion. keeps the audio quality lossy compresses the
of the source. file to save space
Emphasis Identify which object or element would grab your ●​ This format includes without diminishing the
audience's attention. This center interest should be WAV, AIFF, FLAC, audio quality, such as
highlighted using visual design elements. APE, and Apple MP3 (MPEG Audio
Lossless. Layer III), AAC, WMA,
●​ Because the audio is and Ogg Vorbis.
Balance There should be a feeling of equal distribution
not compressed, the ●​ You will be able to
among the elements. This balance can symmetrical
size of audio files distinguish an audio
(evenly balanced) or asymmetrical (unevenly
saved using any of format through its file
balanced).
these formats is extension.
usually larger.
Harmony This brings together the separate elements into a
single composition. All elements should complement
each other and not look like they were put ●​ Producing and Storing Audio Media
haphazardly in the design. ○​ Producing - It is produced through recording and
requires a microphone, a
Contrast This shows the difference between computer/recorder/cellphone, and a speaker.
shapes/elements, brings objects out and forward, ○​ Storing - Audio media can be stored via tape, CD,
and creates an area of emphasis in a design. internal and external drive, or online repositories such
as Cloud.
Movement It is the visual flow through the design, which can be
created with a value pattern. Sources of Visual Information

Rhythm This is a movement in which several elements are Source Definition

repeated regularly.
Formal These groups process information through rigorous
Proportion This is the relationship of one object or area to editing and evaluation (i.e.radio, online news sites,
another. It shows the relative sizes and scales of etc.,)
various elements in a design.
Informal These produce audio information that are usually
unverified and/or come from personal views and
opinions such as hearsays (tsismis).
LESSON

Audio Information and Media ●​ Hearing vs. Listening

○​ The impact of audio information varies on the
●​ Audio - An audio is a sound heard on a recording or broadcast. response of the receiver. A person who merely hears
Sound effects, music, songs, newscasts, public service audio information cannot be considered a listener.
announcements, speeches, and the like are all examples of
audio.
Hearing Listening

Types of Audio Information Hearing is the act of perceiving Listening requires the attention of
sound by the ear and can be the sound receiver. Listening
Type Definition done involuntarily. involves the following process:
●​ Hearing - This is the
Music This is composed of songs or rhythms that stage where sound
primarily aim to entertain, usually aired on the enters the eardrums
radio, streamed on the Internet, or bought in and travels to the
record bars or digital music stores. brain.
●​ Attending - This refers
to the part where the
Sound From the name itself, these are audio records of brain receives the
Recordings interviews, meetings, or any sound that presents sound and chooses
content. what to listen to
●​ Understanding - Here,
Radio Newscasts These are news clips or articles delivered by the brain makes sense
radio journalists. of the listened sound.
●​ Remembering - This
Public Service These are messages disseminated by radios is the most important
Announcements without charge that aim to raise awareness of a stage, where the sound
(PSAs) certain social issue. is stored in one's
memory.
Radio These are paid advertisements that intend to
Commercials promote a service or product. ●​ Producing Audio Information - Similar to producing text
information, the first thing that must be done in producing audio
 information is following the MIL Design framework.
●​ V-fade - Slightly similar to crossfade,
but instead of fading out by weakening
Target Audience Who are the possible readers/viewers of this volume, th former segment fades to
information? inaudible while the latter fades in.
●​ Fade to Black - This is a V-fade that
Author Who is the author of the information? has brief silence between the
segments.
Key Content What is the information all about?
Stereo Imaging This adds depth to the sound design by using the
left and right channels.
Purpose What is the intention of creating such
information?

Form/Style How will this information be presented?

LESSON
Medium/Format Where will this information be published?
Video Information and Media

●​ Sound Design Elements - A sound design has five basic ●​ Video - A video is a recorded set of moving images, which is
elements: ambiance, foley sounds, audio effects, voice-over or usually accompanied with audio.
dialogue, and music. ○​ It can be a television show, a movie, a music video, a
video presentation, or a plain video record of an
Sound Design Elements event in your family.
○​ Frame - Each picture is a frame.
○​ Storyboard - It is a strip of images that illustrates the
Elements Definition
sequencing in a video.
Ambiance The keywords for this element are "background
(Atmosphere) noise" and "setting." This sets the scene and Types of Video Information
informs the listeners where the action takes place.
However, keep in mind to refrain from making it too Type Definition
descriptive to avoid distracting or overwhelming the
listeners. Movie Often referred to as a "motion picture," it is a
literary work of video and is usually shown in
Foley Sounds Named after the sound effect designer Jack Foley, a theater or television. (e.g.,
these are reproductions of the sound people hear commercial/independent movies,
in everyday life. Examples are footsteps, rubbing of documentaries, etc.)
clothes, turning pages or hooks etc. These are
added to make the audio production more real and TV/Online Show This is a video content usually shorter than a
descriptive. movie, created explicitly for television or
online serial broadcast. (e.g., news, soap
Sound Effects There are manufactured sounds added in the operas, video-on-demand series, etc.)
(SFX) production-computer-generated and. unlike Foley
sounds, cannot be made solely with a microphone. Music Video It is a videotaped performance of a musical
artists).
Voice-over This refers to the speech, conversation, or
(Dialogue) voice-over present in the audio production. Video Clip This short clip, usually part of a longer
recording, often depicts content for
Music This involves songs and instrumental pieces that entertainment. (e.g., reels, memes, etc.)
help control the dynamics of the audio production's
mood. Video Commercial These are paid advertisements intended to
promote or inform the public about a servic or
●​ Sound Design Principles - This refers to the techniques used a product.
in combining the elements of sound design.
●​ Producing Videos
Sound Design Principle ○​ Producing - Videos come in many formats, types,
and sources. Before, all you needed to make a video
was a camera and a film reel. Today, most videos are
Principle Definition
made digitally. They come in various formats. WMV,
ASE, MOV, MPEG, AVI, and more.
Mixing This involves combining, balancing, and
controlling the elements of sound design.
Sources of Visual Information
Pacing Like tempo, pacing refers to the time control. The
order of events can be linear, non- linear, or Source Definition
multi-linear.
Formal These groups produce video information and
Transition This brings together separate segments or follow industry standards in media production.
elements. Some of the basic transitions used in These media outfits have writers, artists, sound
audio production are the following: technicians, editors, and directors.
●​ Segue - Commonly known as "cut" in
video production, this abruptly stops Informal These video producers readily broadcast their
one sounc segment and immediately content without review from other professional
begins another. entities. Examples are casual video-takers who
●​ Crossfade - Here, the segments capture videos for personal use, vloggers, and
overlap as the former fades out while TikTok creators.
the latter fades in.
●​ Waterfall - The former segment fades
out, and the latter segment starts at full ●​ Producing Video Information - Similar to producing text
volume. and Producing Media and information, the first thing that must be done in producing video
Information information is following the MIL Design framework.
Target Audience Who are the possible readers/viewers of this
information?

Author Who is the author of the information?

Key Content What is the information all about?

Purpose What is the intention of creating such

information?

Form/Style How will this information be presented?

Medium/Format Where will this information be published?

●​ Basic Workflow of Video Production

○​ Pre-production - Pre-production involves
storyboarding, scriptwriting, casting, scouting of shoot
location, budget planning, etc.
■​ Conceptualize the story.
■​ Prepare a production schedule.
■​ Plan the crew.
●​ Production
●​ Director
●​ Assistant Director
●​ Scriptwriter
●​ Cast
●​ Wardrobe/Props
●​ Location Manager
●​ Props Builder
●​ Lights/Technicals
●​ Sound and Video Editors
■​ Write the script.
■​ Visualize the script.
■​ Find and secure locations.
■​ Cast the actors.
■​ Prepare the production design.
■​ Make a floor plan.
■​ Make a storyboard.
■​ Make a shooting schedule.
○​ Production - It includes shooting, filming, and editing
of script.
■​ Camera Angle
●​ High Angle
●​ Low Angle
●​ Eye Level
■​ Camera Shots
●​ Point of View
●​ Establishing Shot
●​ Long Shot
●​ Medium Shot
●​ Bust Shot
●​ Tight Shot/Close Up
●​ Extreme Tight Shot/Extreme
Close-up
■​ Camera Techniques
●​ Zoom In/Zoom Out
●​ Tilt
●​ Pedestal
●​ Dolly
●​ Pan/Truck
○​ Post-production - It involves sequencing, video
editing, adding audio, file compression, etc.
○​ Video Release - This pertains to the stage when the
video is posted on the Internet or broadcasted on air.