Modulation

ANALOG TO DIGITAL
DIGITAL TO ANALOG
ANALOG TO ANALOG
DIGITAL TO DIGITAL
Analog to Digital Conversion
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
Sampling

Convert Analog Signal into Discrete Signal

Sampling is the process of reading the values of the filtered analogue signal at discrete
time intervals. The amplitude of the analog signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals
 Quantisation

Convert discrete signal into Digital Signal

Quantisation is the process of assigning a
discrete value from a range of possible
values to each sample obtained. The
number of possible values will depend on
the number of bits used to represent
each sample. Quantisation can be
achieved by either rounding the signal
up or down to the nears available value
Levels = 2^n
 421

Encoding
000=0
001=1
010=2
011=3
100=4
101=5
 Encoding of that digital signal 110=6
111=7

101 101 111 111 110 010 001 010 010

Digital to Analog Conversion
Digital to Analog Conversion

Digital to Analog Conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an

analog signal based on the information in a digital signal (0s and 1s)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
In Amplitude shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to
create a signal element or represent binary (0s and 1s). Both phase and
frequency remains constant

 Bit Rate is the number of bits per second

 Baud Rate is the number of signal element per second
 In analog transmission Baud rate is less than or equal to Bit Rate
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
In Frequency shift keying, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to
create a signal element or represent binary (0s and 1s). Both phase and
amplitude remains constant
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
In Phase shift keying, the phase of the carrier signal is varied to create
a signal element or represent binary (0s and 1s). Both frequency and
amplitude remains constant
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Modulation Schemes in 2g,3g,4g
2G GSM GMSK
(Global system for mobile communication) (Gaussian minimum shift keying)

2.5G GPRS GMSK

(General Packet Radio Service) (Gaussian minimum shift keying)

2.75G EDGE 8PSK

(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) (8 Phase shift keying)

3G UMTS QPSK
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) (Quadrature Phase shift keying)

3.5G HSPA QPRS, 16 QAM, 64QAM

(high speed packet access) (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

4G LTE QPSK, QAM with OFDM

(Long Term Evolution) (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

5G 5G QPSK, QAM with OFDM

(Fifth Generation Wireless) (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Analog to Analog Conversion
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
In AM transmission, the carrier signal is modulated so that its amplitude varies
with the changing amplitudes of the modulating signal. The frequency and
phase of the carrier remain the same;
Frequency Modulation (FM)
In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is modulated to follow
the changing voltage level (amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak
amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain constant,
1G AMPS works on Frequency Modulation.
Phase Modulation (PM)
In PM transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing
voltage level (amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak amplitude and frequency of
the carrier signal remain constant, but as the amplitude of the information signal
changes, the phase of the carrier changes correspondingly.
Digital to Digital Conversion
Digital to Digital Conversion
The process for converting digital data into digital signal is said to be Line Coding.
Digital data is found in binary format. It is represented as series of 1s and 0s.
Line Coding and Decoding
Line Coding
Unipolar NRZ (Non Return to Zero)
Polar NRZ (Non Return to Zero)
Polar RZ (Return to Zero)
Polar Manchester vs. Differential Manchester
Bipolar Schemes (AMI and Pseudoternary)
Baseband vs. Broadband Transmission
 Baseband vs. Broadband vs. Bandpass
 Baseband signal, also known as lowpass signal, It is related to digital signal transmission in which the
whole bandwidth carries only one data signal at a time.
 Baseband transmission is a data transmission technique in which one signal needs the whole
bandwidth of the channel to transfer the data. In contrast, broadband transmission is a transmission
technology in which many signals with different frequencies send data across a single channel at the
same time.
 Manchester and differential Manchester encoding are used in baseband. In contrast, broadband
transmission does not utilize any digital encoding, but it utilizes the PSK (Phase shift keying) encoding.
 Baseband transmission signals travel over shorter distances. In contrast, the signals in broadband
transmissions may travel across larger distances.
 Baseband transmission utilizes time division multiplexing. In contrast, broadband transmission utilizes
frequency division multiplexing.
 Baseband transmission is simple and easy to install and maintain. In contrast, broadband transmission is
complex to install and maintain.
 Baseband transmission is less expensive to design. In contrast, broadband transmission is costly to
design.
 Original signal is Baseband, Transmission of multiple signals is Broadband and Bandpass or Passband
signal refers to filtered signal or modulated signal in which the frequency or phase of the carrier signal
is modulated to transmit the bits like we apply like frequency modulation and amplitude modulation