Module 4

Cloud –Computing Introduction

• Handling the enormous data generated by the large number of heterogeneous device is a
non-trivial task.
• Cloud computing comprises a pool of multiple resources such as servers, storage, and
network from single/multiple organizations.
• These resources are allocated to the end users as per requirement, on a payment basis.
• In Cloud computing architecture, an end user can request for customised resources such
as storage space, RAM, operating systems, and other software to a cloud service provider
(CSP).

• The cloud services are accessible from anywhere and at any time by an authorized user
through Internet connectivity.
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Virtualization
• The technique of sharing a single resource among multiple end-user organizations or end users
is known as virtualization.
• In the virtualization process, a physical resource is logically distributed among multiple users
Types of virtualization
• Hardware Virtualization
• Storage Virtualization
• Application Virtualization
• Desktop Virtualization
Advantages of virtualization
• There are different software such as VMware, which enable the concept of virtualization.
• Primarily, there are two entities in a cloud computing architecture: End users and CSP
• Both end users and CSP are benefited in several aspects through the process of virtualization.
• The major advantages, from the perspective of the end user and CSP, are as follows:
Variety
Availability
Portability
Elasticity
Advantages for CSP
• Resource Utilization.

• Effective Revenue Generation.

Cloud Models
As per the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Cloud Computing
Standards Roadmap Working Group, the cloud model can be classified as
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

• This service provides access to different software applications to an end

user through Internet connectivity.

• A user does not need to purchase and install the software applications
on his/her local desktop. The software is in a cloud server, from where
the services are provided to multiple end users.

• SaaS offers scalability, by which users have the provision to use multiple
software applications as per their requirements.
Continued….
 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

• PaaS provides a computing platform, by which a user can develop and run
different applications.

• The cloud user need not go through the burden of installing and managing
the infrastructure such as operating system, storage, and networks.

• The users can develop and manage the applications that are running on top
of it.
Continued….
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

• IaaS provides infrastructure such as storage, networks, and

computing resources.

• A user uses the infrastructure without purchasing the software and

other network components.

• In the infrastructure provided by a CSP, a user can use any

composition of the operating system and software.
Continued….
 Deployment Model
• Private Cloud: This type of cloud is owned explicitly by an end user organization.
The internal resources of the organization maintain the private cloud.
• Community Cloud: This cloud forms with the collaboration of a set of
organizations for a specific community. For a community cloud, each organization
has some shared interests.
• Public Cloud: The public cloud provides services to the common public. The
service of this cloud is available for any user, on payment basis.
• Hybrid Cloud: This type of cloud comprises two or more clouds (private, public, or
community)
 Service-Level Agreement in Cloud Computing
A clear understanding between CSP and the customer about the services, an agreement is
required to be made, which is known as service-level agreement (SLA).

Importance of SLA

Customer Point of View: Detailed description of the services and compare services of different
CSPs.
CSP Point of View: CSP can explicitly mention in the SLA that they are not responsible for
inefficient service.
 Metrics for SLA
• Availability: This metric signifies the amount of time the service will be accessible for the
customer.

• Response Time: The maximum time that will be taken for responding to a customer request is
measured by response time.

• Portability: This metric indicates the flexibility of transferring the data to another service.

• Problem Reporting: How to report a problem, whom and how to be contacted, is explained in
this metric.

• Penalty: The penalty for not meeting the promises mentioned in the SLA.
Cloud Implementation
Cloud simulation

• Real deployment of the cloud is a complex and costly procedure.

• It is Important to estimate the performance of an IoT system with the cloud before real
implementation.

• There are many cloud simulators that provide pre-deployment test services for
repeatable performance evaluation of a system.
Continue….
Cloud simulator provides the following advantages to a customer.

• Pre-deployment test before real implementation

• System testing at less cost
• Repeatable evaluation of the system
• Pre-detection of issues that may affect the system performance
• Flexibility to control the environment

Cloud simulators
1. CloudSim
2. CloudAnalyst
3. GreenCloud
CloudSim

Description:
• Most popular cloud simulator that was developed at the University of Melbourne
• This, simulator is written in a Java-based environment.
• In CloudSim, a user is allowed to add or remove resources dynamically during the simulation and
evaluate the performance of the scenario.

Features:
Provides flexibility to add or remove simulation components dynamically.
User can stop and resume the simulation at any instant of time.
It allows users to define their own policies for the allocation of host resources to VMs.
A user can allocate virtual machines (VMs) dynamically.
GreenCloud
Description:
• GreenCloud is developed as an extension of a packet-level network simulator, NS2.
• This simulator can monitor the energy consumption of different network components such as servers and
switches.

Features:
(1) GreenCloud is an open-source simulator with user-friendly GUI.
(2) It provides the facility for monitoring the energy consumption of the network and its various components.
(3) It supports the simulations of cloud network components.
(4) It enables improved power management schemes.
(5) It allows a user to manage and configure devices, dynamically, in simulation.
A commercial cloud:
There are various commercial cloud infrastructures

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

2. Microsoft Azure

3. Google App Engine

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

• Provides APIs (application programming interfaces) tools, and utilities for users.
• Amazon AWS follows the pay-per-use model.

Features of AWS:
• It provides flexibility to scale and manage the server capacity.
• AWS provides control to OS and deployment software.
• The developer tools in this cloud infrastructure help a user for fast development and
deployment of the software.
• AWS also provides a data analytics platform.
• The cloud provides machine learning facilities, which are very useful for data scientists and
developers.
Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service
• Virtualization of resources is the backbone of cloud computing.
• sensor-cloud,virtualization of sensors plays an essential role in providing services to multiple
users.
• The main aim of sensor-cloud infrastructure is to provide an opportunity for the common mass
to use Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) on a payment basis.
Agricultural IoT
Introduction
• IoT-enabled technologies are widely used for increasing crop productivity, generating
significant revenue, and efficient farming.
➢Agricultural loT systems perform
➢Crop health monitoring,
➢Water management,
➢Crop security,
➢Farming vehicle tracking,
➢Automatic seeding,
➢Automatic pesticide spraying over the agricultural fields.

Different sensors are deployed in the for performing the tasks

Architecture of agricultural IoT
Architecture of agricultural IoT
The architecture of Agricultural IoT involves various interconnected components that
enable efficient farming and agricultural operations:
1. Sensors: Measure critical parameters such as soil moisture, humidity, temperature,
and water levels.
2. Cloud Computing: Stores and analyzes large amounts of sensor data for decision-
making and automation (e.g., irrigation).
3. Wireless Connectivity: Enables real-time data transmission from fields to the cloud
and user devices.
4. Handheld Devices: Provide farmers with real-time updates on field conditions and
control of equipment like pumps and irrigation systems.
Components of an agricultural IoT
Components of an agricultural IoT
• Cloud Computing: Analyzes sensor data, automates actions like irrigation, and stores long-term data.
• Sensors: Measure critical agricultural parameters like moisture, humidity, and temperature.
• Cameras: Used for crop health monitoring, nitrogen status assessment, and detecting stress or
damage.
• Satellites: Offer large-scale crop monitoring and health assessments.
• Analytics: Helps farmers in decision-making about fertilizers, crop types, and supply chain
management.
• Wireless Connectivity: Transmits sensor data and allows remote control.
• Handheld Devices: Provide farmers with access to field conditions and equipment control.
• Drones: Perform mapping, monitoring, pesticide spraying, and irrigation.
Agricultural food chain(agri-chain)
An agricultural food chain (agri-chain) represents the different stages that are involved in agricultural activity right
from the agricultural fields to the consumers.
Agricultural food chain(agri-chain)
The Agri-Chain represents the various stages involved in agricultural activity, from farming to
consumer markets. IoT components play crucial roles in enhancing efficiency and monitoring at each
stage.
Farming: Operations include seeding, irrigation, fertilizing, and pesticide spraying.
IoT tools: Soil moisture and temperature sensors, drones for pesticide application, and wireless
connectivity for field monitoring.
Transport: Transfers crops from fields to storage and markets.
IoT tools: Smart vehicles with GPS for tracking, and RFID for container monitoring.
Storage: Includes long-term cold storage and moisture-controlled environments to preserve crops.
IoT tools: Cameras for monitoring, sensors for crop condition tracking, and cloud computing for
inventory management.
Continued..
Processing: Involves drying, packaging, and preparing crops for market.
IoT tools: Sensors for monitoring drying and packaging conditions, and cloud systems for
tracking crop details.
Logistics and Market: Manages the transport of packaged goods to markets and provides
product details to consumers.
IoT tools: Smart vehicles, GPS tracking, and cloud platforms for market analytics and
transaction records.

This system ensures efficiency, transparency, and automation throughout the agricultural
supply chain.
Advantages of IoT in agriculture
• Automatic seeding

• Efficient fertilizer and pesticide distribution

• Water management

• Real-time and remote monitoring

• Easy yield estimation

• Production overview
Case Study 1: In-situ assessment of leaf area index(LAI) using
IoT-based agricultural system
LAI indicates total leaf area per unit ground area. LAI in determining the canopy (portion of the
plant above the ground level) light.
Continued….
Two types of sensors

(i) Ground-level sensor (Gs).

(ii) Reference sensor (R).

• These sensors are used to measure Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

• Reference sensor (R) acts as a cluster head while the other sensor nodes (Gs) are located below
the canopy.

• A solar panel is used to charge the cluster head. The system is based on IoT architecture.
Therefore, a cluster head is attached to a central base station, which acts as a gateway.
Continued….
Hardware
• For sensing and transmitting the data from the deployment fields to a centralized unit, such as
a server and a cloud, different hardware components are used in the system.

• The commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) TelosB platform is used in the system.

• The TelosB motes are equipped with three types of sensors: temperature, humidity, and light
sensors.

• A Raspberry-Pi is used as a cluster head, which connects with four ground sensor motes.
Communication
• The LAI system consists of multiple components, such as WSN, IoT gateway, and IoT based
network. All these components are connected through wired or wireless links.

• The Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is used to establish connectivity between external IoT
networks and the gateway.

• The data are analyzed and visualized with the help of a Farm Management Information System
(FMIS), which resides in the IoT-based infrastructure.

• MQTT(Message Query Telemetry Transport) data transport protocol is used in the system.
Software
• To operate the TelosB motes, TinyOS, an open-source, low-power operating system, is used. This OS is widely used
for different WSN applications.

• For software's used wired deployments (the first generation deployment), the sampling rate used is 30
samples/hour. However, in the wireless deployment (the second generation), the sampling rate is significantly
reduced to 6 samples/hour.

IoT Architecture
• Graphical user interface (GUI) is built using an Apache server.

• The visualization of the data is performed at the server itself.

• when a sensor fails, the server informs the users.

• The server can provide different system-related information to the smartphone of the registered user.
Case study 2: Smart irrigation management system
• This case study highlights a prototype of an irrigation management system,
developed at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, funded by the
Government of India.

• The primary objective of this system is to provide a Web-based platform to the

farmer for managing the water supply of an irrigated agricultural field.

• The system can provide a farmer-friendly interface by which the field condition
can be monitored.

• With the help of this system, a farmer can take the necessary decision for the
agricultural field based on the analysis of the data.
Architecture
Continued….

The architecture of this system consists of three layers

➢Sensing and actuating layer

➢Remote processing and service layer

➢Application layer
Sensing and Actuating layer

• This layer deals with different physical devices, such as sensor nodes, actuators,
and communication modules.

• A cluster head is equipped with two communication module: ZigBee (IEEE

802.15.4) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

• Standard EC-05 soil moisture sensor is used along with the water level sensor.

• An electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), integrated

with the cluster head, stores a predefined threshold value of water levels and soil
moisture.
Processing and Service layer
• This layer acts as an intermediate layer between the sensing and actuating layer and the application layer.

• The sensed and process data is stored in the server for future use.

• Moreover, these data are accessible at any time from any remote location by authorized users. Depending on the
sensed values from the deployed sensor nodes, the pump actuates to irrigate the field.

Application layer
• The farmer can access the status of the pump, whether it is in switch on/off, and the value of different soil
parameters from his/her cell phone.

• This information is accessible with the help of the integrated GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
facility of the farmers’ cell phone.

• Farmer can also manually access field information with the help of a Web-based application.

• Moreover, the farmer can control the pump using his/her cell phone from a remote location.
Thank You