EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis

Lecture 3: Test/Standard Signals, and Operations on Signals

Credit: Some material in these slides is based on the references shown in the last slide.

Instructor: Dr. Abdulaziz A. Alorf

Department of Electrical Engineering

Qassim University

January 20th , 2025

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 1 / 44

Outline

1 From Previous Lectures

2 Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

3 Signal Representation

4 Operations on Signals

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 2 / 44

Outline

1 From Previous Lectures

2 Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

3 Signal Representation

4 Operations on Signals

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 3 / 44

From Previous Lectures
⋆ Signals:
• A Signal is any time varying physical phenomenon that is intended to
convey information. A radar wave, human voice, voltage on telephone
wires, etc., are types of signals.
• Another definition of a signal is a function of time; for example, δ (t) is a
signal where δ is the name of the signal, which changes in time t.
• Following the previous definition, noise is a signal, which carries
UNWANTEDDescribeinformation!
a system (physical, mathematical, or computational) by
the way it transforms an input signal into an output signal.
⋆ Systems:
• A system is a device which operates on signals according to its
characteristics, such as multiplication, shifting, scaling, translation, etc.
Some examples on systems are: imaging systems, optical systems,
communication systems, etc.
signal signal
system
in out

• The input signal is called an “excitation” signal, and the output signal
represents the “response”.
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 4 / 44
Outline

1 From Previous Lectures

2 Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

3 Signal Representation

4 Operations on Signals

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 5 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

⋆ Test/standard signals:
• The knowledge of the input signal is required to predict the response of
the system.
• In most of systems, input signals are not known ahead of the time and it
is also difficult to express the input signals mathematically by simple
equations. In such cases determining the performance of the system is
not possible.
• Test/standard signals help in predicting the performance of the system,
as the input signals which we give are known, hence we can see the
output response of the system for a given input and can understand the
behavior of the system.
• Before we get into the analysis of signals and systems, we need to take a
closer look into the most common test/standard signals usually used
with systems.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 6 / 44

 One of the simplest discrete-time signals is the unit impulse (or
Test/Standard defined
Signals as and Their Properties

⋆ The most common test signals usually usedll[nj with ~:

= {systems:
n = 0
n=rfO

1. Unit (if the signal amplitude is 1) impulse (or the unit sample) δ:
 and which is shown in Figure 1.28. Throughout the book, we will re
1ablyifasnthe
= 0,
unit impulse or unit sample.
δ[n] = (discrete-time representation), and
0 otherwise,

8[n]

Figure 1.2
••••••• •••••••• n pulse (samp

∞ ifAtsecond
= 0, basic discrete-time signal is the discrete-time un
δ(t) = (continuous-time representation).
0and defined by
otherwise,
- Here are some properties of the unit impulse function thatn<O you need to
be aware of: u[n] = { ~:
n ~ o·
R +∞
a. −∞ δ(t) dt = δ(t)|t=0 = 1, (its area is unity!).
The unit step sequence is shown in Figure 1.29.
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 7 / 44
Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

1 n = k,
b. δ[n − k] =
0 n ̸= k.
c. δ[n] = u[n] − u[n − 1]. We will come back to it shortly!
d. f (t)δ(t) = f (0).
e. δ (t − t0 ) f (t) = f (t0 ).
Rb
f. a δ ′ (t)f (t)dt = −f ′ (0), where f is a smooth function over [a, b],
and δ ′ (t) is called a unit doublet. To prove this property, we need to
apply the integration by parts which is given by
Z b Z b
dv du
u dt = [uv]ba − v dt,
a dt a dt
′
where u = f (t), dv
dt = δ (t), v = δ(t), and
du
dt = f ′ (t). Suppose
a < 0 < b, then we can write
Z b Z b
f (t)δ ′ (t) dt =[f (t)δ(t)]ba − f ′ (t)δ(t) dt
a a
:0 :0
 −   ] − f ′ (0)

f (b)δ(b)
=[ f (a)δ(a)
= − f ′ (0).
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 8 / 44
Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

f ′ is continuous at t = 0, because f is a smooth function. Note:

Smooth functions have a unique defined first derivative (slope or
gradient) at every point, unlike non-smooth functions, which include
non-differentiable and discontinuous functions.
Knowing that the continuous-time unit impulse function δ(t) is
physically a rectangular function with a close to zero width and the
area of one (i.e., a density function), then the doublet δ ′ (t) is merely a
differentiation of that rectangle. Mathematically, δ(t) can be
represented by a rectangle with the area of 1, the magnitude of 1/ϵ,
the width of ϵ, and ϵ → 0 as

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 9 / 44

 • has integral 1
Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

for example:
Sfrag replacements ² PSfrag replacements

1/²
0
t
-² /2 ²/2
Then the differentiation of δ(t) can be represented by two impulses
• the exact shape of the function doesn’t
with the magnitudes of ±1/ϵ, a distance ϵ apart, and ϵ → 0 as

• ² is small (which depends on context)

Signals
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 10 / 44
 interpretation of doublet δ 0: take two impulses with magnitude ±1/²,
Test/Standard
distance ² apart, Signals and
and let ² → 0 Their Properties

1/²

PSfrag replacements
t=²
t=0

_ 1/²

Suppose a < 0 < b, then we can write

for a < 0, b > 0, Z
b  
δ(t) δ(t − ϵ) f (0) − f (ϵ)
Z ba f (t)µ ϵ − ϵ ¶dt = ϵ
,
δ(t) δ(t − ²) f (0) − f (²)
f (t)
′²
− dt =
which converges
a ² Therefore, the unit
to −f (0) if ϵ → 0. ² doublet works
as a signal differentiator.
converges to −f 0(0) if ² → 0
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 11 / 44
Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

1
g. δ(at) = |a| δ(t), where a is a non zero constant real number. The
proof of this part will be split into two parts, one for positive a and
one for negative a:
• for a > 0:
+∞
Z +∞ Z a dt t
|a|δ(at) dt = |a|δ(t) , substitute t 7→
−∞ −∞
a
a a
+∞
|a|
Z
= δ(t) dt
a
|{z} −∞
+ve
Z +∞
a
= δ(t) dt, a>0
a −∞
= 1.

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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

• for a < 0:
+∞
Z +∞ Z a dt t
|a|δ(at) dt = |a|δ(t) , t 7→ and reverse limits because
−∞ −∞
a
a a
a < 0.
−∞
|a|
Z
= δ(t) dt
a +∞
Z +∞
|a|
= δ(t) dt
−a −∞
|{z}
+ve

|a| +∞
Z
= δ(t) dt
a −∞
a +∞
Z
= δ(t) dt, a < 0
a −∞
= 1.

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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

Z +∞ Z +∞
∴ |a|δ(at) dt = δ(t) dt = 1 =⇒ |a|δ(at) = δ(t)
−∞ −∞
1
=⇒ δ(at) = δ(t).
|a|

- Note: For any real number a, the absolute value or modulus of a is

given by (
a if a ≥ 0,
|a| =
−a if a < 0.

g. δ(−t) = δ(t) (i.e., it is an even function).

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 14 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties
2. Unit (if the signal amplitude is 1) step function:

0 n < 0,
u[n] = (discrete-time representation), and
1Sec. n1.4≥ 0,The Unit Impulse and Unit Step Functions

u[n]

•••••••••••

JIIIIII
0 n
Figure 1.29
sequence.
D

0 t < 0,
u(t)Sec.
= 1.4 (continuous-time
The Unit Impulse and Unit Step Functions representation).
1 t ≥ 0,
Interval of summation
u(t)
o[m]

• • • • • • n• • • • . I0 . . . . . . . .
I

m
(a)
Figure 1.32 Continuous-tim
0 step function.
Interval of summation

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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

- Note that the unit step is discontinuous at t = 0.

- The unit step signal is considered to be the best test signal.
- Here are some properties of the unit step function that you need to be
aware of:
k k
a. [u(t)] = u(t), similarly the shifted version [u(t − t0 )] = u(t − t0 ).
b. u(at) = u(t), where a
> 0. Similarly,

the scaled and shifted version
u (at − t0 ) = u a t − ta0 = u t − ta0 , where a > 0. This came from


at − t0 = 0 =⇒ t − ta0 = 0.
Rt hR i
d d t
c. u(t) = −∞ δ(τ )dτ ⇐⇒ δ(t) = dt u(t) = dt −∞
δ(τ )dτ .
3. Exponential signal: It is written in the following form:

x(t) = Ceat ,

where C and a are, in general, complex numbers; and a determines the

shape of the function, for example,

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 16 / 44

 where C and a are, in general, complex numbers. Depending upon the va
Test/Standard Signals
parameters,and Their
the complex Properties
exponential can exhibit several different characteri

Real Exponential Signals

• when a = 0: As illustrated in Figure 1.19, if C and a are real [in which case x(t) is
x(t)
exponential], there are basically two types of behavior. If a is positive,
creases x(t) is a growing exponential, a form that is used in describing m
physical processes, including chain reactions in atomic explosions and comp
reactions. If a is negative, then x(t) is a decaying exponential, a signal that
C
to describe a wide variety of phenomena, including the process of radioactiv
the responses of RC circuits and damped mechanical systems. In particul
in Problems 2.61 and 2.62, the natural responses of the t circuit in Figure

automobile in Figure 1.2 are decaying exponentials. Also, we note that for
is constant.

• when a > 0:
x(t)

(a)
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 17 / 44
Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

(a)
• when a < 0:
x(t)

Figure 1.19 Continu

exponential x(t) = Ce 31
(b) (b) a< 0.
∗ Note that, you can obtain the discrete representation of the
exponential signal by simply making t = n, and then providing integer
numbers for n.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 18 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

4. Rectangular pulse signal: It is written in the following form:

  
t C |t| < T1 ,
x(t) = C rect =
2T1 0 |t| > T1 ,

where C is the amplitude, and T1 is the time period of the signal. When
the area of the function x(t) is equal to 1, then the function is called a
“unit” rectangular pulse signal.

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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

5. Sinc and sampling functions:

• The normalized sinc function is defined for x ̸= 0 by

sin(πx)
sinc(x) = .
πx
• The unnormalized sinc function is called the sampling function, and it
is defined for x ̸= 0 by
sin(x)
Sa(x) = .
x
• In either case, the value at x = 0 is defined to be the limiting value
such that
sin(ax)
sinc(0) := lim = 1 for all real a ̸= 0.
x→0 ax

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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

- On the figure, the zeros of the sinc function occur at ±1, ±2, ±3, ...,
while the zeros of the sampling function occur at ±π, ±2π, ±3π, ....

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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

6. Triangular Signal: It is given by

(  
  |t|
|t| C 1− |t| < T1 ,
tri(t) = Λ(t) = C 1 − = T1
T1 0 otherwise.

When the area of the function tri(t) is equal to 1, then the function is
called a “unit” triangular signal.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 22 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

7. Sinusoidal signals: All trigonometric functions have sinusoidal nature,

but here we are mostly going to use the sine and cosine signals. The
continuous-time representation of the cosine signal is given by

x(t) = A cos (ω0 t + ϕ) ,

where A is the amplitude, t in seconds, ϕ in radians, and ω0 in

radians/second. ω0 is the fundamental angular frequency, and it is given
by
ω0 = 2πf0 ,
where f0 is the fundamental frequency in cycles per second (or hertz
[Hz]). f0 is equal to the reciprocal of the fundamental period T0 , i.e.,
T0 = f10 .

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 23 / 44

 as illustrated in Figure 1.20. With seconds as the units oft, the units of cf> and w 0 a
and radians per second, respectively. It is also common to write w 0 = 21T fo, wh
Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties
the units of cycles per second, or hertz (Hz). Like the complex exponential sig
nusoidal signal is periodic with fundamental period T 0 given by eq. (1.24). Sinu

x(t) = A cos (w 0t + <!>)

Figure 1.20 Continuous

soidal signal.

- The sine signal can be represented in the similar manner.

- You can consider the discrete representation of signals by simply
making t = n, and then providing integer numbers for n.

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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

8. Sign/signum function: The continuous-time representation of the sign

function is defined as follows:

 1 t > 0,
sgn(t) = 0 t = 0,
−1 t < 0.


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Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

The discrete-time representation of the sign function is defined as follows:


 1 n > 0,
sgn[n] = 0 n = 0,
−1 n < 0.


- The relationship between u (t) and sgn(t) is that

sgn(t) = 2u(t) − 1.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 26 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

9. Unit ramp function: The continuous-time representation of the unit

(slope 1, starting at 0) ramp function is defined as follows:

t t ≥ 0,
r(t) =
0 t < 0.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 27 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

The discrete-time representation of the unit ramp function is defined as

follows: 
n n ≥ 0,
r[n] =
0 n < 0.

R∞
- The relationship between r (t) and u (t) is given by −∞ u(τ )dτ =
Rt hR i
d d t
0
u(τ )dτ = t = r(t) ⇐⇒ u(t) = dt r(t) = dt 0
u(τ )dτ .
- The relationship between r (t) and δ (t):
Rt
Since u(t) = −∞ δ(k)dk then
Rt RtRτ d2
0
u(τ )dτ = 0 −∞ δ(k)dk dτ = t = r(t) ⇐⇒ δ (t) = dt2 r(t).

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 28 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

10. Parabolic signal: A unit (A = 1) parabolic signal is signal whose

magnitude increases with the square of time, where its continuous-time
representation is given by
 A t2
t ⩾ 0,
p(t) = 2
0 t < 0.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 29 / 44

Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

The discrete-time representation of the signal is given by

 A n2
n ⩾ 0,
p[n] = 2
0 n < 0.

- The relationship between p (t) and r (t) is given by

R∞ Rt 2

−∞
r (τ ) dτ = 0 r (τ ) dτ = t2 = p (t) ⇐⇒ r(t) = dt
d
p(t).
- The relationship between p (t) and u (t) is given by
Rt RtRτ 2
d2
0
r (τ ) dτ = 0 0 u(k)dk dτ = t2 = p(t) ⇐⇒ u(t) = dt 2 p(t).

- The relationship between p (t) and δ (t):

Rt
Since u(t) = −∞ δ(k)dk then
RtRτ RtRτ Rk 2

0 0
u(k)dk dτ = 0 0 −∞ δ(x)dx dk dτ = t2 = p(t) ⇐⇒ δ(t) =
d3
dt3 p(t).

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 30 / 44

Outline

1 From Previous Lectures

2 Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

3 Signal Representation

4 Operations on Signals

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 31 / 44

Signal Representation

• A signal y(t) can be represented in terms of another signal x(t) as

y(t) = cyx x(t),

where cyx is the coefficient of approximation such that

R t2
t1
y(t)x(t) dt
cyx = R t2 (in case of real signals), and
t1
x2 (t) dt
R t2
y(t)x∗ (t) dt
cyx = tR1 t2 2
(in case of one or both signals are imaginary).
t1
|x(t)| dt

- If two signals are orthogonal then cyx = 0. This implies that

Z t2
y(t)x(t) dt = 0 (the orthogonality condition).
t1

- For example, sine and cosine functions are orthogonal to each other.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 32 / 44

Outline

1 From Previous Lectures

2 Test/Standard Signals and Their Properties

3 Signal Representation

4 Operations on Signals

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 33 / 44

Operations on Signals

Generally, signals can be manipulated by changing their (1) amplitude and

(2) time.
Amplitude Scaling
⋆ Operations on the Scaling
Amplitude signal amplitude:
1. Amplitude scaling:
The scaled signal ax(t) is x(t) multiplied by the constant a
- The scaledThe scaled ax(t)
signal is x(t)
signal ax(t) multiplied
is x(t) multiplied byby
thethe scaling
constant a constant a.
2 2
2 2
1 2x(t)
1
x(t)
1 1 2x(t)
x(t)
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
t
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
t

- The scaledThe scaled ax[n]

signal is x[n]
signal ax[n] is x[n]multiplied
multiplied by by
the the scaling
constant a constant a.
The scaled signal ax[n] is x[n] multiplied by the constant a
2 x[n] 2 2x[n]
2 x[n] 12
1 2x[n]
1 1
-2 -1 0 1 2 n -2 -1 0 1 2 n
-2 -1 0 1 2 n -2 -1 0 1 2 n

Cuff (Lecture 1) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 21 / 45

Cuff (Lecture 1) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 21 / 45

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 34 / 44
Operations on Signals
2. Amplitude addition of two signals:

3. Amplitude subtraction of two signals:

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 35 / 44

Operations on Signals

4. Amplitude multiplication of two signals:

⋆ Operations on the signal time period:

1. Time shifting:
- For a continuous-time signal x(t), and a time t1 > 0:
Right shifting: Replacing t with t − t1 gives a delayed signal x (t − t1 ).
Left shifting: Replacing t with t + t1 gives an advanced signal
x (t + t1 ).

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 36 / 44

Operations on Signals
Replacing t with t + t1 gives an advanced signal x(t + t1 )

For a discrete2 time signal x[n], and an2 integer n1 > 0 2

x(t + 1) x(t) x(t − 1)
1 1 1
x[n − n1 ] is a delayed signal.
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
t t t

- Forx[n + n1 ] is time
a discrete an advanced
signal x[n], signal.
and an integer n1 > 0:
Right shifting: x [n − n1 ] is a delayed signal.
May seem counterintuitive. Think about where t − t1 is zero.
Left
The delay orx [n
shifting: + n1 ] isis an
advance an advanced signal.
integer number of sample times.
Note: The delay or advance is an integer number of sample times.

2 x[n + 1] 2
x[n] 2
x[n − 1]
Cuff (Lecture
1 1) ELE 301: Signals
1 and Systems Fall
1 2011-12 26 / 4

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t

2. Time scaling (it changes the fundamental period):

- A signal x(t) is scaled in time by multiplying the time variable by a
Again,constant
positive − produce
where isb,nto n1 zero? x(bt). A positive factor of b either
expands (if 0 < b < 1) or compresses (if b > 1) the signal in time.
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 37 / 44
 A signal x(t) is scaled in time by multiplying the time variable by a
positive constant b, to produce x(bt). A positive factor of b either
Operations on Signals
expands (0 < b < 1) or compresses (b > 1) the signal in time.

2 2
Timeb =Scaling,
1
Discrete
x(t) b =Time
2
1 1 x(2t)
b = 1/2 2

1 x(t/2)
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
t t -4 ... -1 0 1 ... 4 t

The discrete-time sequence x[n] is compressed in time by multiplying the

- The discrete-time sequence x[n] is compressed in time by multiplying
index n by an integer k, to produce the time-scaled sequence x[nk].
the index n by an integer k, to produce the time-scaled sequence
x[nk]. This process is called downsampling (or decimation), and it
This extracts every k th sample of x[n].
works as follows:
Intermediate
(a) samples
Extract every are lost.
k th sample of x[n].
(b)
The sequence is shorter. lost.
Intermediate samples are
(c) The sequence is shorter.
Cuff (Lecture 1) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 22

x[n] y[n] = x[2n]

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1 2
n n
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 38 / 44
 Cuff (Lecture 1) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 2
Operations on Signals

The discrete-time sequence x[n] is expanded in time by dividing the inde

- The
n by discrete-time
an integer produce x[n]
m, tosequence the istime-scaled
expanded in time by dividing
sequence x[n/m]. the
n
index n by an integer m, to produce the time-scaled sequence x[ m ].
This
Thisprocess is called
specifies every upsampling
mth sample.(or interpolation), and it works as
follows:
TheSpecify
(a) intermediate
every msamples
th must be synthesized (set to zero, or
sample.
interpolated).
(b) The intermediate samples must be synthesized (set to zero, or
interpolated).
The sequence is longer.
(c) The sequence is longer.

x[n] y[n] = x[n/2]

-2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
n n
- The step function u(t) does not get affected by time scaling.

Called upsampling, or interpolation.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 39 / 44
Operations on Signals

Time Reversal
3. Time reversal/reflection/mirroring:
- For continuous time: replace t with −t to obtain the time reversed
signal x(−t).
Continuous time: replace t with −t, time reversed signal is x(−t)
Continuous time: replace t with −t, time reversed signal is x(−t)

x(t) x(−t)
x(−t)

tt tt

- For discrete time: replace n with −n to obtain the time reversed

signal x[−n].
x[−n].
Discrete time: replace n with −n, time reversed signal is x[−n].

x[n] x[−n]
x[−n]

-4
-4 -2
-2 00 22 44
t -4
-4 -2
-2 00 22 44 tt

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 40 / 44

 Example x(2(t − 1)), continued
Operations on Signals
Shift first, then scale
Shift by 1, compress by 2 Incorrect

4. Example
Combinations − 1)),
x(2(t2 of continued
operations: 2
The previous operations can all 2be
1 x(t) x(t − 1) 1 x(2(t − 1)) 1
Shift first, then
combined, wherescale
operations can be performed in any order, but care is
Shift
-2 by -11,For
required. compress1 by2 x(2(t
0 example, 2
t -2 − 1)),
-1 can
0 be
1 processed
2
t -2 as -1follows:
0 1 Incorrect
2
t
Incorrect way: Shift by 1, and then compress by 2:
2 2 2
Shift first, then1
scale
x(t) x(t − 1) 1 x(2(t − 1)) 1
Rewrite x(2(t − 1)) = x(2t − 2)
-2
Shift by-12, scale
0
by1
2 2 t -2 -1 0 1 2
t -2 -1 0 1 2
Correct
t

Correct way: Shift first, and then scale:

Shift first, then
2
scale 2 2

1 x(t) x(t − 2) 1 x(2t − 2) 1

Rewrite x(2(t − 1)) = x(2t − 2)
Shift
-2
by-12, scale
0
by 2 2 t -2
1 -1 0 1 2 3
t -2 -1 0 1
Correct
2
t

Where is 2(t 2− 1) equal to zero? 2 2

1 x(t) x(t − 2) 1 x(2t − 2) 1

Cuff (Lecture 1) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 29 / 45
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis t Lecture 3 t January 20th , 2025 t 44
41 /
 Cuff (Lecture 1) ELE 301: Signals and Systems Fall 2011-12 29 / 45
Operations on Signals
Try these yourselves ....
⋆ Try to solve this at home:
1
x(t)

-4 -2 0 2 4
t

1 x(2(t + 2)) 1
x(−t/2)

-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
t t

x(−t + 1) 1

-4 -2 0 2 4
t
EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 42 / 44
The End

Any questions?

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 43 / 44

References

B.P. Lathi. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd ed. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2009.
Sanjay Sharma. Signals and Systems, 6th ed. S.K. Kataria & Sons, Delhi, 2008.

Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, and S. Hamid Nawab. Signals and

Systems, 2nd ed. Pearson, London, 1996.
Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen. Signals and Systems, 2nd ed. Wiley,
Hoboken, 2002.
Michael D. Adams. Signals and Systems, 3rd ed. University of Victoria,
Victoria, 2020.

EE301 Signals and Systems Analysis Lecture 3 January 20th , 2025 44 / 44