Datatypes

By:
Vilas Machhi
Built-in Data Types
• Variables can store data of different types, and different types can
do different things.
• Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these
categories:
– Text Type: str
– Numeric Types: int, float, complex
– Sequence Types:list, tuple, range
– Mapping Type: dict
– Set Types: set, frozenset
– Boolean Type: bool
– Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
Setting the Data Type

• In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to

a variable:
Example Data Type
x = "Hello World" str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
x = 1j complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple
Setting the Specific Data Type

• If you want to specify the data type, you can use the
following constructor functions:
Example Data Type
x = str("Hello World") str
x = int(20) int
x = float(20.5) float
x = complex(1j) complex
x = list(["apple", "banana", "cherry"]) list
x = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) tuple
Python Numbers
• There are three numeric types in Python:
– int
– float
– complex
• Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to them
Int
• Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of unlimited length.
Example
x=1
y = 35656222554887711 Output:
z = -3255522 <class 'int'>
print(type(x)) <class 'int'>
<class 'int'>
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
Float
• Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or negative, containing one or more
decimals.
Example
x = 1.10
Output:
y = 1.0
<class 'float'>
z = -35.59 <class 'float'>
print(type(x)) <class 'float'>
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
• Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of 10.
Example
x = 35e3
y = 12E4
z = -87.7e100
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
Complex
• Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary
part:
Example
x = 3+5j
y = 5j
Output:
z = -5j <class 'complex'>
print(type(x)) <class 'complex'>
print(type(y)) <class 'complex'>

print(type(z))
Type Conversion
• You can convert from one type to another with the int(), float(), and complex() methods:
Example
#convert from int to float:
x = float(1)
#convert from float to int:
y = int(2.8)
#convert from int to complex:
z = complex(x)
print(x) Output:
print(y) 1.0
2
print(z) (1+0j)
print(type(x)) <class 'float'>
print(type(y)) <class 'int'>
<class 'complex'>
print(type(z))
Note: You cannot convert complex numbers into another number type.
Random Number

• Python does not have a random() function to make a

random number, but Python has a built-in module called
random that can be used to make random numbers:
Example
• Import the random module, and display a random number
between 1 and 9:
import random
print(random.randrange(1, 10))

Output: 5
Python Strings
• Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double
quotation marks.
• 'hello' is the same as "hello".
• You can display a string literal with the print() function:
Example
print("Hello")
print('Hello')
Assign String to a Variable
• Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name followed by an
equal sign and the string:
Example
a = "Hello"
print(a)
Multiline Strings
• You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes:
Example
• You can use three double quotes:
a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Output:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit, consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.""" ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

print(a)
Or three single quotes:
Example
a = '''Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.'''
print(a)

Note: in the result, the line breaks are inserted at the same position as in the code.
Strings are Arrays
• Strings in Python are arrays of bytes representing unicode
characters.
• Python does not have a character data type, a single
character is simply a string with a length of 1.
• Square brackets can be used to access elements of the
string.
Example
• Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first
character has the position 0):
a = "Hello, World!" Output:
print(a[1]) e
Looping Through a String
• Since strings are arrays, we can loop through the
characters in a string, with a for loop.
Example
• Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana": Output:
print(x) b
a
n
a
n
a
String Length
• To get the length of a string, use the len() function.
Example
a = "Hello, World!" Output:
13
print(len(a))
Check String
• To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string, we can use the keyword in.
Example
• Check if "free" is present in the following text:
txt = "The best things in life are free!" Output:
True
print("free" in txt)
• Use it in an if statement:
Example
txt = "The best things in life are free!" Output:
if "free" in txt: Yes, ‘free’ is present
print("Yes, 'free' is present.")
Check if NOT
• To check if a certain phrase or character is NOT present in a
string, we can use the keyword not in.
Example
• Check if "expensive" is NOT present in the following text:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
print("expensive" not in txt)
Use it in an if statement:
Example
• print only if "expensive" is NOT present:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
if "expensive" not in txt:
print("No, 'expensive' is NOT present.")
Slicing Strings
• You can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.
• Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return a
part of the string.
Example
• Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):
b = "Hello, World!"
Output: llo
print(b[2:5])
Slice From the Start
• By leaving out the start index, the range will start at the first character:
Example
• Get the characters from the start to position 5 (not included):
b = "Hello, World!" Output: Hello
print(b[:5])
Slice To the End
• By leaving out the end index, the range will go to the end:
Example
• Get the characters from position 2, and all the way to the end:
b = "Hello, World!"
Output: llo, World!
print(b[2:])
Negative Indexing
• Use negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the string:
Example
• Get the characters:
• From: "o" in "World!" (position -5)
• To, but not included: "d" in "World!" (position -2):
b = "Hello, World!"
Output: orl
print(b[-5:-2])
Modify Strings
Upper Case
• The upper() method returns the string in upper case
Example
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a.upper()) Output: HELLO, WORLD!

Lower Case
• The lower() method returns the string in lower case:
Example
a = "Hello, World!" Output: hello, world!
print(a.lower())
Remove Whitespace
• Whitespace is the space before and/or after the actual text, and very often you want to
remove this space.
Example
• The strip() method removes any whitespace from the beginning or the end:
a = " Hello, World! "
Output: Hello, World!
print(a.strip()) # returns "Hello, World!"
Replace String
Example
• The replace() method replaces a string with another string:
a = "Hello, World!" Output: Jello, World!
print(a.replace("H", "J"))
Split String
• The split() method returns a list where the text between the
specified separator becomes the list items.
Example
• The split() method splits the string into substrings if it finds
instances of the separator:
a = "Hello, World!" Output: ['Hello', ' World!']
print(a.split(",")) # returns ['Hello', ' World!']
String Concatenation
• To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use the +
operator.
Example
• Merge variable a with variable b into variable c:
a = "Hello" Output: HelloWorld
b = "World"
c=a+b
print(c)
• To add a space between them, add a " ":
a = "Hello"
Output: Hello World
b = "World"
c=a+""+b
print(c)
Format - Strings
• We cannot combine strings and numbers like this:
Example Output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
age = 36 File "demo_string_format_error.py", line 2, in
txt = "My name is John, I am " + age <module>
txt = "My name is John, I am " + age
print(txt) TypeError: must be str, not int
• But we can combine strings and numbers by using the format() method!
• The format() method takes the passed arguments, formats them, and places
them in the string where the placeholders {} are:
Example
• Use the format() method to insert numbers into strings:
age = 36
Output:
txt = "My name is John, and I am {}" My name is John, and I am 36
print(txt.format(age))
• The format() method takes unlimited number of arguments, and are placed
into the respective placeholders:
Example
quantity = 3 Output:
itemno = 567 I want 3 pieces of item 567 for 49.95 dollars.
price = 49.95
myorder = "I want {} pieces of item {} for {} dollars."
print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))
You can use index numbers {0} to be sure the arguments are placed in the
correct placeholders:
Example
quantity = 3 Output:
itemno = 567 I want to pay 49.95 dollars for 3 pieces
of item 567.
price = 49.95
myorder = "I want to pay {2} dollars for {0} pieces of item {1}."
print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))
 Escape Characters
• To insert characters that are illegal in a string, use an escape character.
• An escape character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want to insert.
• An example of an illegal character is a double quote inside a string that is surrounded
by double quotes:
Example
• You will get an error if you use double quotes inside a string that is surrounded by
double quotes:
Output:
txt = "We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north." File "demo_string_escape_error.py", line 1
print(txt) txt = "We are the so-called "Vikings" from
the north."
To fix this problem, use the escape character \": ^
Example SyntaxError: invalid syntax

• The escape character allows you to use double quotes when you normally would not
be allowed:
Output:
txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north." We are the so-called “Vikings” from the
print(txt) north.
Escape Characters
Code Result
\' Single Quote
\\ Backslash
\n New Line
\r Carriage Return
\t Tab
\b Backspace
\f Form Feed
\ooo Octal value
\xhh Hex value
 String Methods
• Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on strings.
• Note: All string methods returns new values. They do not change the original string.
Method Description
capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case
casefold() Converts string into lower case
center() Returns a centered string
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string
encode() Returns an encoded version of the string
endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value
expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
format() Formats specified values in a string
format_map() Formats specified values in a string
index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier
islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
join() Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string
ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string
lower() Converts a string into lower case
lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string
maketrans() Returns a translation table to be used in translations
partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified value
rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string
rpartition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string
split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list
startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string
swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa
title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case
translate() Returns a translated string
upper() Converts a string into upper case
zfill() Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the
beginning
Python Booleans
• Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.
Example
Output:
print(10 > 9) True
print(10 == 9) False
print(10 < 9) False
Evaluate Values and Variables
• The bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and give you True or False in return,
Example
Evaluate a string and a number: Output:
print(bool("Hello")) True
True
print(bool(15))
Example
Evaluate two variables:
x = "Hello"
Output:
y = 15 True
print(bool(x)) True
print(bool(y))
Python Booleans
Most Values are True
• Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.
• Any string is True, except empty strings.
• Any number is True, except 0.
• Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.
Example
• The following will return True:
bool("abc")
bool(123)
bool(["apple", "cherry", "banana"])
Some Values are False
• In fact, there are not many values that evaluate to False, except empty
values, such as (), [], {}, "", the number 0, and the value None. And of course
the value False evaluates to False.
Example
• The following will return False:
bool(False)
bool(None)
bool(0)
bool("")
bool(())
bool([])
bool({})
Functions can Return a Boolean
• You can create functions that returns a Boolean Value:
Example
• Print the answer of a function:
def myFunction() : Output:
return True True
print(myFunction())
Example
• Print "YES!" if the function returns True, otherwise print "NO!":
def myFunction() :
return True
Output:
if myFunction(): YES!
print("YES!")
else:
print("NO!")
• Python also has many built-in functions that return a boolean value, like the
isinstance() function, which can be used to determine if an object is of a
certain data type:
Example
Check if an object is an integer or not:
x = 200 Output:
print(isinstance(x, int)) True
Python Lists
• Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
• Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3
are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.
• Lists are created using square brackets:
Example
• Create a List:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
print(thislist)
List Items
• List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.
• List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has index [1] etc.
Ordered
• When we say that lists are ordered, it means that the items have a defined order, and that
order will not change.
• If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end of the list.
• Note: There are some list methods that will change the order, but in general: the order of the
items will not change.
Changeable
• The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove items in a
list after it has been created.
Allow Duplicates
• Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value:
Example
• Lists allow duplicate values:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
print(thislist) Output:
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'cherry']
List Length
• To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:
Example
• Print the number of items in the list:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
3
print(len(thislist))
List Items - Data Types
• List items can be of any data type:
Example
• String, int and boolean data types:
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]
A list can contain different data types:
Example
• A list with strings, integers and boolean values:
list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
type()
• From Python's perspective, lists are defined as objects with the data type 'list':
<class 'list'>
Example
• What is the data type of a list?
Output:
mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
<class ’list’>
print(type(mylist))
The list() Constructor
• It is also possible to use the list() constructor when creating a new list.
• Example
• Using the list() constructor to make a List:
thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
print(thislist)
Output
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
Python Collections (Arrays)
• There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:
– List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
– Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
– Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed. No duplicate members.
– Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable. No duplicate members.
• *Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove and/or add items whenever you like.
• **As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries
are unordered.
Access List Items
• List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the index number:
Example
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
print(thislist[1]) banana
Negative Indexing
• Negative indexing means start from the end
• -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.
Example
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
cherry
print(thislist[-1])
Range of Indexes
• You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to end the range.
• When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with the specified items.
Example
• Return the third, fourth, and fifth item: Output:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"] [‘cherry’,’orange’,’kiwi’]
print(thislist[2:5])
• Note: The search will start at index 2 (included) and end at index 5 (not included).
• By leaving out the start value, the range will start at the first item:
Example
• This example returns the items from the beginning to, but NOT including, "kiwi":
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[:4])
Output
[‘apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’, ‘orange’]
• By leaving out the end value, the range will go on to the end of the list:
Example
• This example returns the items from "cherry" to the end:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:])
Output
[‘cherry’, ‘orange’, ‘kiwi’, ‘melon’, ‘mango’]
Range of Negative Indexes
• Specify negative indexes if you want to start the search
from the end of the list:
Example
• This example returns the items from "orange" (-4) to, but
NOT including "mango" (-1):
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon",
"mango"]
print(thislist[-4:-1])
Output
[‘orange’, ‘kiwi’, ‘melon’]
Change List Items
• To change the value of a specific item, refer to the index number:
Example
• Change the second item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
['apple', 'blackcurrant', 'cherry']
thislist[1] = "blackcurrant"
print(thislist)
Change a Range of Item Values
• To change the value of items within a specific range, define a list with the new values, and
refer to the range of index numbers where you want to insert the new values:
Example
• Change the values "banana" and "cherry" with the values "blackcurrant" and "watermelon":
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "mango"]
thislist[1:3] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]
print(thislist)
Output:
['apple', 'blackcurrant', 'watermelon', 'orange', 'kiwi', 'mango']
• If you insert more items than you replace, the new items will be inserted
where you specified, and the remaining items will move accordingly:
Example
• Change the second value by replacing it with two new values:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
thislist[1:2] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"] ['apple', 'blackcurrant', 'watermelon', 'cherry']
print(thislist)
• Note: The length of the list will change when the number of items inserted
does not match the number of items replaced.
• If you insert less items than you replace, the new items will be inserted where
you specified, and the remaining items will move accordingly:
Example
• Change the second and third value by replacing it with one value:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
thislist[1:3] = ["watermelon"] ['apple', 'watermelon']

print(thislist)
Insert Items
• To insert a new list item, without replacing any of the
existing values, we can use the insert() method.
• The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index:
Example
• Insert "watermelon" as the third item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
['apple', 'banana', 'watermelon', 'cherry']
thislist.insert(2, "watermelon")
print(thislist)
• Note: As a result of the example above, the list will now
contain 4 items.
Add List Items
Append Items
• To add an item to the end of the list, use the append() method:
Example
• Using the append() method to append an item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
thislist.append("orange") ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', ‘orange’]
print(thislist)
Insert Items
• To insert a list item at a specified index, use the insert() method.
• The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index:
Example
• Insert an item as the second position:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
thislist.insert(1, "orange") ['apple', ‘orange’, 'banana', 'cherry']

print(thislist)
Extend List
• To append elements from another list to the current list, use the extend() method.
Example
• Add the elements of tropical to thislist:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
tropical = ["mango", "pineapple", "papaya"] ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'mango', 'pineapple',
'papaya']
thislist.extend(tropical)
print(thislist)
Add Any Iterable
• The extend() method does not have to append lists, you can add any iterable object (tuples,
sets, dictionaries etc.).
Example
• Add elements of a tuple to a list:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Output:
thistuple = ("kiwi", "orange") ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'kiwi', 'orange']
thislist.extend(thistuple)
print(thislist)
Remove List Items
Remove Specified Item
• The remove() method removes the specified item.
Example
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Output:
thislist.remove("banana") ['apple', 'cherry']
print(thislist)
Remove Specified Index
• The pop() method removes the specified index.
Example
Remove the second item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
thislist.pop(1) ['apple', 'cherry']
print(thislist)
• If you do not specify the index, the pop() method removes the last item.
Example
• Remove the last item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] Output:
thislist.pop() ['apple', 'banana']
print(thislist)
• The del keyword also removes the specified index:
Example
Remove the first item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Output:
del thislist[0] ['banana', 'cherry']
print(thislist)
The del keyword can also delete the list completely.
Example
Delete the entire list
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist
• Clear the List
• The clear() method empties the list.
• The list still remains, but it has no content.
Example
• Clear the list content:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.clear() Output:
[]
print(thislist)
Sort Lists
• List objects have a sort() method that will sort the list alphanumerically,
ascending, by default:
Example
• Sort the list alphabetically:
thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]
thislist.sort()
Output:
print(thislist) ['banana', 'kiwi', 'mango', 'orange', 'pineapple']
Example
• Sort the list numerically:
thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23] Output:
[23, 50, 65, 82, 100]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)
Sort Descending
• To sort descending, use the keyword argument reverse = True:
Example
• Sort the list descending:
thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]
thislist.sort(reverse = True) Output:
print(thislist) ['pineapple', 'orange', 'mango', 'kiwi', 'banana']
• Example
• Sort the list descending:
thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23] Output:
thislist.sort(reverse = True) [100, 82, 65, 50, 23]
print(thislist)
Customize Sort Function
• You can also customize your own function by using the keyword argument key = function.
• The function will return a number that will be used to sort the list (the lowest number first):
Example
• Sort the list based on how close the number is to 50:
def myfunc(n):
return abs(n - 50) Output:
[50, 65, 23, 82, 100]
thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort(key = myfunc)
print(thislist)
Case Insensitive Sort
• By default the sort() method is case sensitive, resulting in all capital letters being
sorted before lower case letters:
Example
• Case sensitive sorting can give an unexpected result:
thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"]
thislist.sort() Output:
['Kiwi', 'Orange', 'banana', 'cherry']
print(thislist)
• Luckily we can use built-in functions as key functions when sorting a list.
• So if you want a case-insensitive sort function, use str.lower as a key function:
Example
• Perform a case-insensitive sort of the list:
thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"] Output:
thislist.sort(key = str.lower) ['banana', 'cherry', 'Kiwi', 'Orange']
print(thislist)
Reverse Order
• What if you want to reverse the order of a list, regardless
of the alphabet?
• The reverse() method reverses the current sorting order
of the elements.
Example
• Reverse the order of the list items:
thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"]
thislist.reverse() Output:
['cherry', 'Kiwi', 'Orange', 'banana']
print(thislist)
Copy Lists
• You cannot copy a list simply by typing list2 = list1, because: list2 will only be a
reference to list1, and changes made in list1 will automatically also be made in list2.
• There are ways to make a copy, one way is to use the built-in List method copy().
Example
• Make a copy of a list with the copy() method:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = thislist.copy() Output:
print(mylist) ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
Another way to make a copy is to use the built-in method list().
Example
• Make a copy of a list with the list() method:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = list(thislist) Output:
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
print(mylist)
 Join Lists
• There are several ways to join, or concatenate, two or more lists in Python.
• One of the easiest ways are by using the + operator.
Example
• Join two list:
list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]
Output:
list2 = [1, 2, 3] ['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
list3 = list1 + list2
print(list3)
• Another way to join two lists is by appending all the items from list2 into list1, one by one:
Example
• Append list2 into list1:
list1 = ["a", "b" , "c"] Output:
['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
for x in list2:
list1.append(x)
print(list1)
• You can use the extend() method, which purpose is to
add elements from one list to another list:
Example
• Use the extend() method to add list2 at the end of list1:
list1 = ["a", "b" , "c"]
Output:
list2 = [1, 2, 3] ['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]

list1.extend(list2)
print(list1)
List Methods
Method Description
append() Adds an element at the end of the list
clear() Removes all the elements from the list
copy() Returns a copy of the list
count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value
extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the current list
index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value
insert() Adds an element at the specified position
pop() Removes the element at the specified position
remove() Removes the item with the specified value
reverse() Reverses the order of the list
sort() Sorts the list
Python Tuples
• Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
• A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.
• Tuples are written with round brackets.
Example
• Create a Tuple:
Output:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
print(thistuple)
Tuple Items
• Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values.
• Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has index
[1] etc.
Ordered
• When we say that tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a defined
order, and that order will not change.
Unchangeable
• Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, add or remove
items after the tuple has been created.
Allow Duplicates
• Since tuples are indexed, they can have items with the same value:
Example
• Tuples allow duplicate values:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")
print(thistuple) Output:
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'cherry')
Tuple Length
• To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() function:
Example
• Print the number of items in the tuple:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") Output:
print(len(thistuple)) 3
Create Tuple With One Item
• To create a tuple with only one item, you have to add a comma after the item, otherwise
Python will not recognize it as a tuple.
Example
• One item tuple, remember the comma:
thistuple = ("apple",)
print(type(thistuple)) Output:
<class 'tuple'>
#NOT a tuple <class 'str'>
thistuple = ("apple")
print(type(thistuple))
Tuple Items - Data Types
• Tuple items can be of any data type:
Example
• String, int and boolean data types:
tuple1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
tuple2 = (1, 5, 7, 9, 3)
tuple3 = (True, False, False)
A tuple can contain different data types:
Example
• A tuple with strings, integers and boolean values:
tuple1 = ("abc", 34, True, 40, "male")
The tuple() Constructor
• It is also possible to use the tuple() constructor to make a
tuple.
Example
• Using the tuple() method to make a tuple:
thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double
round-brackets Output:
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
print(thistuple)
Access Tuple Items
• You can access tuple items by referring to the index number, inside square
brackets:
Example
• Print the second item in the tuple: Output:
('banana')
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple[1])
• Note: The first item has index 0.
Negative Indexing
• Negative indexing means start from the end.
• -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.
Example
• Print the last item of the tuple: Output:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") ('cherry')

print(thistuple[-1])
Update Tuples
• Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that you cannot change, add,
or remove items once the tuple is created.
• But there are some workarounds.
• You can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and convert
the list back into a tuple.
Example
• Convert the tuple into a list to be able to change it:
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x)
Output:
y[1] = "kiwi" ("apple", "kiwi", "cherry")
x = tuple(y)
print(x)
 Add Items
• Since tuples are immutable, they do not have a build-in append() method, but there are other ways
to add items to a tuple.
1. Convert into a list: you can convert it into a list, add your item(s), and convert it back into a tuple.
Example
• Convert the tuple into a list, add "orange", and convert it back into a tuple:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") Output:
y = list(thistuple) ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')
y.append("orange")
thistuple = tuple(y)
print(thistuple)
2. Add tuple to a tuple. You are allowed to add tuples to tuples, so if you want to add one item, (or
many), create a new tuple with the item(s), and add it to the existing tuple:
Example
• Create a new tuple with the value "orange", and add that tuple:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") Output:
y = ("orange",) ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')
thistuple += y
print(thistuple)
Remove Items
• Note: You cannot remove items in a tuple.
• Tuples are unchangeable, so you cannot remove items from it, but you can use
the same workaround as we used for changing and adding tuple items:
Example
• Convert the tuple into a list, remove "apple", and convert it back into a tuple:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
Output:
y = list(thistuple) ('banana', 'cherry')
y.remove("apple")
thistuple = tuple(y)
Or you can delete the tuple completely:
Example
• The del keyword can delete the tuple completely:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
del thistuple
print(thistuple) #this will raise an error because the tuple no longer exists
 Unpack Tuples
• When we create a tuple, we normally assign values to it. This is called "packing" a tuple:
Example
• Packing a tuple:
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
But, in Python, we are also allowed to extract the values back into variables. This is called
"unpacking":
Example
• Unpacking a tuple:
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") Output:
apple
(green, yellow, red) = fruits banana
print(green) cherry
print(yellow)
print(red)
• Note: The number of variables must match the number of values in the tuple, if not, you
must use an asterisk to collect the remaining values as a list.
Using Asterisk*
• If the number of variables is less than the number of values, you can add an * to the variable
name and the values will be assigned to the variable as a list:
Example
• Assign the rest of the values as a list called "red":
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "strawberry", "raspberry")
(green, yellow, *red) = fruits Output:
print(green) apple
banana
print(yellow) ['cherry', 'strawberry', 'raspberry']
print(red)
• If the asterisk is added to another variable name than the last, Python will assign values to
the variable until the number of values left matches the number of variables left.
Example
fruits = ("apple", "mango", "papaya", "pineapple", "cherry")
(green, *tropic, red) = fruits Output:
print(green) apple
['mango', 'papaya', 'pineapple']
print(tropic) cherry
print(red)
Join Tuples
• To join two or more tuples you can use the + operator:
Example
• Join two tuples:
tuple1 = ("a", "b" , "c") Output:
('a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print(tuple3)
Multiply Tuples
• If you want to multiply the content of a tuple a given number of times, you can
use the * operator:
Example
• Multiply the fruits tuple by 2:
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") Output:
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
mytuple = fruits * 2
print(mytuple)
Tuple Methods
• Python has two built-in methods that you can use on
tuples.
Method Description
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in
a tuple
index() Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found
Python Sets
• Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
• A set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed.
• Note: Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove items and add new
items.
• Sets are written with curly brackets.
Example Output:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} {'cherry', 'apple', 'banana'}
print(thisset)
Set Items
• Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicate values.
Unordered
• Unordered means that the items in a set do not have a defined order.
• Set items can appear in a different order every time you use them, and
cannot be referred to by index or key.
Unchangeable
• Set items are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change the items after
the set has been created.
• Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can remove
items and add new items.
Duplicates Not Allowed
• Sets cannot have two items with the same value.
Example
• Duplicate values will be ignored:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"} Output:
{'cherry', 'apple', 'banana'}
print(thisset)
Get the Length of a Set
• To determine how many items a set has, use the len() method.
Example
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} Output:
3
print(len(thisset))
Set Items - Data Types
• Set items can be of any data type:
Example
• String, int and boolean data types:
set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {1, 5, 7, 9, 3}
set3 = {True, False, False}
• A set can contain different data types:
Example
• A set with strings, integers and boolean values:
set1 = {"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"}
type()
• From Python's perspective, sets are defined as objects with the data type
'set':
<class 'set'>
Example
• What is the data type of a set?
myset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(type(myset)) Output:
<class 'set'>
The set() Constructor
• It is also possible to use the set() constructor to make a set.
Example
• Using the set() constructor to make a set:
thisset = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-
brackets
print(thisset) Output:
{'cherry', 'apple', 'banana'}
Access Set Items
• You cannot access items in a set by referring to an index or a key.
• But you can loop through the set items using a for loop, or ask if a specified
value is present in a set, by using the in keyword.
Example
• Loop through the set, and print the values:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} Output:
apple
for x in thisset:
banana
print(x) cherry
Example
• Check if "banana" is present in the set:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} Output:
True
print("banana" in thisset)
Change Items
• Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can add new
items.
Add Set Items
• Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can add new items.
• To add one item to a set use the add() method.
Example
• Add an item to a set, using the add() method:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} Output:
thisset.add("orange") {'orange', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'}
print(thisset)
Add Sets
• To add items from another set into the current set, use the update() method.
Example
• Add elements from tropical into thisset:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}
thisset.update(tropical) Output:
{'apple', 'mango', 'cherry', 'pineapple', 'banana', 'papaya'}
print(thisset)
Add Any Iterable
• The object in the update() method does not have to be a
set, it can be any iterable object (tuples, lists, dictionaries
etc.).
Example
• Add elements of a list to at set:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
mylist = ["kiwi", "orange"] Output:
{'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'orange', 'kiwi'}
thisset.update(mylist)
print(thisset)
Remove Set Items
• To remove an item in a set, use the remove(), or the discard() method.
Example
• Remove "banana" by using the remove() method:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
Output:
thisset.remove("banana") {'apple', 'cherry'}
print(thisset)
• Note: If the item to remove does not exist, remove() will raise an error.
Example
• Remove "banana" by using the discard() method:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} Output:
thisset.discard("banana") {'apple', 'cherry'}
print(thisset)
• Note: If the item to remove does not exist, discard() will NOT raise an error.
• You can also use the pop() method to remove an item, but this method will remove the last item. Remember
that sets are unordered, so you will not know what item that gets removed.
• The return value of the pop() method is the removed item.
Example
• Remove the last item by using the pop() method:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
x = thisset.pop() Output:
print(x) apple
print(thisset) {'banana', 'cherry'}
• Note: Sets are unordered, so when using the pop() method, you do not know which item that gets removed.
Example
• The clear() method empties the set:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
Output:
thisset.clear()
set()
print(thisset)
Example
Output:
• The del keyword will delete the set completely:
Traceback (most recent call last):
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} File "demo_set_del.py", line 5, in <module>
del thisset print(thisset) #this will raise an error because the set no
print(thisset) longer exists
NameError: name 'thisset' is not defined
Join Sets
• There are several ways to join two or more sets in Python.
• You can use the union() method that returns a new set containing all items from both
sets, or the update() method that inserts all the items from one set into another:
Example
• The union() method returns a new set with all items from both sets:
set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
Output:
set2 = {1, 2, 3} {'a', 'b', 2, 1, 'c', 3}
set3 = set1.union(set2)
print(set3)
Example
• The update() method inserts the items in set2 into set1:
set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3} Output:
{'a', 'b', 3, 1, 2, 'c'}
set1.update(set2)
print(set1)
• Note: Both union() and update() will exclude any duplicate items.
Keep ONLY the Duplicates
• The intersection_update() method will keep only the items that are present in both sets.
Example
• Keep the items that exist in both set x, and set y:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"} Output:
{'apple'}
x.intersection_update(y)
print(x)
• The intersection() method will return a new set, that only contains the items that are
present in both sets.
Example
• Return a set that contains the items that exist in both set x, and set y:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
Output:
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"} {'apple'}
z = x.intersection(y)
print(z)
Keep All, But NOT the Duplicates
• The symmetric_difference_update() method will keep only the elements that are
NOT present in both sets.
Example
• Keep the items that are not present in both sets:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
Output:
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"} {'google', 'banana', 'microsoft', 'cherry'}
x.symmetric_difference_update(y)
print(x)
• The symmetric_difference() method will return a new set, that contains only the
elements that are NOT present in both sets.
Example
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} Output:
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"} {'google', 'banana', 'microsoft', 'cherry'}

z = x.symmetric_difference(y)
print(z)
 Set Methods
• Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on sets.
Method Description
add() Adds an element to the set
clear() Removes all the elements from the set
copy() Returns a copy of the set
difference() Returns a set containing the difference between two or more sets
difference_update() Removes the items in this set that are also included in another, specified set
discard() Remove the specified item
intersection() Returns a set, that is the intersection of two other sets
intersection_update() Removes the items in this set that are not present in other,specified set(s)
isdisjoint() Returns whether two sets have a intersection or not
issubset() Returns whether another set contains this set or not
issuperset() Returns whether this set contains another set or not
pop() Removes an element from the set
remove() Removes the specified element
symmetric_difference() Returns a set with the symmetric differences of two sets
symmetric_difference_update() inserts the symmetric differences from this
set and another
union() Return a set containing the union of sets
update() Update the set with the union of this set and others
Python Dictionaries
• Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.
• A dictionary is a collection which is ordered, changeable and do not allow
duplicates.
• Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and values:
Example
• Create and print a dictionary:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford", Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict)
Dictionary Items
• Dictionary items are presented in key:value pairs, and can be referred to by using the key name.
Example
• Print the "brand" value of the dictionary:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford", Output:
"model": "Mustang", Ford
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict["brand"])
Ordered or Unordered?
• As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are
unordered.
• When we say that dictionaries are ordered, it means that the items have a defined order, and that
order will not change.
• Unordered means that the items does not have a defined order, you cannot refer to an item by using
an index.
Changeable
• Dictionaries are changeable, meaning that we can change, add or remove items after the dictionary
has been created
Duplicates Not Allowed
• Dictionaries cannot have two items with the same key:
Example
• Duplicate values will overwrite existing values:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford", Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2020}
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964,
"year": 2020
}
print(thisdict)
Dictionary Length
• To determine how many items a dictionary has, use the len() function:
Example
• Print the number of items in the dictionary: Output:
print(len(thisdict)) 3
Dictionary Items - Data Types
The values in dictionary items can be of any data type:
Example
String, int, boolean, and list data types:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"electric": False,
"year": 1964,
"colors": ["red", "white", "blue"]
}
type()
• From Python's perspective, dictionaries are defined as objects with the data type 'dict':
<class 'dict'>
Example
• Print the data type of a dictionary:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford", Output:
"model": "Mustang", <class 'dict'>
"year": 1964
}
print(type(thisdict))
Access Dictionary Items
• You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside square brackets:
Example
• Get the value of the "model" key:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
Output:
"model": "Mustang",
Mustang
"year": 1964
}
x = thisdict["model"]
• There is also a method called get() that will give you the same result:
Example
Output:
x = thisdict.get("model")
Mustang
Get Keys
• The keys() method will return a list of all the keys in the dictionary.
Example
• Get a list of the keys:
Output:
x = thisdict.keys() dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year'])
print(x)
• The list of the keys is a view of the dictionary, meaning that any changes
done to the dictionary will be reflected in the keys list.
Example
• Add a new item to the original dictionary, and see that the keys list gets
updated as well:
car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
} Output:
dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year'])
x = car.keys()
dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year', 'color'])
print(x) #before the change
car["color"] = "white"
print(x) #after the change
Get Values • The list of the values is a view of
the dictionary, meaning that any
• The values() method will return a
changes done to the dictionary will
list of all the values in the
be reflected in the values list.
dictionary.
Example
Example
car = {
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang",
"model": "Mustang", "year": 1964
"year": 1964 }
} x = car.values()
x = thisdict.values() print(x) #before the change
car["year"] = 2020
print(x)
print(x) #after the change
Output:
dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 1964]) Output:
dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 1964])
dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 2020])
 Get Items • The returned list is a view of the items
• The items() method will return each of the dictionary, meaning that any
item in a dictionary, as tuples in a changes done to the dictionary will be
list. reflected in the items list.
Example Example
car = {
• Get a list of the key:value pairs
"brand": "Ford",
thisdict = {
"model": "Mustang",
"brand": "Ford", "year": 1964
"model": "Mustang", }
"year": 1964 x = car.items()
print(x) #before the change
}
car["year"] = 2020
x = thisdict.items()
print(x) #after the change
print(x)
Output: Output:
dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', 'Mustang'), ('year', 1964)])
'Mustang'), ('year', 1964)]) dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', 'Mustang'), ('year', 2020)])
Check if Key Exists
• To determine if a specified key is present in a dictionary use the in keyword:
Example
• Check if "model" is present in the dictionary:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
if "model" in thisdict:
print("Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary")

Output:
Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary
Change Dictionary Items
• You can change the value of a specific Update Dictionary
item by referring to its key name: • The update() method will update the
Example dictionary with the items from the given
• Change the "year" to 2018: argument.
thisdict = { • The argument must be a dictionary, or an
"brand": "Ford", iterable object with key:value pairs.
"model": "Mustang", Example
"year": 1964 • Update the "year" of the car by using the
} update() method:
thisdict["year"] = 2018 thisdict = {
print(thisdict) "brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2018} }
thisdict.update({"year": 2020})
print(thisdict)
Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2020}
Add Dictionary Items
• Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index key
and assigning a value to it:
Example
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict["color"] = "red" Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964, ‘color’: ‘red’}
print(thisdict)
Update Dictionary
• The update() method will update the dictionary with the items from
a given argument. If the item does not exist, the item will be
added.
• The argument must be a dictionary, or an iterable object with
key:value pairs.
Example
• Add a color item to the dictionary by using the update() method:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang", Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964, ‘color’: ‘red’}
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.update({"color": "red"})
Remove Dictionary Items
• There are several methods to Example
remove items from a dictionary: • The popitem() method removes the
Example last inserted item (in versions
• The pop() method removes the item before 3.7, a random item is
with the specified key name: removed instead):
thisdict = { thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford", "brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang", "model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964 "year": 1964
} }
thisdict.pop("model") thisdict.popitem()
print(thisdict) print(thisdict)
Output:
Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang'}
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
Example Example
• The del keyword removes the • The del keyword can also
item with the specified key delete the dictionary
name: completely:
thisdict = { thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford", "brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang", "model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964 "year": 1964
} }
del thisdict["model"] del thisdict
print(thisdict) print(thisdict) #this will cause an
Output: error because "thisdict" no longer
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964} exists.
Example
• The clear() method empties the dictionary:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.clear()
print(thisdict)
Output:
{}
Copy Dictionaries
• There are ways to make a copy, • Another way to make a copy is to
one way is to use the built-in use the built-in function dict().
Dictionary method copy(). Example
Example • Make a copy of a dictionary with the
• Make a copy of a dictionary with the dict() function:
copy() method: thisdict = {
thisdict = { "brand": "Ford",
"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang",
"model": "Mustang", "year": 1964
"year": 1964 }
} mydict = dict(thisdict)
mydict = thisdict.copy() print(mydict)
print(mydict) Output:
Output: {'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
Nested Dictionaries
• A dictionary can contain dictionaries, this is called nested dictionaries.
Example: Create a dictionary that contain three dictionaries:
myfamily = {
"child1" : {
"name" : "Emil",
"year" : 2004
}, Output:
"child2" : { {'child1': {'name': 'Emil', 'year': 2004}, 'child2': {'name': 'Tobias', 'year':
2007}, 'child3': {'name': 'Linus', 'year': 2011}}
"name" : "Tobias",
"year" : 2007
},
"child3" : {
"name" : "Linus",
"year" : 2011
}
}print(myfamily)
• Or, if you want to add three child3 = {
dictionaries into a new dictionary: "name" : "Linus",
Example: Create three dictionaries, "year" : 2011
then create one dictionary that will }
contain the other three dictionaries: myfamily = {
child1 = { "child1" : child1,
"name" : "Emil", "child2" : child2,
"year" : 2004 "child3" : child3
} }
child2 = { print(myfamily)
"name" : "Tobias",
"year" : 2007
}

Output:
{'child1': {'name': 'Emil', 'year': 2004}, 'child2': {'name': 'Tobias', 'year': 2007}, 'child3': {'name': 'Linus', 'year':
2011}}
Dictionary Methods
• Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on dictionaries.
Method Description
clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary
copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary
fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value
get() Returns the value of the specified key
items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair
keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys
pop() Removes the element with the specified key
popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair
setdefault() Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist: insert
the key, with the specified value
update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs
values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary