NOM PRENOM :
. SESSION D’EXAMEN – ANNÉE UNIVERSITAIRE 2024-2025
Département : LEA
Niveau d’étude : L1
Semester : S2 Session : 1
Intitulé : L1S2 Langue Niveau
2 Public(s) :
Durée : 30 minutes Assidus
Enseignant e s : READER F Sujet adaptable présentiel / distantiel: Non
Grammar / 10
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb
1. She avoided ______________ (talk) about her personal life.
2. He pretended ______________ (not see) me when I walked past.
3. We can't help ______________ (laugh) at his jokes.
4. They agreed ______________ (give) us a discount.
5. I don't mind ______________ (wait) a few more minutes.
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb
1. If he ______________ (study) harder last year, he ______________ (have) better grades now.
2. If I ______________ (wake up) earlier, I ______________ (not miss) my flight this morning.
3. If she ______________ (not be) afraid of heights, she ______________ (try) skydiving last summer.
4. If we ______________ (buy) that house, we ______________ (live) in a much nicer neighborhood now.
5. If you ______________ (call) me earlier, I ______________ (help) you with your assignment.
C. Change the direct speech into reported speech. Choose the past simple of 'ask', 'say' or 'tell'.
1. "I have never been to New York."
→ She __________________________________________________________________________
2. "When will you arrive?"
→ He __________________________________________________________________________
3. "Please don't be late!"
→ She __________________________________________________________________________
4. "We were working all night."
→ They __________________________________________________________________________
5. "Did you see the new movie?"
→ He __________________________________________________________________________
Summary / 10
Summarize the article in your own words (approx. ≈ 140 words)
Trump’s English language order upends America’s long multilingual history
16 mars 2025 Mark Turin Ross Perlin
Across its nearly 250-year history, the United States has never had an official language. On March 1, U.S.
President Donald Trump changed that when he signed an executive order designating English as the country’s
sole official language. The order marks a fundamental rupture from the American goverment’s long-standing
approach to languages.
“From the founding of our Republic, English has been used as our national language,” Trump’s order states. “It
is in America’s best interest for the federal government to designate one — and only one — official language.”
This new order also revokes a language-access provision contained in an earlier executive order from 2000 that
aimed to improve access to services for people with limited English. Federal agencies now seem to have no
obligation to provide vital information in other languages.
Despite some reactions in the New York Times, Washington Post and elsewhere, it remains unclear whether
Trump’s executive order will face legal or political challenges. Amid continual attacks from the Trump
administration on established norms, this decree may pass with relatively little resistance, despite a deeper
meaning that extends far beyond language.
Multilingual realities and monolingual fantasies
The U.S. has a long multilingual history, beginning with the hundreds of Indigenous languages indelibly linked
to these lands. The secondary layer are colonial languages and their variants, including French in Louisiana and
Spanish in the Southwest. In all historical periods, immigrant languages from around the world have added
substantially to the linguistic mix that makes up the U.S.
Today, New York is one of world’s most linguistically diverse cities, with other U.S. coastal cities not far
behind. According to data from the Census Bureau, one-fifth of all Americans can speak two or more
languages. The social, economic and cognitive benefits of bilingualism are well-established, and there is no
data to support the assertion that speaking more than one language threatens the integrity of the nation state.
English has long functioned as a pragmatic lingua franca for the U.S. Yet an American tendency towards
ideological monolingualism is gathering momentum. The emergence of Spanish as the nation’s second
language, with well over 40 million speakers, has generated a particular anxiety. During the last few decades,
more than 30 American states have enshrined English as an official language.
Principle and practice
Trump’s recent executive order is both practical and symbolic.
Practically, it remains unclear what the order means for Spanish in Puerto Rico, the Indigenous languages of
Hawaii and Alaska — which have received official recognition — for American Sign Language and for all the
multilingual communities that make up the nation.
Interpretation in courts, hospitals and schools is a fundamental human right. No one should be barred from
accessing vital services simply because they don’t speak English, whether that’s when dealing with a judge, a
doctor or a teacher. The consequences of government agencies abandoning their already limited efforts at
translation and interpretation could have huge ramifications.
Most of the world’s people are resolutely multilingual and are only becoming more so. Americans will not stop
speaking, writing and signing in languages other than English because of an executive order. The linguistic
dynamism of the U.S. is essential to the country’s social fabric. It should be nurtured and defended.
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