MA1201 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra II Solution of Problem Set 6

Matrix, Determinant and System of Linear Equations

Problem 1
(a)
( ) ( )

(b)
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

Problem 2
(a)
(⏟ )( ) (⏟ ( ) ( ) ( )) ( )
⏟

( (
)⏟ ) ( )
⏟ ⏟

(b) ( )( )
⏟ ⏟

( )( ) ( )
⏟ ⏟
⏟

Problem 3

[( )( )] ( ) ( )( )

( )

Since is diagonal matrix, we then have

( ) ( ( ) ) ( )

Problem 4
Upper- Lower- Diagonal Symmetric Skew-
Triangular Triangular symmetric
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
( )

( ) Yes No No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No No No No
( )

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 No No No No No
( )

Problem 5
(1) By expanding the determinant along the 1st row, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(2) By expanding the determinant along the 2nd column, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(3) By expanding the determinant along the 3rd row, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Problem 6
(a) By expanding the determinant along 2nd row, we have

( ) ( ) ( )

(b) By expanding the determinant along 2nd row, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(c) By expanding the determinant along 1st row, we have

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(d) Note that

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Using the properties of determinant, we have

( ) [ ( )]

(e) By expanding the determinant along 2nd row, we get

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )
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 (f) By expanding the determinant along 2nd column

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Problem 7

We let ( ). By expanding along 1st row, we get

( )

Problem 8
(a) ( ) ( )
(b)
( )
(c)
( ) ( )
(d) ( ) ( )
(e) ( )
( ) ( )
(f) ( ) ( ) ( )

Problem 9
(a) Note that

( )

The matrix is invertible and its inverse is given by

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))

(b) Note that

( )

The matrix is invertible and its inverse is given by

( ) ( ) ( )

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 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))

(c) Note that

( )

The matrix is invertible and its inverse is given by

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
(d) Note that

( )

Thus the matrix is not invertible and its inverse does not exist.

Problem 10
(a) If the matrix is singular (non-invertible), then we must have
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

(b)
Take , we have ( ) Since ( ) , is invertible

and its inverse is found to be

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))

Problem 11
(a)
( )( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )

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 (b) Note that ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) , this
implies that both matrices are invertible and their inverse is found to be
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
(Here, represents the cofactor of ( ) element of )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
(Here, represents the cofactor of ( ) element of .)

Problem 12
Note that ( ) ( ) ( ) , then is invertible and its
inverse is given by

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
Thus the matrix is found to be

( ) ( )( ) ( )

Problem 13
The system can be rewritten as

{ ( )( ) ( ) ( )
⏟

Note that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , then is invertible

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
Therefore, the solution of ( ) is found to be

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

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Problem 14
(a)
( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

Since there is no column with no pivot, the system has a unique solution.

The system can be expressed as { . Solving the equations backward, we

obtain .
(b)
( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

( )
⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

Since there is no column with no pivot, the system has a unique solution.

The system can be expressed as . Solving the equations backward, we

{
obtain .
(c)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

Since the 3rd column has no pivot, the system has infinitely many solutions and is a free
variable. The corresponding system is given by { .
Take , is real. By solving the equations backward, we get and
.
(d)
( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

Since the 3rd column has no pivot, the system has infinitely many solutions and is a free
variable. The corresponding system is given by { .
Take , is real. By solving the equations backward, we get and .
(e)
( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

The system can be expressed as { . Solving the equations backward, we

obtain .
(f)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

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 ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

Since the fourth column has no pivot, the system has infinitely many solutions and is the free

variable. The corresponding system is { .

Take , is real. By solving the equation backward, we obtain ,

⏞ ( | )

Since the second column has no pivot, the system has infinitely many solutions and is the free

variable. The corresponding system is {

Take , is real. By solving the equation backward, we obtain ,

⏞ ( | )

Since the second column and fourth column has pivots, the system has infinitely many solutions.
Here, and are both free variables.
The corresponding system is {
Take and , are real. Solving the equation backward, we get and

Problem 15
Note that

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

(a)
If , the system becomes ( | ).

Since the last row is the row of the type ( ), , thus the system has no solution.
(b) The system is consistent when there is no row with ( ), . This happens when .

Problem 16

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

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The system is consistent only when there is no row with ( ), . This implies that
.
Remark: Since the last column has no pivot, the system has infinitely many solutions if the system is
consistent.

Problem 17

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

(a) Since the third column has no pivot, thus the system cannot have unique solution for any value of .
(b) The system has infinitely many solution if there is no row with ( ), . This happens
when
( )( )
.
(c) The system has no solution if there is a row with ( ), . This happens when
.

Problem 18

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

(a) The system has a unique solution if there is no column with no pivot, this happens when

(b) The system has infinitely many solutions if there is a column with no pivot and there is no row
with ( ) . This happens when and . Solving the equations,
we get .
(c) The system has no solutions if there is a row with ( ) . This happens when
and . Solving the equations, we get .

Problem 19

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

(a) The system has a unique solution if there is no column with no pivot. This happens when
.
(b) The system has infinitely many solutions if there is a column with no pivot and there is no row

with ( ) . This happens when {

(c) The system has no solution if there is a row with ( ) . This happens when

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Problem 20

( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

(a) Since the matrix has 3 rows only, there are at most 3 pivots in the matrix. Thus at least one of
the 3rd column and 4th column has no pivot, the system cannot have a unique solution for any
values of and .
(b) The system has infinitely many solutions when there is no row with ( ), . This
happens when .
(*Remark: There is no restriction on since at least one of the columns has no pivot according to
the discussion in (a).)
(c) The system has no solution if there is a row with ( ), . This happens when
and and . Solving these equations, we get and
.

Problem 21

The given system can be expressed as ( )( ) ( )

Using Cramer’s rule, the solution of the system is found to be

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Problem 22
(a)
( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

Thus we conclude that ( ) ( )

(b)
( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

Thus we deduce that ( ) ( )

(c)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

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 ( )
( )
⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

Thus we conclude that ( ) ( )

(d)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

( )
⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

Thus we conclude that ( ) ( )

(e)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

Since the last row is of the form ( ), , thus the matrix is not invertible.
(f)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

Thus we conclude that ( ) ( )

(g)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

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 ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

Thus the inverse is given by ( ) ( )

(h)
( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

The inverse is found to be ( ) ( ).

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Problem 23
(a)
We let ⃗ ( ) ⃗⃗ ( ) ⃗ ( ). Then we consider the following equation:

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Comparing the components, we obtain { .

Using Gaussian Elimination, we have

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

The system corresponds to { . Solving the equations backward, we have

.
Since ( ) ( ) is the only solution, thus the vectors are linearly independent.
(b)
We let ⃗ ( ) ⃗⃗ ( ) ⃗ ( ). Then we consider the following equation:

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Comparing the components, we obtain { .

Using Gaussian Elimination, we have

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

The system corresponds to { . Solving the equations backward, we have

.
Since ( ) ( ) is the only solution, thus the vectors are linearly independent.
(c)
We let ⃗ ( ) ⃗⃗ ( ) ⃗ ( ). Then we consider the following equation:

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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 Comparing the components, we obtain { .

Using Gaussian Elimination, we have

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

⏞ ( | )

The 3rd column has no pivot and the corresponding variable is a free variable. Take ,
is real. By solving the corresponding system { backward, we have
and .
Since there is non-trivial solutions for the equation (for example, take , we get
), the vectors are linearly dependent.
(d)
We let ⃗ ( ) ⃗⃗ ( ) ⃗ ( ), ⃗ ( ). Then we consider the following equation:

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Comparing the components, we obtain {

Using Gaussian Elimination, we have

( | ) ⏞ ( | ) ⏞ ( | )

The column has no pivot and the corresponding variable is a free variable. Take ,

is real. By solving the corresponding system { backward, we have

, and .
Since there is a non-trivial solution for the equation (for example, take , we get
), the vectors are linearly dependent.

Problem 24
(a)
( ) ⏞ ( )
Since the number of pivots is , thus the rank of the matrix is .
(b) ( )
( ) ⏞ ( ) ⏞ ( ) ⏞ ( )

Since the number of pivots is , thus the rank of the matrix is .

Since the number of pivots is , thus the rank of the matrix is .

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