Mobile Computing 2025

Experiment No.2: CDMA

PART A

(PART A: TO BE REFFERED BY STUDENTS)

A.1 Aim: To implement a basic function of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to test
the orthogonality and autocorrelation of a code to be used for CDMA operation. Write an
application based on the above concept.

A.2 Prerequisite: Knowledge of multiplexing schemes

A.3 Objectives: To understand the importance of security in wirelesss communication by means

of spread spectrum technologies.

A.4 Outcomes: Student will be able to articulate the knowledge of GSM, CDMA & Bluetooth
technologies and demonstrate it.(LO-2)

A.5 Tools Used/programming language: Java

A.6 Theory:

▪ Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio
communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple accesses, where several transmitters
can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users
to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this without undue interference between
the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special codling’s scheme (where each
transmitter is assigned a code).

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CDMA issued as the access method in many mobile phone standards. IS-95,also called" cdma One",
and its 3G evolution CDMA2000, are often simply referred to as "CDMA", but UMTS, the 3G
standard used by GSM carriers, also uses "wideband CDMA", or W-CDMA, as well as TDCDMA and TD-
SCDMA, as its radio technologies.

▪ CDMA Orthogonality:

Techniques generally used are direct sequence spread spectrum modulation (DS-CDMA),
frequency hopping or mixed CDMA detection (JDCDMA). Here, a signal is generated which extends
over a wide bandwidth. A code called spreading code is used to perform this action. Using a group
of codes, which are orthogonal to each other, it is possible to select a signal with a given code in
the presence of many other signals with different orthogonal codes.

▪ CDMA Autocorrelation:

Autocorrelation of the sequence, it determines the ability to synchronize and lock the spreading code for
the received signal.

A.7 Procedure:
✓ The station encodes its data bit as follows.
o If bit = 1 then +1 o
If bit = 0 then -1

o no
signal(interpreted
as 0) if station is
idle

✓ Each station is allocated a different orthogonal sequence (code) which is N bit long for N stations

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✓ Each station does a scalar multiplication of its encoded data bit and code sequence.
✓ The resulting sequence is then stored on the channel.
✓ Since the channel is common, amplitudes add up and hence resultant channel sequence is the sum of
sequences from all channels.

✓ If station 1 wants to listen to station 2, it multiplies (inner product) the channel sequence with code
of station S2
✓ The inner product is then divided by N to get data bit transmitted from station 2.

▪ Working

✓ CDMA uses orthogonal codes to transmit different signal over the same channel

✓ CDMA is use in 3’rd generation wireless communication like CDMA 2000, w-CDMA,HSDPA
(high speed downlink packet access), HSUPA(high speed uplink packet access) ✓

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.

✓ It is a digital cellular standard that utilizes spread-Spectrum Technology.

✓ It spreads the signal over a fully available spectrum or over multiple channels through
division.

✓ It is a more secure and private line.

✓ It has good voice and data communication capabilities.

✓ The information is sent simultaneously through several transmitters over a single

communication channel.

✓ Consider there is single channel having four users, user1,user2,user3,user4

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✓ Assume there are four orthogonal codes

✓ If two diff orthogonal codes are multiplied it will always give 0; this is the property of orthogonal
code.

✓ User send data 1,0 (stream of data)or use may be silent that is no data to transmit.

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✓ Users are having following data

✓ Data in channel is;

✓ If data 2 want to receive then

R2= C(x)*C2

And hence we are getting –a after dividing by 4 and data send by user 2 is -a

Sample Output:

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PART B

(PART B: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)

(Students must submit the soft copy as per following segments within two hours of the
practical. The soft copy must be uploaded on the ERP or emailed to the concerned lab in
charge faculties at the end of the practical in case the there is no ERP access available)

Roll No. B32

B36 Name: Mithilesh
Mahesh Suresh
ThakareBhosale

Class : TE COMPS B Batch :B2

Date of Experiment: Date of Submission

Grade :

B.1 Question of Curiosity:

Q.1: Source Code (students need to implement CDMA using any programming language like Java, Python ,
etc)

import numpy as np

c1 = [1, 1, 1, 1]
c2 = [1, -1, 1, -1]
c3 = [1, 1, -1, -1]
c4 = [1, -1, -1, 1]
rc = []

print("Enter the data bits:")

d1 = int(input("Enter D1: "))
d2 = int(input("Enter D2: "))
d3 = int(input("Enter D3: "))
d4 = int(input("Enter D4: "))

r1 = np.multiply(c1, d1)
r2 = np.multiply(c2, d2)

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r3 = np.multiply(c3, d3)
r4 = np.multiply(c4, d4)

resultant_channel = r1 + r2 + r3 + r4
print("Resultant Channel:", resultant_channel)

Channel = int(input("Enter the station to listen for (C1=1, C2=2, C3=3, C4=4): "))
if Channel == 1:
rc = c1
elif Channel == 2:
rc = c2
elif Channel == 3:
rc = c3
elif Channel == 4:
rc = c4

inner_product = np.multiply(resultant_channel, rc)

print("Inner Product:", inner_product)

res1 = sum(inner_product)
data = res1 / len(inner_product)
print("Data bit that was sent:", data)

Q.2: Output of CDMA

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Q.3: Explain CDMA with one suitable example.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a communication technique that allows multiple signals to
occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. Each communication
is assigned a unique code, allowing multiple users to transmit over the same frequency without
interfering with each other.

How CDMA works:

1. Unique Codes: Each user is assigned a unique code, often called a spread spectrum code. This code is
used to "spread" the signal over a wide frequency band.
2. Signal Transmission: When users transmit their data, the information is multiplied by their unique code.
This results in a signal that is spread out across the spectrum.
3. Reception: At the receiver end, the signal is decoded using the same unique code, which extracts the
original information from the spread signal.

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Since each user's signal is spread differently using their unique code, multiple users can share the same
frequency channel without interfering with each other.

Example of CDMA:

Imagine a situation in a city where many people are trying to make calls using the same frequency
channel. Without CDMA, all signals would overlap, causing interference. However, with CDMA, each
user is assigned a unique code.

For instance:

• User A is assigned the code "101010"

• User B is assigned the code "110011"
• User C is assigned the code "111000"

Now, when each user transmits their signal, it is multiplied by their unique code. So, even though all
users are transmitting at the same time over the same frequency, their signals don't interfere with each
other because each signal is spread differently due to the unique codes.

At the receiver end, the signals are decoded by applying the same codes used for transmission, which
separates the signals of different users and ensures they are correctly received.

Q.4: What is spread spectrum? List types of spread spectrum technologies.

Spread Spectrum is a technique used in communication systems to spread the signal over a wider
frequency band than the minimum required bandwidth. This is done to improve the performance and
security of the communication system. The spread spectrum method helps reduce interference, improve
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and make the system more resistant to jamming and eavesdropping.

Types of Spread Spectrum Technologies:

1. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS):

• How it works: The transmitter rapidly changes its carrier frequency in a sequence known to
both the transmitter and receiver. This hopping occurs over a wide band of frequencies.
• Example: Bluetooth devices use FHSS to minimize interference and improve security by
constantly switching frequencies within a set range.

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1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):

• How it works: The data signal is multiplied by a higher-frequency pseudo-random noise (PN) code,
spreading the signal over a wider frequency band. Both the transmitter and receiver must use the same
code to decode the signal.
• Example: Wi-Fi (802.11b/g) uses DSSS to transmit data over a wide frequency spectrum, which reduces
the likelihood of interference and increases the reliability of the connection.

Q.5: Differentiate between FDM and FHSS.

Frequency Hopping Spread

Feature Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Spectrum (FHSS)
A multiplexing technique that divides A spread spectrum technique that
the available bandwidth into multiple rapidly switches (hops) between
Definition
frequency channels for simultaneous different frequencies during
transmission. transmission.
Used to enhance security and
Used to transmit multiple signals
resistance to interference by
Primary Purpose simultaneously over different
spreading the signal over
frequency bands.
multiple frequencies.
Uses a wide range of frequencies
Fixed frequency allocation per
Bandwidth Usage but transmits at a single
channel.
frequency at any given time.
Highly resistant to interference
Interference Less resistant to interference;
and jamming due to frequency
Handling affected by narrowband interference.
hopping.
Less secure as frequencies remain More secure as hopping makes
Security
fixed. eavesdropping difficult.
Requires synchronization for
Requires precise frequency allocation hopping sequence but is more
Synchronization
and synchronization. robust against signal
interception.

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Frequency Hopping Spread

Feature Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Spectrum (FHSS)
Bluetooth, military
Example FM radio, television broadcasting,
communications, and some wireless
Applications cable TV, and telephone networks.
LANs.

B.2 Conclusion:

This experiment demonstrates the concept of Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) using orthogonal
codes for data transmission and retrieval. By assigning unique orthogonal codes to different data
streams, multiple signals are transmitted simultaneously over a shared channel without interference.

The resultant channel is obtained by summing the encoded signals, and the original data bit is retrieved
by performing an inner product operation with the corresponding code. This method ensures efficient
multiplexing and accurate data recovery, provided that the codes are truly orthogonal.

Such a technique is fundamental in spread spectrum communication, particularly in applications like

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), where multiple users can share the same frequency
bandwidth without causing interference.

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