79

Mathematics & Statistics (40)

(For Arts and Science)
Std. XI & XII

Introduction mastering the underlying processes and

Mathematics is the language of all skills.
sciences and is perhaps the only subject which 2) to apply the knowledge and skills in
merits this distinction. Mathematics is the Mathematics and related problems from
backbone of all sciences and it is an inseparable other subjects, by more than one method.
part of human life. 3) to develop positive attitude to think,
Higher Secondary is a launching stage analyze and articulate logically.
from where students would go to either for 4) to develop interest in Mathematics by
academic education in Mathematics or participating in various related
professional courses like Engineering and competitions and self-learning.
Computer Technology, Physical and Biological 5) to acquaint students with different aspects
Sciences. Hence to fulfil the needs of students, of Mathematics used in real life.
it is utmost important to make the study of 6) to develop an interest in students to study
Mathematics more meaningful by acquainting Mathematics as a discipline.
the student with many branches of mathematics. 7) to develop awareness of the need for
This will help them in developing Mathematical national integration, protection of an
tools to be used in the professional education. environment, removal of social barriers,
Apart from motivating topics from real life elimination of sex biases and observance
situations and other subject areas, major thrust of small family norm.
is also on application of various concepts. 8) to develop reverence and respect towards
The proposed syllabus has been designed great mathematicians for their contribution
in accordance with National Curriculum to the field of Mathematics.
Framework 2005 and as per guidelines given 9) to develop interest in the subject by
in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics participating in related competitions.
2005 which is to meet the emerging needs of
all categories of students. Std. XI - PART – 1
Objectives
To enable the students 1. Measurement of Angles
1) to acquire knowledge and critical Need & concept, Revision of directed angle
understanding, particularly by way of (+ve and –ve angles), zero angle, straight
motivation and visualization of basic angle, angles in standard position,
concepts, terms, principles, symbols and coterminal angles, angles in quadrant &
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quadrantal angles. Sexagesimal system, ordinate axes, intercepts of a line, revision

circular system, relation between degree of different forms of equations of a line,
measure and radian measure. Theorem: slope-point form, slope-intercept form, two
Radian is a constant angle. Length of an point form, double intercept form, other
arc of a circle (s = r. θ, θ is in radians) forms of equations of a line, parametric
(without proof). Area of the sector of a form, normal form, general form, Theorem
circle A = ½ r2. θ, θ is in radians (without 1 : A general linear equation Ax + By+ C
proof). =0, provided A and B are not both zero,
2. Trigonometric functions simultaneously, always represents straight
Need & concept, Trigonometric functions line. Theorem 2 : Every straight line has
with the help of standard unit circle, signs an equation of the form Ax +By + C = 0,
of trigonometric functions in different where A, B and C are constants (without
quadrants, trigonometric functions of proof), Reduction of general equation of a
particular angles (00, 300, 450, 600, 900, line into normal form, intersection of two
1800, 2700, 3600), domain and range of lines, parallel lines, perpendicular lines,
trigonometric functions, periodicity of identical lines, condition for concurrency
functions, fundamental identities, graphs of three lines, angle between lines, distance
of trigonometric functions, Graph of of a point from a line, distance between
y = a sin bx, y = a cos bx, trigonometric two parallel lines, equations of bisectors
functions of negative angles. of angle between two lines, family of
3. Trigonometric functions of compound lines, equation of a straight line parallel to
angles a given line, equation of a straight line
Introduction, trigonometric functions of perpendicular to a given line, equation of
sum and difference, trigonometric functions family of lines through the intersection of
of multiple angles (upto double and triple two lines.
angles only), trigonometric functions of 7. Circle and Conics : Revision, standard
half angles. equation, centre-radius form, diameter
4. Factorization Formulae form, general equation, parametric
Introduction, Formulae for conversion of equations of standard equation, Conics
sum or difference into products, formulae Napees – Intersection of Napees of a cone
for conversion of product into sum or and Plane, introduction, focus-directrix
difference, trigonometric functions of property of parabola, ellipse, hyperbola,
angles of a triangle. parabola, standard equation (different
5. Locus forms of parabola), parametric equations,
Introduction, Definition and equation of ellipse, standard equation, hyperbola,
locus, points of locus, shift of the origin. standard equation, parametric equations.
6. Straight Line Application of conic section.
Revision. Inclination of a line, slope of a 8. Vectors
line, equation of lines parallel to co- Definition, magnitude of a vector, free
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and localized vectors, types of vectors, types of matrices – zero matrix, row matrix,
zero vector, unit vector, equality at vectors, column matrix, square matrix, determinant
negative of a vector, collinear vectors, of a square matrix, diagonal matrix, scalar
coplanar vectors, coinitial vectors, like and matrix, identity matrix, triangular matrices,
unlike vectors, scalar multiple of a vector, singular & non-singular matrices, transpose
triangle law, parallelogram law, polygon of a matrix, symmetric & skew symmetric
law, properties of addition of vectors, three matrices, operations on matrices – equality,
dimensional co-ordinate geometry, co- addition, subtraction, multiplication of a
ordinate axes & coordinate planes in space, matrix by a scalar, simple properties,
co-ordinates of a point in space, distance multiplication of matrices – definition,
between two points in a space, unit vectors properties of matrix multiplication,
along axes, position vector of a point in a properties of transpose of a matrix -
space, product of vectors, scalar product, (A')' = A, (KA)' = KA', (AB)' = B'A'.
definition, properties, vector product,
definition, properties, simple applications, PART – 2
work done by force, resolved part of a 1. Sets, Relations and Functions
force, moment of a force. Set – Revision, subset, proper improper
9. Linear Inequations subset and their properties, union,
Linear inequations in one variable – intersection, disjoint sets, empty set, finite
solution of linear inequation in one variable & infinite sets, equal sets, equivalent sets,
& graphical solution, solutions of system universal set, Venn diagrams, complement
of linear inequations in one variable, Linear of a set, difference of two sets, power set,
inequations in two variables – solution of Relations – ordered pairs, equality of
linear inequation in one variable & ordered pairs, Cartesian product of two
graphical solution, solution of linear sets, No. of elements in the Cartesian
inequations in two variables & graphical product of two finite sets, Cartesian product
solution, solutions of system of linear of the reals with itself, definition of
inequations in two variables, Replacement relation, pictorial diagrams, domain,
of a set or domain of a set, Transposition. codomain and range of a relation, types of
10. Determinants relations, one-one, many-one, binary
Revision, determinant of order three, equivalence relation, functions – function
definition, expansion, properties of as a special kind of relation, pictorial
determinants, minors & co-factors, representation of a function, domain,
applications of determinants, condition of codomain and range of a function, equal
consistency, area of a triangle, Cramer’s functions, types of functions - constant
rule for system of equations in three function, identity function, one-one
variables. function, onto function, into function, even
11. Matrices & odd functions, polynomial function,
Introduction, concepts, notations, order, rational function, modulus function,
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signum & greatest integer, exponential roots of unity – solution of quadratic

function, logarithmic function, functions equations in the complex number system,
with their graphs, sum, difference, product, cube roots of unity.
quotient of functions, scalar multiplication, 4. Sequences & Series
composite function, inverse function, Revision - sequence, A.P., Sum of first n
binary operations, real valued function of terms of A.P., properties of A.P., geometric
the real variable, domain and range of progression – introduction, general term,
these functions. sum of the first ‘n’ terms, (n terms from
2. Logarithms the end of G.P.) containing finitely many
Introduction, definition, properties, laws terms & sum to infinite terms, properties
of logarithms, change of base, of G.P., H.P. as a special type of A.P,
characteristics & mantissa – method of Means – arithmetic mean, geometric mean,
finding characteristics, method of finding harmonic mean, relation between A.M.,
mantissa, method of finding antilogarithm. G.M., H.M., Arithmetico-Geometric
3. Complex Numbers sequence, special series, sum of cube of
Introduction, need for complex numbers, first n natural numbers, sum of cube of
definitions –(real parts, imaginary parts, first n odd natural nos., exponential &
complex conjugates, modulus, argument), logarithmic series.
algebra of complex numbers – equality, 5. Permutations & combinations
addition, subtraction, multiplication, Introduction, fundamental principle of
division, powers and square root of a counting, factorial notation, permutations,
complex number, higher powers of i, when all r objects are distinct, when all r
DeMoivre’s formula – (without proof), objects are not distinct, circular
square root of a complex number, permutations, simple applications,
properties of complex numbers – properties combinations – definition, properties,
of addition of complex numbers, 1) Closure relations between permutations and
Property 2) Commulative Law combinations, simple applications.
3) Associative law 4) Existence of additive 6. Mathematical Induction and Binomial
identity 5) Existence of additive inverse. Theorem
Properties of product of complex numbers Principle of mathematical induction, simple
–Existance of multiplicative identity – applications, binomial theorem – binomial
Existance of multiplicative inverse, theorem for positive integers, general term,
properties of conjugate & modulus of particular term, properties of binomial co-
complex numbers, Argand Diagram – efficient with simple application, binomial
representation of a complex number as a theorem for any index (without proof),
point in plane, geometrical meaning of particular cases of binomial theorem,
modulus and argument, polar simple applications.
representation of complex numbers, 7. Limits
Fundamental theorem of algebra, cube Introduction of concept, meaning of x→a,
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the limit of a function, fundamental events. Conditional probability – definition,

theorem on limits, algebra of limits – multiplication theorem, independent
standard limits, without proof, limits at events, Baye’s theorem, odds in favour
infinity – concepts, simple problems. and against.
8. Differentiation
Definition : derivative, derivative at a point, List of Practicals: XI
geometrical significance of derivative, 1. Problems on locus.
physical significance (velocity as a rate of 2. Family of lines.
change of displacement), derivatives from 3. Tracing of Conics I.
first principle - of trigonometric functions, 4. Tracing of Conics II.
logarithmic functions, algebraic functions, 5. Applications of vectors (Dot and cross
exponential functions, rules of product).
differentiation – derivative of sum, 6. Linear inequation.
difference, product and quotient. 7. Applications of determinants.
9. Integration 8. Algebra of matrices.
Definition of integration as antiderivative, 9. Tracing of graphs of functions.
geometrical interpretation of indefinite 10. Numerical problems using laws of
integrals, algebra of integrals – integrals logarithms.
of some standard functions, rules of 11. Power and square root of a complex
integration. number, cube root of unity.
10. Statistics 12. Examples on special series.
Measures of dispersion – range, quartile 13. Permutations and combinations.
& quartile deviation (for grouped and 14. Mathematical induction.
ungrouped data), comparison of two 15. Binomial theorem.
frequency distributions with same mean, 16. Limits.
mean deviation about mean, mean 17. Differentiation.
deviation about median (for grouped & 18. Integration.
ungrouped data), variance, standard 19. Measures of dispersion.
deviation, effect of change of origin and 20. Probability.
scale on variance and standard deviation,
combined variance and standard deviation, Std. XII : PART – 1
co-efficient of variation.
11. Probability 1. Mathematical Logic
Revision, types of events – events and Statements - Introduction, sentences and
algebra of events, axiomatic definition of statement, truth value of statement, open
probability, mutually exclusive and sentences, compound statement, quantifier
exhaustive events, mutually exclusive and quantified statements, logical
events, addition theorem – for any two connectives : conjunction, disjunction,
events A and B, Result on complementary negation, implication/ conditional,
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biconditional, truth tables of compound trigonometric function, properties of

statements, examples related to real life inverse functions.
and mathematics, statement patterns and 4. Pair of straight lines
logical equivalence - tautology, Pair of lines passing through origin-
contradiction, contingency, duality, combined equation, homogenous equation,
negation of compound statement, theorem-the joint equation of a pair of
contrapositive, converse, inverse, algebra lines passing through origin and its
of statements-idempotent law, associative converse, acute angle between the lines
law, commutative law, distributive law, represented by ax2+2hxy+by2=0, condition
identity law, complement law, involution for parallel lines, condition for
law, DeMorgan’s laws, difference between perpendicular lines, pair of lines not
converse, contrapositive, contradiction, passing through origin-combined equation
application-introduction to switching of any two lines, condition that the
circuits (simple examples). equation ax 2+2hxy+by 2+2gx+2fy+c=0
2. Matrices should represent a pair of lines (without
Elementary transformation of a matrix- proof), acute angle between the lines
revision of cofactor and minor, elementary (without proof), condition of parallel and
row transformation, elementary column perpendicular lines, point of intersection
transformation, inverse of a matrix- of two lines.
existance and uniqueness of inverse of a 5. Circle
matrix, inverse by elementary Tangent of a circle-equation of a tangent
transformation, adjoint method, at a point to 1) standard circle,2) general
application-solution of system of linear circle, condition of tangency only for line
equations by – reduction method, inversion y = mx + c to the circle x2 + y2 = a2,
method. tangents to a circle from a point outside
3. Trigonometric functions the circle, director circle, length of tangent
Trigonometric equations-general solution segments, normal to a circle-equation of
of trigonometric equation of the type : normal at a point.
sinθ, = 0, cosθ = 0, tanθ = 0, sinθ = sinα, 6. Conics
cosθ = cosα, tanθ = tanα, sin2θ = sin2α, Tangents and normals-equations of tangent
cos2θ = cos2α, tan2θ = tan2α, acosθ + and normal at a point for parabola, ellipse,
bsinθ = C solution of a triangle : polar hyperbola; condition of tangency for
coordinates, sine rule, cosine rule, parabola; ellipse, hyperbola; tangents in
projection rule, area of a triangle, terms of slope for parabola, ellipse,
application, Hero’s formula, Napier hyperbola, tangents from a point outside
Analogues, inverse trigonometric conics, locus of points from which two
functions-definitions, domain, range, tangents are mutually perpendicular,
principle values, graphs of inverse properties of tangents and normals to
conics (without proof).
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7. Vectors and parallel to two given vectors, equation

Revision, Collinearity and coplanarity of of plane passing through three non-
vectors : linear combination of vectors, collinear points, equation of plane passing
condition of collinearity of two vectors, through the intersection of two given
conditions of coplanarity of three vectors, planes, angle between two planes, angle
section formula : section formula for between line and plane, condition for the
internal and external division, midpoint coplanarity of two lines, distance of a
formula, centroid formula, scaler triple point from a plane (vector approach)
product : definition, formula, properties, 11 Linear programming problems
geometrical interpretation of scalar triple Introduction of L.P.P. definition of
product, application of vectors to geometry- constraints, objective function,
medians of a triangle are concurrent, optimization, constraint equations, non-
altitudes of a triangle are concurrent, angle negativity restrictions, feasible and
bisectors of a triangle are concurrent, infeasible region, feasible solutions,
diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each Mathematical formulation-mathematical
other and converse, median of trapezium formulation of L.P.P. different types of
is parallel to the parallel sides and its L.P.P. problems, graphical solutions for
length is half the sum of parallel sides, problem in two variables, optimum feasible
angle subtended on a semicircle is right solution.
angle.
8. Three dimensional geometry Std. XII - PART – 2
Direction cosines and direction ratios:
direction angles, direction cosines, 1. Continuity
direction ratios, relation between direction Continuity of a function at a point : left
ratio and direction cosines, angle between hand limit, right hand limit, definition of
two lines, condition of perpendicular lines. continuity of a function at a point,
discontinuity of a function, types of
9. Line discontinuity, algebra of continuous
Equation of line passing through given functions, continuity in interval-definition,
point and parallel to given vector, equation continuity of some standard functions-
of line passing through two given points, polynomial, rational, trigonometric,
distance of a point from a line, distance exponential and logarithmic function.
between two skew lines, distance between 2. Differentiation
two parallel lines (vector approach). Revision- revision of derivative,
10. Plane relationship between continuity and
Equation of plane in normal form, equation differentiability-left hand derivative and
of plane passing through the given point right hand derivative (need and concept),
and perpendicular to given vector, equation every differentiable function is continuous
of plane passing through the given point but converse is not true, Derivative of
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composite function-chain rule, derivative 5. Applications of definite integral

of inverse function, derivative of inverse Area under the curve : area bounded by
trigonometric function : Derivative of curve and axis (simple problems), area
implicit function definition and examples, bounded by two curves, volume of solid
derivative of parametric function – of revolution-volume of solid obtained by
definition of parametric function , revolving the area under the curve about
exponential and logarithmic function- the axis (simple problems).
derivative of functions which are expressed 6. Differential equation
in one of the following form a) product of Definition-differential equation, order,
functions, b) quotient of functions, c) degree, general solution, particular solution
higher order derivative, second order of differential equation, formation of
derivative d) [f(x)][g(x)] differential equation-formation of
3. Applications of derivative differential equation by eliminating arbitary
Geometrical application-tangent and constants (at most two constants), solution
normal at a point, Rolle's theorem, and of first order and first degree differential
Mean value theorem and their geometrical equation-variable separable method,
interpretation (without proof), derivative homogeneous differential equation
as a rate measure-introduction, increasing (equation reducible to homogeneous form
and decreasing function, approximation are not expected), Linear differential
(without proof), Maxima and minima- equation, applications : population growth,
introduction of extrema and extreme bacterial colony growth, surface area,
values, maxima and minima in a closed Newton’s laws of cooling, radioactive
interval, first derivative test, second decay.
derivative test. 7. Statistics
4. Integration Bivariate frequency distribution - bivariate
Indefinite integrals-methods of integration, data, tabulation of bivariate data, scatter
substitution method, integrals of the diagram, covariance of ungrouped data,
various types, integration by parts covariance for bivariate frequency
(reduction formulae are not expected), distribution, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of
integration by partial fraction-factors correlation.
involving repeated and non-repeated linear 8. Probability distribution
factors, non-repeated quadratic factors, Probability distribution of a random
definite integral-definite integral as a limit variable-definition of a random variable,
of sum, fundamental theorem of integral discrete and continuous random variable,
calculus (without proof), evaluation of probability mass function (p.m.f.),
definite integral 1) by substitution, probability distribution of a discrete
2) integration by parts, properties of random variable, cumulative probability
definite integrals. distribution of a discrete random variable,
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expected value, variance and standard 5. Tracing of tangents and normals for circle
deviation of a discrete random variable, and parabola.
probability density function (p.d.f.), 6. Tracing of tangents and normals for ellipse
distribution function of a continuous and hyperbola.
random variable. 7. Applications of scalar triple product of
9. Bernoulli trials and Binomial vectors.
distribution 8. Three dimensional geometry - line.
Definition of Bernoulli trial, conditions 9. Three dimensional geometry - plane.
for Binomial distribution, binomial 10. Formations and solutions of LPP.
distribution (p.m.f.), mean, variance and 11. Applications of derivatives (Geometric
standard deviation, calculation of applications).
probabilities (without proof), Normal 12. Applications of derivatives – Rate measure.
distribution : p.d.f., mean, variance and 13. Applications of derivatives - Maxima and
standard deviation, standard normal minima
variable, simple problems (without proof). 14. Applications of definite integrals - Limit
of a sum.
List of Practicals : XII 15. Applications of definite integrals - Area.
1. Applications of logic. 16. Applications of definite integrals - volume.
2. Inverse of a matrix by adjoint method and 17. Applications of differential equations.
hence solution of system of linear 18. Bivariate frequency distribution.
equations. 19. Expected value, variance and S.D of a
3. Inverse of a matrix by elementary random variable.
transformation and hence solution of 20. Binomial distribution.
system of linear equations.
4. Solutions of a triangle.



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Physics (54)

Introduction 5. Promotion of process-skills, problem-

According to NCF 2005, the curriculum solving abilities and applications of Physics
of the subject Physics is upgraded for higher concepts.
secondary stage. This curriculum is comparable 6. Strengthen the concepts developed at the
to the international standards which are useful secondary stage to provide firm foundation
for the students in Maharashtra State for for further learning in the subject.
different types of competitive examinations 7. Expose the learners to different processes
conducted in India. All the units of the subject used in Physics-related industrial and
from NCERT curriculum are divided into two technological applications.
years conveniently in Maharashtra State. 8. Develop process-skills and experimental,
Continuity in the curriculum is maintained in observational, manipulative, decision
Std. XI & XII, which is not in NCERT making and investigatory skills in the
curriculum. All the students appear for the learners.
competitive examinations only after +2 stage 9. Promote problem solving abilities and
throughout India. creative thinking in learners.
This syllabus has been designed in 10. Develop conceptual competence in the
accordance with the guidelines shown in the learners and make them realize and
final version of common core syllabii of appreciate the interface of Physics with
COBSE, Delhi. Accordingly few additional sub other disciplines.
units have been added.
Objectives Std. XI
1. Emphasis on basic conceptual 1. Measurements
understanding of the content. Introduction, Need for measurement, Units
2. Emphasis on use of SI units, symbols, for measurement, System of Units,
nomenclature of physical quantities and S.I. Units, Fundamental and derived units,
formulations as per international standards. Dimensional analysis, Order of magnitude
3. Providing logical sequencing of units of and significant figures, Accuracy and errors
the subject matter and proper placement in measurement.
of concepts with their linkage for better 2. Scalars and Vectors
learning. Addition and subtraction of vectors,
4. Reducing the curriculum load by Product of vectors.
eliminating overlapping of concepts/ 3. Projectile motion
content within the discipline and other Uniformly accelerated motion along
disciplines. straight line, Non uniform motion, Position
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time graph and velocity-time graph, 8. Refraction of Light

Equation of a projectile path, Time of Refraction of monochromatic light, Snell’s
flight, Horizontal range, Maximum height law, Total internal reflection, Critical angle,
of a projectile, Relative velocity. Optical fibre, Dispersion of light, Prism
4. Force formula, Angular dispersion and dispersive
Types of forces, General idea of power, Rainbow, Scattering of light, Blue
gravitation, electromagnetic and nuclear colour of sky, Colour of sun at sunrise and
forces, Law of conservation of momentum, sunset. Elementary idea of Raman effect.
Work done by a variable force. Work- 9. Ray optics
energy theorem, Elastic and inelastic Reflection of light by spherical mirrors,
collisions in one and two dimensions, Refraction at single curved surface, Lens
Inertial and non-intertial frames, Moment maker’s equation, Combination of thin
of force, Couple and properties of couple, lenses in contact, Concept of conjugate
Centre of mass, Centre of gravity, focii, Correction of eye defects, Magnifying
Conditions of equilibrium of a rigid body. power of simple microscope, Magnifying
5. Friction in solids and liquids power of compound microscope,
Origin and nature of frictional forces, Laws Magnifying power of telescope, Reflecting
of static friction, Laws of kinetic friction, telescope - schematic diagram with
Pressure due to fluid column, Pascal’s explanation.
Law and its applications, Effect of gravity 10. Electrostatics
on fluid pressure, Viscosity, Streamline Frictional electricity, Charges and their
flow, Turbulent flow, Viscous force, conservation, Coulomb’s law and dielectric
Newton’s formula, Stokes’ law, Equation constant, Forces between multiple electric
for terminal velocity, Raynold’s number, charges, Superposition principle of forces,
Bernoulli’s principle and its applications. Continuous distribution of charges,
6. Sound Waves Concept of charge density, Electric field
Waves and oscillations, Progressive waves, intensity, Potential energy, Electric
Characteristics of transverse waves, potential due to point charge, Relation
Characteristics of longitudinal waves, between electric field intensity and
Sound as longitudinal wave motion, potential, Potential difference, Volt and
Relation between v, f and, λ Newton’s electron volt, Electric dipole and dipole
formula for velocity of sound, Laplace’s moment, Electric lines of force.
correction. Equipotential surfaces, P.E. of single charge
7. Thermal properties of matter and system of charges.
Temperature and heat, Measurement of 11. Current electricity
temperature, Ideal-gas equation and Ohm’s law, Resistance, Specific resistance,
absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Temperature dependence of resistance,
Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry, Change Colour code of carbon resistor, Series and
of state, Latent heat, Heat transfer. parallel combination of resistors, E.M.F.
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and internal resistance of cell, Work done 3. To determine radius of curvature of a

by electric current, Power in electric circuit, given spherical surface by a spherometer.
Cells in series and in parallel, Elementary 4. To find the weight of a given body using
idea of secondary cells. parallelogram law of vectors.
12. Magnetic effect of electric current 5. To study the relationship between force of
Oersted’s experiment, Biot Savart’s law, limiting friction and normal reaction and
Right hand rule, Magnetic induction at the to find co-efficient of friction between a
centre of circular coil carrying current, block and a horizontal surface.
Magnetic induction at a point along the 6. To determine resistance per cm of a given
axis of a coil carrying current, Fleming’s wire by plotting a graph of potential
left hand rule, Force between two infinitely difference versus current.
long current carrying parallel conductors, 7. To find the value of ‘v’ for different values
Definition of Ampere, Force acting on a of ‘u’ in case of a ‘concave mirror and to
conductor carrying current in magnetic find the focal length.
field, Torque on a current loop in magnetic 8. To find the focal length of a convex lens
field. by plotting graphs between ‘u’ and
13. Magnetism ‘v’or between ‘1/u’ and ‘1/v’.
Origin of magnetism due to moving 9. To find the focal length of a convex mirror,
charges, Equivalence between magnetic using a convex lens.
dipole and circular coil carrying current, 10. To find the focal length of a concave lens,
Definition of magnetic dipole moment and using a convex lens.
its unit, Torque acting on a magnet in 11. To determine angle of minimum deviation
uniform magnetic induction, Bar magnet for a given prism by plotting a graph
as an equivalent solenoid, Magnetic field between angle of incidence and angle of
lines, Magnetic induction due to bar deviation.
magnet at a point along the axis and at a 12. To determine refractive index of a glass
point along equator, Earth’s magnetic field using a travelling microscope.
and magnetic elements, Electromagnets 13. To find refractive index of a liquid by
and factors affecting their strength. using (i) concave mirror, (ii) convex lens
14. Electromagnetic waves and plane mirror.
Electromagnetic waves and their 14. To determine specific heat capacity of a
characteristics, Transverse nature of given (i) liquid (ii) solid, by method of
electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic mixtures.
spectrum, Space communication, List of Activities - Std. XI
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in 1. To make a paper scale of given least
atmosphere. count, e.g. 0.2 cm, 0.5 cm.
List of Practicals - Std. XI 2. To determine mass of a given body using
1. Use of Vernier Callipers. a meter scale by principle of moments.
2. Use of Screw gauge. 3. To plot a graph for a given set of data,
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with proper choice of scales and error 2. Gravitation

bars. Newton’s law of gravitation, Projection of
4. To measure the force of limiting friction satellite, Periodic time, Statement of
for rolling of a roller on a horizontal Kepler’s laws of motion, Binding energy
plane. and escape velocity of a satellite,
5. To study the variation in range of a jet of Weightlessness condition in orbit, Variation
water with angle of projection. of ‘g’ due to altitude, lattitude, depth and
6. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), motion, Communication satellite and its
current (AC) and check continuity of a uses.
given circuit using multimeter. 3. Rotational motion
7. To observe refraction and lateral deviation Definition of M.I., K.E. of rotating body,
of a beam of light incident obliquely on a Rolling motion, Physical significance of
glass slab. M.I., Radius of gyration, Torque, Principle
8. To study the nature and size of image of parallel and perpendicular axes, M.I. of
formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave some regular shaped bodies about specific
mirror, on a screen by using a candle and axes, Angular momentum and its
a screen (for different distances of the conservation.
candle from the lens/mirror). 4. Oscillations
9. To obtain a lens combination with the Explanation of periodic motion, S.H.M.,
specified focal length by using two lenses Differential equation of linear S.H.M.
from the given set of lenses. Projection of U.C.M. on any diameter,
10. To note the change in level of liquid in a Phase of S.H.M., K.E. and P.E. in S.H.M.,
container on heating and interpret the Composition of two S.H.M.’s having same
observations. period and along same line, Simple
pendulum, Damped S.H.M.
Std. XII 5. Elasticity
1. Circular motion General explanation of elastic property,
Angular displacement, Angular velocity Plasticity, Deformation, Definition of stress
and angular acceleration, Relation between and strain, Hooke’s law, Poisson’s ratio,
linear velocity and angular velocity, Elastic energy, Elastic constants and their
Uniform circular motion, Radial relation, Determination of ‘Y’, Behaviour
acceleration, Centripetal and centrifugal of metal wire under increasing load,
forces, Banking of roads, Vertical circular Applications of elastic behaviour of
motion due to earth’s gravitation, Equation materials.
for velocity and energy at different 6. Surface tension
Surface tension on the basis of molecular
positions of vertical circular motion.
theory, Surface energy, Surface tension,
Kinematical equations for circular motion
Angle of contact, Capillarity and capillary
in analogy with linear motion.
action, Effect of impurity and temperature
on surface tension.
 153

7. Wave motion wavelength by biprism experiment,

Simple harmonic progressive waves, Diffraction due to single slit, Rayleigh’s
Reflection of transverse and longitudinal criterion, Resolving power of a microscope
waves, Change of phase, Superposition of and telescope, Difference between
waves, Formation of beats, Doppler effect interference and diffraction.
in sound. 12. Electrostatics
8. Stationary waves Gauss’ theorem proof and applications,
Study of vibrations in a finite medium, Mechanical force on unit area of a charged
Formation of stationary waves on string, conductor, Energy density of a medium,
Study of vibrations of air columns, Free Dielectrics and electric polarisation,
and Forced vibrations, Resonance. Concept of condenser, Capacity of parallel
9. Kinetic theory of gases and Radiation plate condenser, Effect of dielectric on
Concept of an ideal gas, Assumptions of capacity, Energy of charged condenser,
kinetic theory, Mean free path, Derivation Condensers in series and parallel, van-de-
for pressure of a gas, Degrees of freedom, Graaff generator.
Derivation of Boyle’s law, 13. Current electricity
Thermodynamics- Thermal equilibrium Kirchhoff’s law, Wheatstone’s bridge,
and definition of temperature, 1st law of Meter bridge, Potentiometer.
thermodynamics, 2 nd law of 14. Magnetic effects of electric current
thermodynamics, Heat engines and Ampere’s law and its applications, Moving
refrigerators, Qualitative idea of black coil galvanometer, Ammeter, Voltmeter,
body radiation,Wein’s displacement law, Sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer,
Green house effect, Stefan’s law, Maxwell Cyclotron.
distribution, Law of equipartition of energy 15. Magnetism
and application to Specific heat capacities Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole,
of gases. Magnetic dipole moment of revolving
10. Wave theory of light electron, Magnetisation and magnetic
Wave theory of light, Huygens’ Principle, intensity, Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism,
Construction of plane and spherical wave Ferromagnetism on the basis of domain
front, Wave front and wave normal, theory, Curie temperature.
Reflection at plane surface, Refraction at
16. Electromagnetic inductions
plane surface, Polarisation, Polaroids, Plane
Laws of electromagnetic induction, proof
polarised light, Brewster’s law, Doppler
effect in light. of, e = – dØ
dt
11. Interference and diffraction
Eddy currents, Self induction and mutual
Interference of light, Conditions for
induction, Need for displacement current,
producing steady interference pattern,
Transformer, Coil rotating in uniform
Young’s experiment, Analytical treatment
magnetic induction, Alternating currents,
of interference bands, Measurement of
Reactance and impedance, LC oscillations
154

(qualitative treatment only) Power in a.c communication, Propagation of

circuit with resistance, inductance and electromagnetic waves in atmosphere.
capacitance, Resonant circuit, Wattless
current, AC generator. List of Practicals - Std. XII
17 Electrons and photons 1. To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity
Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s of the material of a given wire.
observations, Einstein’s equation, Particle 2. To find the force constant and effective
nature of light. mass of helical spring by plotting T2--m
18 Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei graph using method of oscillations.
Alpha particle scattering experiment, 3. To determine the surface tension of water
Rutherford’s model of atom. Bohr’s model, by capillary rise method.
Hydrogen spectrum, Composition and size 4. To study the relationship between the
of nucleus, Radioactivity, Decay law, mass- temperature of a hot body and time by
energy relation, mass defect, B.E. per plotting a cooling curve.
nucleon and its variation with mass 5. To study the relation between frequency
number, Nuclear fission and fusion, de and length of a given wire under constant
Broglie hypothesis, Matter waves – wave tension using sonometer.
nature of particles, Wavelength of an 6. To study the relation between the length
electron, Davisson and Germer experiment, of a given wire and tension for constant
Continuous and characteristics X-rays. frequency using sonometer.
19 Semiconductors 7. To find the speed of sound in air at room
Energy bands in solids, Intrinsic and temperature using a resonance tube.
extrinsic semiconductors, P-type and N- 8. To find resistance of given wire using
type semiconductor, P-N junction diode, metre bridge and hence determine the
I-V characteristics in forward and reverse specific resistance of its material.
bias, Rectifiers, Zener diode as a voltage 9. To verify the laws of combination (series/
regulator, Photodiode, Solar cell, I-V parallel) of resistances using a metre
characteristics of LED, Transistor action bridge.
and its characteristics, Transistor as an 10. To compare the emf of two given cells
amplifier (CE mode), Transistor as a using potentiometer.
switch, Oscillators and Logic gates (OR, 11. To determine the internal resistance of
AND, NOT, NAND, NOR) given cell using potentiometer.
20 Communication systems 12. To determine resistance of galvanometer
Elements of communication system, using metre bridge.
bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of 13. To draw the I-V characteristic curves of a
transmission medium, Need for p-n junction diode in forward bias and
modulation, Production and detection of reverse bias.
an amplitude modulated wave, space
 155

14. To study the characteristics of a common- resistor/ rheostat, key, ammeter and
emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find voltmeter. Mark the components that are
out the values of current and voltage gains. not connected in proper order and correct
15. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
diode and to determine its reverse break 8. To study effect of intensity of light (by
down voltage. varying distance of the source) on an
L.D.R.
List of Activities - Std. XII 9. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor,
1. To study dissipation of energy of a simple and 1C, a resistor and a capacitor from
pendulum by plotting a graph between mixed collection of such items.
square of amplitude and time. 10. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of
2. To study the effect of detergent on surface transistor (ii) distinguish between npn and
tension by observing capillary rise. pnp type transistors, (iii) see the
3. To study the factors affecting the rate of unidirectional flow of current in case of a
loss of heat of a liquid. diode and an LED (iv) check whether a
4. To study the effect of load on depression given electronic component (e.g. diode,
of a suitably clamped meter scale loaded transistor or IC) is in working order.
(i) at its end (ii) in the middle. 11. To observe polarization of light using two
5. To measure the resistance and impedance polaroids.
of an inductor with or without iron core. 12. To assemble a household circuit
6. To study the variation in potential drop comprising three bulbs, three (on/off)
with length of a wire for a steady current. switches, a fuse and a power source.
7. To draw the diagram of a given open
circuit comprising at least a battery,




156

Chemistry (55)

Introduction 3) To expose the students to various emerging

According to NCF 2005, the new and new areas of chemistry and apprise them
updated curriculum is introduced at +2 stage. with their relevance in their future studies
There is a need to provide the sufficient and their applications in various spheres
conceptual background of chemistry which will of chemical sciences and technology.
help the students to appear for different common 4) To equip students to face various changes
entrance test at the state level and the national related to health, nutrition, environment,
level. This new syllabus will make them population, weather, industries and
competent to meet the challenges of academic agriculture.
and professional courses like medicine, 5) To develop problem solving skills in
engineering, technology, etc, after the +2 stage. students.
The syllabus is comparable to the international 6) To expose the students to different
level. processes used in industries and their
The syllabus contains areas like physical, technological applications.
organic, inorganic, industrial, analytical and 7) To apprise students with interface of
polymer chemistry. The upgraded syllabus has chemistry with other disciplines of science
taken care of new formulations and such as physics, biology, geology,
nomenclature of elements, compounds and engineering, etc.
IUPAC units of physical quantities. New
nomenclature, symbols and formulations, Std. XI (Theory)
fundamental concepts, modern techniques are
given importance. Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Objectives : General Introduction: Importance and
The broad objectives of teaching scope of chemistry. Historical approach to
Chemistry at Higher Secondary stage are to particulate nature of matter, laws of
help the learners : chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic
1) To promote understanding of basic facts theory : concept of elements, atoms and
and concepts in chemistry while retaining molecules. Atomic and molecular masses
the excitement of chemistry. mole concept and molar mass : Avogadro’s
2) To make students capable of studying law and Avogadro number, percentage
chemistry in academic and professional composition, empirical and molecular
courses (such as medicine, engineering, formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry
technology) at tertiary level. and calculations based on stoichimetry.
 157

Unit 2 :States of matter : Gases and electronegativity, valence.

liquids Unit 5: Redox reactions
Three states of matter. Intermolecular Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox
interactions, type of bonding. Role of gas reactions, oxidation number, Balancing
laws in elucidating the concept of the redox reactions, in terms of loss and gain
molecule, Boyle’s law, Charles law, Gay of electrons and change in oxidation
Lussac’s law. Ideal behaviour, empirical number.
derivation of gas equation. Ideal gas Unit 6: Chemical equilibrium
equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, Equilibrium in physical and chemical
liquefaction of gases. Critical temperature. processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium,
Kinetic energy and molecular speeds law of mass action, equilibrium constant,
(elementary idea) Liquid State – Vapour factors affecting equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s
pressure, viscosity and surface tension principle.
(qualitative idea only, no mathematical Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of acids and
derivations). bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree
Unit 3 : Structure of atom of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids,
Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; acid strength, concept of pH. Hydrolysis
atomic number, isotopes and isobars. of salts (elementary idea). Buffer solutions,
Rutherford’s model and its limitations, solubility product, common ion effect (with
Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept illustrative examples.) Handerson equation.
of shells and subshells, dual nature of Unit 7 : Surface chemistry
matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Adsorption – physisorption and
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, concept chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption
of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, of gases on solids; catalysis : homogenous
p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity:
in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s enzyme catalysis; colloidal state :
exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, distinction between true solutions, colloids
electronic configuration of atoms, stability and suspensions; Lyophilic, Lyophobic,
of half filled and completely filled orbitals. multimolecular and macromolecular
Unit 4 : Periodic table colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall
Significance of classification, brief history effect, Brownian movement,
of the development of periodic table, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsion –
modern periodic law and present form of types of emulsions. Elementary idea of
periodic table, periodic trends in properties nanomaterials.
of elements atomic radii, ionic radii. Inert Unit 8 : Nature of chemical bond
gas radii nomenclature of elements with Valence electrons, ionic bond, Born Haber
atomic number greater than 100.Enthalpy: cycle : covalent bond parameters. Lewis
Explanation and definition of term. structure, polar character of covalent bond,
Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, covalent character of ionic bond, valence
158

bond theory, resonance, geometry of configuration, occurrence. Variation of

covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, properties, oxidation states, trends in
concept of hybridization involving s, p chemical reactivity, anomalous properties
and d orbitals and shapes of some simple of first element of the group. Boron-
molecules, molecular orbital theory of physical and chemical properties, some
homonuclear diatomic molecules important compounds: borax, boric acids,
(qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond. boron hydrides. Aluminium; uses, reactions
Unit 9 : Hydrogen with acids and alkalies.
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, Group 14 elements :
occurrence, isotopes, preparation, General introduction, electronic
properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides- configuration, occurrence, variation of
ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical properties, oxidation states, trends in
and chemical properties of water, heavy chemical reactivity, anomalous behavior
water. Hydrogen peroxide- preparation, of first element. Carbon – catenation,
properties and structure; hydrogen as a allotropic forms, physical and chemical
fuel. Uses of hydrogen peroxide. properties; uses of some important
Unit 10: s-Block elements (Alkali and compounds; oxides. Important compounds
alkaline earth metals) of silicon and their uses: silicon
Group 1 and Group 2 elements : tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and
General introduction, electronic zeolites and structure of silicates.
configuration, occurrence, anomalous Unit 12: Basic principles and techniques
properties of the first element of each in organic chemistry
group, diagonal relationship, trends in the General introduction, methods of
variation of properties (such as ionization qualitative and quantitative analysis,
enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in Classification and IUPAC nomenclature
chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, of organic compounds. Melting point and
hydrogen and halogens; uses. Preparation boiling point. Electronic displacements in
and properties of some important a covalent bond; inductive effect,
compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium electromeric effect, resonance and hyper
hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, conjugation.Homolytic and heterolytic
biological importance of sodium and fission of a covalent bond; free
potassium. Calcium oxide and calcium radicals,carbocations, carbanions;
carbonate and industrial uses of lime and electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of
limestone, biological importance of organic reactions.
Magnesium and Calcium. Unit 13 : Alkanes
Unit 11 : p-Block elements Classification of hydrocarbons –
Group Introduction to p-Block elements Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations
Group 13 elements : (ethane only), physical properties, chemical
General introduction, electronic reactions including free radical mechanism
 159

of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. 2. Bending glass tube

Unit 14 : Alkenes 3. Drawing out a glass jet
Nomenclature, structure of double bond 4. Study of burner
(ethane), geometrical isomerism, physical 5. Operating pinch cork
properties, methods of preparation. B. Characterization and purification of
Chemical reactions; addition of hydrogen, chemical substances
halogen, water, hydrogen halides 1. Determination of melting point of an
(Markovnikoff’s addition and peroxide organic compound. (p-toludine,
effect) ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism naphthalene, oxalic acid, β-naphthol,
of electrophilic addition. resorcinol, benzoic acid.)
Unit 15: Alkynes 2. Determination of boiling point of an
Nomenclature, structure of triple bond organic compound. (acetone, methyl
(ethylene), physical properties. Methods acetate, acetic acid, xylene (o,m,p), water)
of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic 3. Crystallization of impure sample of any
character of alkynes, addition reaction of one of the following compounds. Alum,
– hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, copper sulphate, benzoic acid.
water. C. Surface chemistry
Unit 16 : Aromatic compounds (a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; lyophobic sol: Lyophilic sol-starch and
benzene; resonance aromaticity; chemical gum.
properties; mechanism of electrophilic Lyophobic sol–aluminium hydroxide, ferric
substitution. – nitration, sulphonaiton, hydroxide, arseneous sulphide.
halogenation, Friedel Craft alkylation and (b) Study of the role of emulsifying agents in
acylation; Carcinogenicity and toxicity. stabilizing the emulsion of oil.
UNIT-17: Environmental chemistry D. Chemical equilibrium
Environmental pollution- air, water and Any one of the following experiments:
soil pollution, chemical reactions in (a) Study the shift in equilibrium between
atmosphere, smog, major atmospheric ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by
pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its changing the concentration of either ion.
reactions, effects of depletion of ozone (b) Study the shift in equilibrium between
layer, green house effect and global [Co(H2O)6]2+ and chloride ions by changing
warming. Pollution due to industrial the concentration of either of the ions.
wastes, green chemistry as an alternative E. Experiments related to pH change
tool for reducing pollution, strategy for (a) Any one of the following experiments:
control of environmental pollution.
Determination of pH of some solutions
obtained from fruit juices, varied
Practical Syllabus - Std. XI concentrations of acids, bases and salts
A. Basic laboratory techniques using pH paper or universal indicator.
1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod
Comparing the pH solutions of strong and
160

weak acid of same concentration. fluoride, chloride etc. depending upon the

Study the pH change in the titration of a regional variation in drinking water and
strong base using universal indicator. the study of causes of presence of these
(b) Study of pH change by common ion effect ions above permissible limit (if any).
in case of weak acids and bases. 4 Investigation of the foaming capacity of
F. Quantitative estimation different washing soaps and the effect of

Using a chemical balance. addition of sodium carbonate on them.

Preparation of standard solution of oxalic 5 Study of the acidity of different samples
acid. of the tea leaves.

Determination of strength of a given 6 Determination of the rate of evaporation
solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating of different liquids.
it against standard solution of oxalic acid. 7 Study of the effect of acids and bases on

Preparation of standard solution of sodium the tensile strength of fibers.
carbonate. 8 Analysis of fruit and vegetable juices for

Determination of strength of a given their acidity.
solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it Note:
against standard sodium carbonate solution. Any other investigatory project can be
G. Qualitative analysis chosen with the approval of the teacher.
Determination of one cation and one anion
in a given salt: Std. XII (Theory)
Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Unit 1: Solid State
Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Classification of solids based on different
NH4+ forces; molecular, ionic, covalent and
Anions – CO32- SO32- SO42-NO2-NO3-Cl–, metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline
Br–, I–, PO43-C2O42-CH3COO- solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two
(Note: Insoluble salts excluded) dimensional and three dimensional lattices,
H. Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, calculation of density of unit cell, packing
bromine and iodine in an organic in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit
compound. cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects,
PROJECT electrical and magnetic properties, Band
Scientific investigations involving theory of metals, conductors and
laboratory testing and collecting semiconductors and insulators and n
information from other sources. and p type semiconductors.
A few suggested Projects Unit 2 : Solutions and colligative
1 Checking the bacterial contamination in properties
drinking water by testing sulphide ion. Types of solutions, expression of
2 Study of the methods of purification of concentration of solids in liquids, solubility
water. of gases in liquids, solid solutions,
3 Testing the hardness, presence of iron, colligative properties –relative lowering
 161

of vapor pressure,Raoult’s law elevation reaction; concentration, temperature,

of boiling point, depression of freezing catalyst; order and molecularity of a
point, osmotic pressure, determination of reaction; rate law and specific rate constant,
molecular masses using colligative integrated rate equations and half life (only
properties, abnormal molecular mass.Van’t for zero and first order reactions); concept
Hoff factor and calculations involving of collision theory (elementary idea, no
it. mathematical treatment). Activation
Unit 3 :Chemical thermodynamics and energy, Arrhenius equation.
energetic Unit 6 :General principles and processes
Concepts of system, types of systems, of isolation of elements
surroundings. Work, heat, energy, extensive Principles and methods of extraction –
and intensive properties, state functions. concentration, oxidation, reduction
First law of thermodynamics – internal electrolytic method and refining;
energy and enthalpy, Hess’ law of constant occurrence and principle of extraction of
heat summation, enthalpy of bond aluminium, copper, zinc and iron
dissociation, combustion, formation, Unit 7: p-Block elements
atomization, sublimation. Phase transition, Group 15 elements:
ionization and solution and dilution General introduction, electronic
Introduction of entropy as a state function, configuration, occurrence, oxidation states,
free energy change for spontaneous and trends in physical and chemical properties;
non spontaneous processes, and nitrogen – preparation, properties and uses;
equilibrium constant. Second and third compounds of nitrogen; preparation and
law of thermodynamics properties of ammonia and nitric acid,
Unit 4: Electrochemistry oxides of nitrogen (structure only);
Redox reactions, conductance in Phoshorous-allotropic forms; compounds
electrolytic solutions, specific and molar of phosphorous; preparation and properties
conductivity, variations of conductivity of phosphine, halides (PCl3,PCl5) and
with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, oxoacids (elementary idea only).
electrolysis and laws of electrolysis Group 16 elements:
(elementary idea), dry cell –electrolytic General introduction, electronic
and galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
of a cell, standard electrode potential, trends in physical and chemical properties;
Nernst equation and its application to dioxygen; preparation, properties and uses;
chemical cells, fuel cells; corrosion. Classification of oxides, simple oxides;
Relation between Gibb’s energy change Ozone.
and emf of a cell. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of
Unit 5: Chemical kinetics sulphur; preparation, properties and uses
Rate of reaction (average and of sulphur dioxide; sulphurc acid; industrial
instantaneous), factors affecting rate of process of manufacture, properties and
162

uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only). VBT, CFT. isomerism, (structural and
Group 17 elements: stereo) importance of coordination
General introduction, electronic compounds (in qualitative analysis,
configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, extraction of metals and biological
trends in physical and chemical properties; systems).
compounds of halogens; preparation, Unit 10 : Halogen derivatives of alkanes
properties and uses of chlorine and (and arenes)
hydrochloric acid, interhalogen Haloalkanes :
compounds, oxoacids of halogens Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond,
(structure only). physical and chemical properties,
Group 18 elements: mechanism of substitution reactions.
General introduction, electronic Stability of carbocations,R-S and d-l
configuration. Occurrence, trends in configuration
physical and chemical properties, uses. Haloarenes :
Unit 8 : d and f Block Elements Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions
d-Block Elements - (directive influence of halogen for
General introduction, electronic monosubstituted compounds only) stability
configuration, occurrence and of carbocations, R-S and d-l
characteristics of transition metals, general configurations. Uses and environmental
trends in properties of the first row effects of – dichloromethane,
transition metals – metallic character, thrichloromethane, tetrachloromethane,
ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic iodoform, freons, DDT.
radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic Unit 11 : Alcohols, phenols and ethers
properties, interstitial compounds, alloy Alcohols :
formation preparation and properties of Nomenclature, methods of preparation,
K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. physical and chemical properties (of
f-Block elements- primary alcohols only); identification of
Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols;
oxidation states, chemical reactivity and mechanism of dehydration, uses of
lanthanoid contraction and its methanol and ethanol.
consequences. Actinoids – Electronic Phenols:
configuration, oxidation states. Nomenclature, methods of preparation,
Comparison with lanthanoids. physical and chemical properties, acidic
Unit 9: Coordination compounds nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution
Coordination compounds – Introduction, reactions, uses of phenols.
ligands, coordination number, colour, Ethers :
magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC Nomenclature, methods of preparation,
nomenclature of mononuclear coordination physical and chemical properties, uses.
compounds, bonding; Werner’s theory, Unit 12 : Aldehydes, ketones and
 163

carboxylic acids proteins; enzymes.

Aldehydes and ketones : Lipids and hormones (elementary idea)
Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, excluding structure, their classification and
methods of preparation. Physical and functions.
chemical properties, mechanism of Vitamins: Classification and functions.
nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
hydrogen in aldehydes; uses. Unit 15: Polymers
Carboxylic acids : Classification - natural and synthetic,
Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of methods of polymerization (addition and
preparation, physical and chemical condensation), copolymerization. Some
properties; uses. important polymers; natural and synthetic
Unit 13: Organic compounds like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite,
containing nitrogen and rubber. Biodegradable and non
Nitro compounds-General methods of biodegradable polymers.
preparation and chemical reactions Unit 16: Chemistry in everyday life :
Amines : 1. Chemicals in medicines : analgesics,
Nomenclature, classification, structure, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants,
methods of preparation, physical and antimicrobials, antifertility drugs,
chemical properties, uses, identification of antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines
primary, secondary and tertiary amines. elementary idea of antioxidants
Cyanides and isocyanides: 2. Chemicals in food : Preservatives,
Will be mentioned at relevant places in artificial sweetening agents.
context. 3. Cleansing agents : Soaps and detergents,
Diazonium salts: cleansing action.
Preparation, chemical reactions and
importance in synthetic organic chemistry. Practical Syllabus - Std. XII
Unit 14: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates: A. Chemical Kinetics
Classification (aldoses and ketoses), (Any one of the following) :
monosaccahrides d-l configuration (a) Effect of concentration and temperature
(glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides on the rate of reaction between sodium
(sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
(starch, cellulose, glycogen), importance. (b) Study of reaction rate of any one of the
Proteins: following:
Elementary idea of α -amino acids, peptide, (i) Reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen
linkage, polypeptides, proteins; structure peroxide at room temperature using
of amines-primary, secondary, tertiary different concentration of iodide ions.
structure and quaternary structures (ii) Reaction between potassium iodate,
(qualitative idea only), denaturation of KIO3 and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)
164

using starch solution as indicator G. Tests for the functional groups present
(clock reaction). in organic compounds
(c) Acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic,
B. Thermochemistry aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino
Any one of the following experiments: (primary) groups.
i] Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate H. Characteristic tests of arbohydrates, fats
or potassium nitrate. and proteins in pure samples and their
ii] Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid detection in given food stuffs.
(HCl) and strong base (NaOH). I. Determinaiton of concentration/molarity
iii] Determination of enthalpy change during of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against
interaction (hydrogen bond formation) a standard solution of:
between acetone and chloroform. (i) Oxalic acid
iv] Heat of displacement of Cu from CuSO4 (ii) Ferrous ammonium sulphate
by Zn. (Students will be required to prepare
C. Electrochemistry standard solutions by weighing
Variation of cell potential in themselves).
Zn|Zn 2+||Cu 2+ |Cu with change in J. Qualitative analysis
concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 or 1) Determination of two cations from a given
ZnSO 4) at room temperature mixture of salts.
(demonstration). 2) Determination of two anions from a given
D. Chromatography (demonstration) mixture of salts.
(i) Separation of pigments from extracts of Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+,
leaves and flowers by paper Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,
chromatography and determination of Rf Mg2+,NH4+,
values. Anions – CO32-, SO32-, SO42-, NO2- NO3,
(ii) Separation of constituents present in an Cl-, Br-, I-, PO43- C2O42- CH3COO-
inorganic mixture containing two cations (Note : Insoluble salts excluded.)
only (constituents having large difference
in Rf values to be provided). PROJECT
E. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds Scientific investigations involving
(i) Preparation of double salt of ferrous laboratory testing and collecting
ammonium sulphate or potash alum. information from other sources.
(ii) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate. A few suggested Projects:
F. Preparation of Organic Compounds 1 Study of presence of oxalate ions in guava
(i) p-Nitrocetanilide fruit at different stages of ripening.
(ii) Aniline yellow or 2- Napthol aniline dye. 2 Study of quantity of casein present in
(iii) Iodoform different samples of milk.
(iv) Phthalic or succinic anhydride. 3 Preparation of soyabean milk and its
(v) Di-benzal acetone comparison with the natural milk with
 165

respect to curd formation, effect of flour, gram flour, potato juice, carrot juice,
temperature, etc. etc.
4 Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate 7 Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf
as food preservative under various (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi
conditions (temperature, concentration, (cardamom).
time etc). 8 Study of common food adulterants in fat,
5 Study of digestion of starch by salivary butter, sugar, turmeric powder, chilli
amylase and, effect of pH and temperature powder and pepper.
on it.
6 Comparative study of the rate of Note :
fermentation of following materials: wheat Any investigatory project, can be chosen
with the approval of the teacher.

166

Biology (56)
Std. XI and XII

Introduction Objectives
Higher secondary is the most crucial stage The prescribed syllabus is expected to
of education because at this juncture specialized
Promote the inherent skill of observation.
disciplines of science are introduced. The
Assist to understand the underlying
present syllabus reinforces the concepts principles of biological sciences and
introduced in lower classes. Recently, the thereby develop scientific attitude towards
science of biology has undergone a paradigm biological phenomena.
shift that has transformed it from a collection
Help students to understand the functioning
of loosely related facts into a modern applied of organisms.
science.
Make students aware of issues of global
Living organisms exhibit extremely importance.
complex functional system. Organisms seldom
Guide students to perform easy
occur as isolated individuals. They are organized experiments for better understanding of
into populations and biological communities. biological principles and to develop
Organisms, communities, ecosystems and experimental skills required in practical
environment constitute unique set of natural work.
resources of great importance.
Create awareness about the contribution
Knowledge of biology helps us to of biology to human welfare.
understand a common thread which holds all
these components together. Understanding of Std. – XI
biology will help in the sustainable development Section I - Botany
of the environment and will also ensure the
existence of earth with all its amazing diversity. Unit 1 Diversity in Living World:
This syllabus is designed to prepare Chapter 1- Diversity in organisms :
students for various examinations conducted at 1. Diversity in living organisms-Brief idea.
state and national level. Hence it has been 2. Systematic and binomial system of
prepared in accordance with the guidelines nomenclature - meaning of the terms
shown in the final version of common core taxonomy, systematics, classification and
syllabi of COBSE, Delhi. Accordingly some nomenclature, Need of classification.
additional topics from state Board syllabus Three domains of life, Concept of
have been deleted whereas the lacking topics species.
have been added. The entire unit “Ecology and Taxonomic hierarchy with examples.
Environment” has now been added under Binomial nomenclature explanation,
Botany and Zoology sections. significance and examples.
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3. Classification of living organisms (five Unit 4 Plant Physiology

Kingdom classification) – Major groups Chapter 6 - Plant Water Relations and
and principles of classification for each Mineral Nutrition :
Kingdom with examples. 1. Movement of water, food, nutrients and
4. Lichens - Meaning, characters, examples gases - Absorption of water and
and importance. minerals,Apoplast and Symplast
5. Viruses and viroids - Definitions, Pathways. Active and passive absorption
characters, types with examples, Economic in brief.
importance and list of viral diseases. 2. Guttation
Chapter 2 - Kingdom Plantae : Ascent of sap, root pressure concept and
1. Salient features of major plant groups - cohesion - tension theory.
Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Translocation of sugars through phloem
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms brief account.
(Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons). Three Transpiration – structure of stomata,
to five salient features and two examples mechanism of opening and closing of
of each category. stomata, Role of K+ ions
2. Botanical gardens and herbaria - Meaning, 3. Role of water and minerals -
importance and list of gardens and herbaria macronutrients and micronutrients and their
in India. role. Mineral deficiency symptoms,
Unit 2 Structure and function of cell : Mineral toxicity, Elementary idea of
Chapter 3 - Biochemistry of cell : Hydroponics, Nitrogen Metabolism
1. Basic chemical constituents of living (nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen
bodies. fixation)
2. Structure and function of carbohydrates, Chapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development:
proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in brief. Seed dormancy
3. Enzymes - Definition, Types, general Germination - Hypogeal, epigeal and
properties, Enzyme action and factors viviparous.
affecting enzyme activity in brief. Definition and characteristics of growth.
Chapter 4 Cell Division : Phases of growth, Conditions of growth,
1. Cell cycle Differentiation, de- differentiation,
2. Mitosis redifferentiation
3. Meiosis Sequence of developmental process in a
Unit 3 Structural organization in plants plant cell
Chapter 5 - Morphology of Plants : Growth regulators - auxins, gibberellins,
1. Morphology, anatomy and functions of cytokinines, ethylene and abscissic acid
different parts - Root, stem, leaf, (role in brief) Photoperiodism,
inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. (To Photomorphogenesis including brief
be dealt along with the relevant account of Phytochromes (Elementary
practicals of the practical syllabus) idea)
2. Plant tissues. Vernalization.
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Std. - XI Unit 3 Structural organization in

Section II – Zoology Animals:
Unit 1 Diversity in Living World Chapter 10- Study of Animal Tissues :
Chapter 8 - Kingdom Animalia 1. Animal tissues - types
1. Salient features of major phyla under a) Epithelial tissues - simple epithelium
kingdom Animalia. Classification of (squamous, cuboidal, columnar,
following phyla with three to five salient Ciliated, glandular). - compound
features and two examples of each epithelium (stratified).
category: Porifera, co elenterata b) Connective tissue - (Areolar, Adipose,
ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nemathel- Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage and
minthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Bone).
Echinodermata and Hemichordata. c) Muscular tissue - (Smooth, striated
Classification of phylum chordata upto and cardiac).
class level with three to five salient features d) Nervous tissue (Neurons, glial cells
and two examples of each category: and types of neurons).
Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Chapter 11- Study of Animal Type
Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, 1. Morphology, anatomy and functions of
Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and digestive, circulatory, respiratory,
Mammalia. nervous, and reproductive systems of
2. Zoological parks and Museums - General cockroach (Brief account only)
idea with list. Unit 4 Human Physiology
Unit 2 Structure and function of cell Chapter 12- Human Nutrition
Chapter 9 - Organization of Cell i) Digestive system in brief
1. Cell theory - brief account ii) Physiology of digestion, gastrointestinal
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell - structure hormones, Peristalsis. Calorific value of
and examples. proteins, carbohydrates and fats
3. Plant cell and animal cell. iii) Absorption, assimilation and egestion
4. Nuclear organization - Nucleus, nucleolus iv) Nutritional and digestive disorders – PEM,
and nucleoplasm. indigestion, constipation, Jaundice,
5. Cell wall and cell membrane - (fluid vomiting and diarrhoea
mosaic model). Chapter 13- Human Respiration
6. Cell organelles: Plastids, Mitochondria, Respiratory organs in animals (Recall only)
Golgi complex, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic i) Respiratory system in brief
reticulum, Vacuoles, Ribosome and ii) Breathing- inspiration and expiration.
Centrioles (ultrstructure and functions). iii) Exchange of gases, transport of CO2 and
Microbodies, cytoskeleton, cilia and O2 and tissue respiration.
flagella. Regulation of Respiration, Respiratory
volumes.
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iv) Respiratory disorders- Asthma, 4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels.

Emphysema and occupational lung 5. Study of osmosis by Potato osmometer
diseases. 6. Study of structure and distribution of
Chapter 14 - Human skeleton and stomata in upper and lower surface of
Locomotion: leaf.
Brief account of human skeleton: 7. To test the presence of sugar, starch,
A] Axial Skeleton proteins and fats from suitable plant and
B] Appendicular Skeleton animal materials.
(Details to be dealt with the relevant 8. To study the digestion of starch by salivary
practical) amylase under different conditions of
Types of joints - synarthroses, temperature and pH.
amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. (B) Study/ Observation of the following
Types of diarthroses - ball and socket, (Spotting):
hinge, condyloid, pivot, saddle and gliding 1. Study of specimens and identification with
joints. reasons:
Types of Movement- Ciliary, Flagellar, Bacteria, Amoeba, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra,
Muscular Rhizopus, yeast, Agaricus, Usnea, Riccia,
Mechanism of muscle movement: Funaria, Nephrolepis, Cycas, sunflower
Contractile proteins and Muscle and maize.
contraction. Skeletal and muscular 2. Comparative study of rates of transpiration
disorders – Myasthenia gravis, in upper and lower surface of leaf.
Osteoporosis, arthritis, muscular dystrophy 3. Study of different modifications of root
tetany and gout. (fusiform root, parasitic root, epiphytic
root and pneumatophores).
Std. XI - Biology Practicals Syllabus 4. Study of different modifications of stem
(A) List of experiments: (stem tuber, runner, and tendril).
1. Study of parts of compound microscope. 5. Study of different modifications of leaf
2. Preparation of T. S. of dicot (sunflower) (leaflet and stipular tendril), leaf Spines,
and monocot roots and stem to study phyllode).
different plant tissues. 6.. Study of imbibition of seeds/raisins.
3. Study and describe three locally available 7. Study and identification of different types
flowering plants from the families- of inflorescence.
Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae with 8. Study of tissues and diversity in shapes
respect to types of root-(tap and and sizes of plant and animal cells-
adventitious), stem (herbaceous and palisade cells, guard cells, parenchyma,
woody), leaf (arrangement, shape, venation, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem,
simple and compound) and floral phloem, squamous epithelium, muscle
characters. fibres, mammalian blood smear, through
temporary or permanent slides.
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9. Observation and comments on material, structure of DNA as given by

experimental set up on: Watson and Crick's model, DNA
a) Phototropism Packaging, semi conservative replication
b) Suction due to transpiration. of eukaryotic DNA.
c) Apical bud removal RNA: General structure, types and
10. Study of specimens and their identification functions.
with reasons – Sycon, Hydra, Pleurobrachia Protein Synthesis; central dogma,
Liverfluke, Ascaris, Leech, Earthworm, Transcription; Translation-Genetic Code,
Prawn, Silkworm, Honey bee , Snail, Gene Expression and Gene Regulation
Star-fish, Balanoglossus, Shark, Rohu, (The Lac operon as a typical model of
Frog, Lizard, Pigeon and Rat. gene regulation).
11. Study of human skeleton (except skull, Unit 2: Biotechnology and its application:
hand bones and foot bones) and different Chapter 3 - Biotechnology: Process and
types of joints (synovial, cartilaginous Application :
and fibrous joints with one suitable Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA
example). technology):
12. Study of external morphology of Transposons, Plasmids, Bacteriophages;
earthworm, cockroach and frog through Producing Restriction Fragments,
models. Preparing and cloning a DNA Library,
13. Study of mitosis in onion root tips and Gene Amplification (PCR).
animal cells (grasshopper) from Application of Biotechnology in
permanent slides. Agriculture – BT crops
Biosafety Issues (Biopiracy and patents)
Std. - XII Biology Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare :
Chapter 4 - Enhancement in Food
Section I – BOTANY Production
Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution : Plant Breeding
Chapter 1 - Genetic Basis of Inheritance: Tissue Culture: Concept of Cellular
Mendelian inheritance. Deviations from Totipotency,
Mendelian ratio (gene interaction- Requirements of Tissue Culture (in brief),
incomplete dominance, co-dominance, Callus Culture, Suspension Culture.
multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood Single Cell Protein. Biofortification.
groups), Pleiotropy, Elementary idea of Chapter 5 - Microbes in Human Welfare:
polygenic inheritance. Microbes in Household food processing.
Chapter 2 - Gene: its nature, expression Microbes in Industrial Production.
and regulation: Microbes in Sewage Treatment.
Modern concept of gene in brief-cistron, Microbes in Biogas (energy) Production.
muton and recon. DNA as genetic Microbes as Biocontrol Agents.
Microbes as Biofertilizers.
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Unit 4: Plant Physiology : Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy,

Chapter 6 - Photosynthesis polyembryony. Significance of seed and
Autotrophic nutrition fruit formation.
Site of Photosynthesis Unit 6: Ecology and Environment
Photosynthetic Pigments and their role. Chapter 9: Organisms and Environment -I :
Light-Dependent Reactions (Cyclic and Habitat and Niche
non-cyclic photophosphorylation) Ecosystems: Patterns, components,
Light-Independent Reactions (C3 and C4 productivity and decomposition, energy
Pathways) flow; pyramids of number, biomass,
Chemiosmotic hypothesis, Photores- energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and
piration, Factors affecting Photosynthesis. phosphorous).
Law of limiting factors. Ecological succession, Ecological services-
Chapter 7 - Respiration carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen
ATP as currency of Energy release. Environmental issues:
Mechanism of Aerobic (Glycolysis, TCA agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste
Cycle and Electron Transport System) management, Green house effect and
and Anaerobic Respiration. Fermentation global warming, ozone depletion,
Exchange of gases deforestation, case studies (any two).
Amphibolic pathway. Respiratory quotient
of Nutrients. Std. - XII Biology
Significance of Respiration. Section II - ZOOLOGY
Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms :
Chapter 8 - Reproduction in Plants Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution :
Modes of Reproduction (Asexual and Chapter 10 - Origin and the Evolution of
Sexual). Life :
Asexual reproduction; uniparental modes- Origin of Life: Early Earth, Spontaneous,
vegetative propagation, micropropagation assembly of organic compounds,
Sexual Reproduction: structure of flower Evolution: Darwin’s contribution, Modern
Development of male gametophyte, Synthetic Theory of evolution, Biological
Structure of anatropous ovule. Evidences, Mechanism of evolution;
Development of female Gametophyte. Gene flow and genetic drift;Hardy-
Pollination: Types and Agencies. Weinberg principle; Adaptive radiation.
Outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil Origin and Evolution of Human being.
interaction. Chapter 11 - Chromosomal Basis of
Double Fertilization: Process and Inheritance
Significance. The Chromosomal Theory.
Post-fertilization changes (development of Chromosomes.
endosperm and embryo, development of Linkage and Crossing Over.
seed and formation of fruit) Sex-linked Inheritance (Haemophilia and
colour blindness).
172

Sex Determination in Human being, birds, Blood Vessels.

honey bee.Mendelian disorders in Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation.
humans-Thalassemia. Chromosomal Heart beat and Pulse. Rhythmicity of Heart
disorders in human: Down’s syndrome, beat. Cardiac output, Regulation of
Turner’s syndrome and Klinfelter’s cardiac activity.
syndrome. Blood related disorders: Hypertension,
Unit 2: Biotechnology and its application: coronary artery disease, angina pectoris,
Chapter 12- Genetic Engineering and and heart failure.
Genomics ECG, Lymphatic System (Brief idea):
DNA Finger Printing. Composition of lymph and its functions.
Genomics and Human Genome Project. Chapter 16- Excretion and osmoregulation
Biotechnological Applications in Health: Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism,
Human insulin and vaccine production, ureotelism, uricotelism.
Gene Therapy. Transgenic animals. Excretory System.
Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare Composition and formation of urine.
Chapter 13- Human Health and Diseases Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation.
Concepts of Immunology: Immunity Types, Regulation of kidney function: renin-
Vaccines, angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor,
Structure of Antibody, Antigen-Antibody ADH and Diabetes inspidus, role of
Complex, Antigens on blood cells. other organs in excretion.
Pathogens and Parasites (Amoebiasis, Disorders; Kidney failure, Dialysis, Kidney
Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, stone (renal calculi). Transplantation.
Pneumonia, Common cold and ring worm). Uraemia, nephritis.
Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. Chapter 17- Control and Co-ordination
Cancer and AIDS. Nervous System
Chapter 14- Animal Husbandry Structure and functions of brain and
Management of Farms and Farm Animals. Spinal cord, brief idea about PNS and
Dairy. ANS.
Poultry. Transmission of nerve impulse.
Animal Breeding. Reflex action.
Bee-Keeping. Sensory receptors (eye and ear), Sensory
Fisheries. perception, general idea of other sense
Sericulture organs.
Lac culture Endocrine System
Unit 4: Human Physiology : Endocrine glands
Chapter 15- Circulation Hormones and their functions
Blood composition and coagulation, Blood Mechanism of hormone action.
groups. Hormones as messengers and regulators.
Structure and pumping action of Heart. Hormonal imbalance and diseases:
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Common disorders (Dwarfism,

Acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, Std. XII
exopthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus, (Upgraded) Biology Practicals
Addison’s disease) Experiments
Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms : 1. Dissect the given flower and display
Chapter 18- Human Reproduction different whorls. Dissect anther and ovary
Reproductive system in male and female. to show number of chambers.
Histology of testis and ovary. 2. Study pollen germination on a slide.
Reproductive cycle. 3. Collect and study soil from at least two
Production of gametes, fertilization, different sites and study them for texture,
implantation. moisture content, pH and water holding
Embryo development up to three germinal capacity of soil. Correlate with the kinds
layers. of plants found in them.
Pregnancy, placenta, parturition and 4. Study of plant population density and
lactation (Elementary idea). frequency by quadrat method.
Reproductive health-birth control, 5. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root
Contraception and sexually transmitted tip to study mitosis.
diseases.MTP, Amniocentesis; Infertility 6. Separation of plant pigments by paper
and assisted reproductive technologies- chromatography.
IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for 7 A) To study the rate of respiration in
general awareness). flower buds/leaf tissue and
Unit 6: Ecology and Environment : germinating seeds.
Chapter 19-Organisms and B) Demonstration of anaerobic
Environment-II : respiration.
Population and ecological adaptations: 8. Study the presence of suspended particulate
population interactions-mutualism, matter in air at the two widely different
competition, predation, parasitism, Sites.
population attributes- growth, birth rate 9. Collect water from two different water
and death rate, age distribution. bodies around you and study them for pH,
Biodiversity and its conservation- clarity and presence of any living
Biodiversity- concept, patterns, importance, organisms.
loss. Threats to and need for biodiversity 10. To test the presence of urea and sugar in
conservation, Hotspots, endangered urine.
organisms,extinction,red data book, 11. To test the presence of albumin and bile
biosphere reserves, national parks and salts in urine.
sanctuaries. Environmental issues: air Study/observation of the following
pollution and its control, water pollution (Spotting):
and its control and radioactive waste 1 Study of flowers adapted to pollination by
management. (Case studies any two) different agencies (wind, insect)
174

2. Study of pollen germination on stigma mammal).

through a permanent slide. 8. Study of V.S. of blastula through permanent
3 To Study Mendelian inheritance using slide.
seeds of different colour/size of any plant. 9. To study prepared pedigree charts of
4 Exercise on controlled pollination - genetic traits such as rolling of tongue,
Emasculation, tagging and bagging. Blood groups, widow’s peak, colour
5. Study meiosis in onion bud cell or grass blindness.
hopper testis through permanent slides. 10 To identify common disease causing
6. Study of plants found in xerophytic and organisms like Plasmodium, Entamoeba,
aquatic conditions with respect to their Ascaris and ring worm through permanent
morphological adaptations.(Two plants slides or specimens. Comment on
each) symptoms of diseases that they cause.
7. Study and identify stages of gamete 11 Study of animals found in xeric (desert)
development, i.e. T.S. of testis and T.S. and aquatic conditions with respect to
ovary through permanent slides (from any their morphological adaptations. (Two
animals each)