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Transformer

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, allowing for voltage adjustment without frequency change. It consists of primary and secondary windings linked by a magnetic core, with energy transfer occurring via mutual induction. Transformers experience losses such as core losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses) and copper losses due to resistance in the windings.

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107 views15 pages

Transformer

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, allowing for voltage adjustment without frequency change. It consists of primary and secondary windings linked by a magnetic core, with energy transfer occurring via mutual induction. Transformers experience losses such as core losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses) and copper losses due to resistance in the windings.

Uploaded by

uppalayushman20
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transformer

And Losses of Transformer


Transformer
A transformer is defined as a passive electrical device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another through the process
of electromagnetic induction.
OR
Electrical transformer is a static electrical machine which transforms
electrical power from one circuit to another circuit, without changing the
frequency.
Transformer can increase or decrease the voltage with corresponding
decrease or increase in current.
Working Principle of Transformer

The working principle of a transformer is very simple.


Mutual induction between two or more windings (also known as coils)
allows for electrical energy to be transferred between circuits.
Working of Transformer

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh_aCAHThTQ
• The basic principle behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon of mutual
induction between two windings linked by common magnetic flux.
• The figure at right shows the simplest form of a transformer. Basically a transformer
consists of two inductive coils; primary winding and secondary winding.
• The coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each other.
• When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage, alternating
magnetic flux is produced around the winding.
• The core provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the secondary
winding. Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as
'useful flux' or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary
winding is called as 'leakage flux’.
• As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is continuously
changing), EMF gets induced in the secondary winding according to
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
• This emf is called 'mutually induced emf', and the frequency of
mutually induced emf is same as that of supplied emf.
• If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually induced
current flows through it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred
from one circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary)
Transformer Parts And Construction

The three main parts of a transformer:


•Primary Winding of Transformer
•Magnetic Core of Transformer
•Secondary Winding of Transformer
• Primary Winding of Transformer
• Which produces magnetic flux when it is connected to an electrical
source.
• Magnetic Core of Transformer
• The magnetic flux produced by the primary winding, that will pass
through this low reluctance path linked with secondary winding and
create a closed magnetic circuit.
• Secondary Winding of Transformer
• The flux, produced by primary winding, passes through the core, will
link with the secondary winding. This winding also wounds on the
same core and gives the desired output of the transformer.
Losses in Transformer
1.Core losses or Iron losses Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend
upon the magnetic properties of the material used for the construction of
core. Hence these losses are also known as core losses or iron losses.
2.Hysteresis loss in transformer: Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of
magnetization in the transformer core. This loss depends upon the volume
and grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic reversals and value of flux
density.
3.Eddy current loss in transformer: In transformer, AC current is supplied to the primary
winding which sets up alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with secondary
winding, it produces induced emf in it. But some part of this flux also gets linked with other
conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in induced
emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them. This current is called as eddy
current. Due to these eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.
(ii) Copper loss in transformer
Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Copper loss for the
primary winding is I1 2R1 and for secondary winding is I2 2R2.
Where, I1 and I2 are current in primary and secondary winding respectively, R1 and R2 are
the resistances of primary and secondary winding respectively.
It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the current, and current depends on the
load.
Hence copper loss in transformer varies with the load.
Parts of Transformer

1. Core
2. Winding
3. Tank
4. Insulation
5. Transformer oil
6. Terminals and bushings
7. Breather
8. Radiators and fans
9. Cooling tubes
10.Buchholz relay
11.Explosion vent
12.Oil conservator
13.Temperature gauge
1 Core
Transformers are constructed using a core, which is the center of the
transformer. These are used to support the windings.
2 Winding
The windings, divided into several coils, enable voltage lowering
between adjacent layers. Several turns of copper or
aluminum conductors produce this winding and are insulated from the
transformer core and one another.
3Transformer oil :-The core and coil assembly are insulated and
cooled using the transformer oil. The transformer’s core and
windings must be completely submerged in the oil, which typically
contains mineral oils with hydrocarbons.
• Transformer tanks
Transformer tanks are used to hold, protect, and cool the windings and
core in an electrical distribution transformer. It serves as a container for
oil and support for all other transformer accessories and protects the core
and windings from the outside environment.
• Insulation-
Most power transformers have cellulose (paper/pressboard) and oil as
insulation materials. Copper is used to make these windings due to their
high conductivity and ductility. These components shield the transformer
core and the primary and secondary windings from one another.
• Terminals and Bushings:-Transformers have terminals that are used for connecting
incoming cables and cables leaving the transformer.
• Normally, they are mounted on the bushings and are connected to the ends of the
windings by means of cables.
• An insulator bushing is a type of device that forms a barrier between the terminals of the
power source and the tank that contains it. They are positioned above the transformer
tanks. For the conductors connecting terminals to windings, they provide a secure path
• Buchholz Relay:-
• Buchholz relays are critical components of oil-immersed transformers rated above
500kVA.
• Buchholz relays are mounted on the pipe connecting the conservator tank to the main
tank. They sense these gases and activate the trip and alarm circuits. The trip circuit
interrupts the current flow and activates the circuit breaker controlling the primary
winding.
Explosion Vent:-
An explosion vent, which is a component of the transformer, serves as a means for oil
and air gases to escape during an emergency. It typically consists of a metallic pipe that
is held just above the conservator tank and has a diaphragm at one end.
When there is an oil leak, the pressure inside the tank can reach dangerous peaks.
When this happens, the diaphragm ruptures at a relatively low pressure, releasing the
forces inside the transformer into the atmosphere.
Temperature Gauge:-
An instrument used to monitor the temperature of a power transformer is called a
temperature gauge. It is placed on top of the tank to measure the temperature of the
transformer. There is an alarm or light on this meter which alerts you when the
temperature rises.
Breather:-A breather is an add-on for liquid-immersed power transformers that are
connected to the transformer tank. It is a crucial device for preventing moisture from
getting into the oil. The breather is a cylinder filled with silica gel that is used to keep
the air entering the tank dry.

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