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Computer_Graphics_Notes

The document provides comprehensive exam preparation notes for a BCA 6th semester course on Computer Graphics, covering key concepts such as display technologies, algorithms for drawing lines and shapes, and 2D/3D transformations. It details various algorithms like DDA, Bresenham's, and Midpoint Circle, along with clipping techniques and transformations. Additionally, it includes practice questions and visual diagrams to aid understanding.

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hayate4729
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27 views

Computer_Graphics_Notes

The document provides comprehensive exam preparation notes for a BCA 6th semester course on Computer Graphics, covering key concepts such as display technologies, algorithms for drawing lines and shapes, and 2D/3D transformations. It details various algorithms like DDA, Bresenham's, and Midpoint Circle, along with clipping techniques and transformations. Additionally, it includes practice questions and visual diagrams to aid understanding.

Uploaded by

hayate4729
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BCA 6th Semester – Computer Graphics

(BCA-363)
📚 Exam Preparation Notes – With Deep Explanations & Examples

UNIT I: Basics of Computer Graphics


Computer Graphics is the study of generating and manipulating visual content using
computers.

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): An old display technology where electron beams scan the screen
to light up pixels.
Raster Scan: Pixels are drawn line-by-line from top to bottom.
Random Scan: Uses vector-based drawing, directly connecting coordinates.

Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen.


Output Devices: CRT, LCD, LED.
Color Models: RGB (used in screens), CMY/CMYK (used in printing).

UNIT II: Output Primitives & Algorithms


DDA Algorithm: Uses fractional increments to draw lines between two points.
Steps: dx, dy → steps → calculate xInc, yInc → plot all steps.

Bresenham’s Line Algorithm: Uses only integers to decide pixel placement with a decision
parameter for accuracy.

Midpoint Circle Algorithm: Uses 8-way symmetry and decision parameters to plot circle
points efficiently.
Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm: Similar logic extended to ellipses, dividing into 2 regions.

Filling Algorithms:
- Flood Fill: Fills color till boundary is hit.
- Boundary Fill: Stops when a boundary color is reached.
- Scanline Fill: Fills pixels across horizontal lines in polygon.

UNIT III: 2D Transformations


Transformations: Translation (move), Rotation (spin), Scaling (resize), Shearing (skew),
Reflection (flip).
Used via matrix operations and homogeneous coordinates.
UNIT IV: Clipping & 3D Transformations
Window to Viewport Mapping: Maps logical coordinates to screen.
Cohen-Sutherland: Assigns region codes and clips lines by checking outcodes.
Liang-Barsky: Uses parametric equations for efficient line clipping.

Sutherland-Hodgman Polygon Clipping: Clips each edge against a window side.


3D Transformations: Performed using 4x4 matrices for translation, scaling, and rotation in
3D.

Practice Questions
1. Explain Raster vs Random scan.
2. Write steps of DDA algorithm with an example.
3. Describe Bresenham's algorithm.
4. Explain Midpoint Circle algorithm.
5. How Cohen-Sutherland line clipping works?
6. Derive window to viewport transformation.
7. Explain homogeneous coordinates.
Visual Diagrams and Step-by-Step Examples
🔹 DDA Algorithm Step-by-Step Example:

This diagram shows plotting from (2,3) to (8,6) using DDA.

🔹 Additional Algorithm Diagrams


Includes Bresenham’s line drawing and polygon clipping visuals.

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