Fundamentals of Cloud Computing Syllabus Origins and Influences, Basic Concepts and Terminology, Goals and Benefits, Risks and Challenges, Roles and Boundaries, Cloud Characteristics, Cloud Delivery Models, Cloud Deployment Models, Federated Cloud / Intercloud, Types of Clouds. Contents 1.1 Origins and Influences 1.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology..........- April-18, May-19, beeeeeseee ees .... Dec.18, March-20 ++ Marks 8 1.3 Goals and Benefits 1.4 Risks and Challenges 1.5 Roles and Boundaries 1.6 Cloud Characteristics Seevessheeecuans ae May-18 Dec.-19, ----- ~~ +» Marks 6 beets eaceeessee eds March-20, Marks 6 1.7 Cloud Delivery Models ..............++++ April-18,19, Dec.-18,19, Deeeverssut uuseue May-19, - +++ ++ Marks 6 1.8 Cloud Deployment Models............---- May-18 Dec.-18, 19, ata tevesescscucees March-20, 1.9 Federated Cloud / intercloud 1.10 Multiple Choice QuestionsCloud Computing dee Fundamentals of Cloud Computing Origins and Influences * Idea of cloud computing was introduced by computer scientist publicly in 1961. Then in 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, a chief ARPANET project comments about Internet. John McCarthy Scientist of the * The general public has been leveraging forms of Intemet-based computer utilities since the mid-1990s through various incarnations of search engines, e-mail services, open publishing platforms and other types of social media. + Though consumer-centric, these services popularized and validated core that form the basis of modern-day cloud computing. The Salesforce.com remote service from 1990 to organizations. concepts provides * Amazon launched its web services in 2002 and it provides services to organizations for storage and remote computing. Cloud computing definition as per Gartner "a style of computing in which scalable and clastic IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using Internet technologies". In 2008, Gartner's original definition of cloud was changed. In the definition, “massively scalable" was used instead of "scalable and elastic." NIST definition of cloud : Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service-provider interaction. The above cloud definition was published by NIST in 2009, followed by a revised version after further review and industry input that was published in September of 2011. Cloud computing refers to a variety of services available over the Internet that deliver compute functionality on the service provider's infrastructure. Its environment (infrastructure) may actually be hosted on either a grid or utility computing environment, but that doesn't matter to a service user. EEE Business Drivers of Cloud Computing 1, Capacity planning : Storage capacity is one of the main reasons for organization using cloud. Capacity planning is an unavoidable responsibility for most IT organizations. Future demands from business need to be planned for and accommodated. This can be very challenging because this involves estimating the usage and specially usage fluctuations over time. So, there is constant need to balance peak usage requirements without unnecessarily over-spending on on-premise IT infrastructure. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 1-3 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 2. Cost reduction and operating overhead : For any organization, initial investment of cloud is huge. The growth of IT environments often corresponds to the assessment of their maximum usage requirements. This can make the support of new and expanded business automations an ever-increasing investment. 3. Organizational agility : From cloud perspective IT organizations, the IT resources needs to be more available and/or reliable than previously thought. The ability for an IT organization to be able to respond to these changes in capacity or availability helps to increase an organizational agility. EREd Technology Innovations « It is pre-existing technologies considered to be the primary influences on cloud computing. 1. Grid computing technology : * In 1990, grid computing was started. Grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive and inexpensive access to high-end computational facilities. It is "pay-as-you-go" pricing model. © Grid computing is a distributed computing system where a group of computers are connected to create and work as one large virtual computing power, storage, database, application and service. © Grid computing environment is a necessity to many end-users who cannot afford huge computational resources, both hardware and software. « Therefore, any large corporate body or government organization having a large geographical spread will be essentially required to set up at least some kind of grid computing environment, so that the expensive resources of their grid can be shared and effectively utilized by all the end users. | * Grid computing is based on a middleware layer that is deployed on computing resources, These IT resources participate in a grid pool that implements a series of workload distribution and coordination functions. 2. Clustering technology : * Cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely thus in many respects forming a single computer. Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and availability over that of a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability. * Clustering allows us to run applications on several parallel servers. The load is distributed across different servers and even if any of the servers fails, the application is still accessible via other cluster nodes. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeComputing 1-4 Fundamentals of Cloug Computing * Clustering is crucial for scalable enterprise applications, performance by simply adding more nodes to the cluster, 3. Virtualization technology : * Virtualization is an already established and proven technolo, organizations to repeatedly leverage physical servers for wi as user can improve By that has enabled IT ide, concurrent usage. * Virtualization is an abstraction layer that decouples the physical hardware from the operating system to deliver greater IT resource utilization and flexibility, * It allows multiple virtual machines, with heterogeneous Operating systems to run in isolation, side-by-side on the same physical machine. Virtualization is an absolute key technology in modern cloud computing environments. * As cloud computing evolved, a generation of modern virtualization technologies emerged to overcome the performance, reliability and scalability limitations of traditional virtualization platforms. Hi Basic Concepts and Terminology * Cloud computing refer to a variety of services available over the Internet that deliver compute functionality on the service provider's infrastructure. + Its environment (infrastructure) may actually be hosted on either a grid or utility computing environment, but that doesn't matter to a service user. * Cloud computing is a general term used to describe a new class of network based computing that takes place over the Internet, basically a step on from utility computing. * In other words, this is a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform). * Cloud computing refers to applications and services that run on a distributed network using virtualized resources and accessed by common Internet protocols and networking standards. Fig. 1.2.1 shows cloud symbol. It denotes cloud boundary. Using the Internet for communication and transport provides hardware, software and networking services to clients. These platforms hide the complexity and details of the underlying infrastructure from users and _Fig. 1.2.1 Cloud symbol- applications by providing very simple graphical interface or API. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 1-5 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing In addition, the platform Provides on demand services that are always on anywhere, anytime and anyplace. Pay for use and as needed. The hardware and software services are available to the general public, enterprises, corporations and business markets. IT Resources « IT resources are of two types : Software based and hardware based. * Software based resources are virtual server, custom software program and hardware based means physical server and networking devices + IT resources include server, virtual server, storage device, networking device, services and software programs. « An on-premise IT resource can access and interact with a cloud-based IT resource. EZ] scaling * Scaling is the capability of a system, network or process to handle a growing amount of work or its potential to be enlarged to accommodate that growth. For IT resources, scaling represents the ability of the IT resource to handle increased or decreased usage demands. One of the key aspects that made cloud popular is scalability, that means you can increase or decrease your resources at any given time. 1. Horizontal scaling : * It is scaling out and scaling in. The allocating or releasing of IT resources that are of the same type is referred to as horizontal scaling. * Horizontal scaling, means increasing the number of nodes in the cluster, reduces the responsibilities of each member node by spreading the keyspace wider and providing additional end-points for client connections. Fig. 1.2.2 shows horizontal scaling. — — — — — = Litt a= 4CPU/1GBRAM 2x(1CPU/1GBRAM) 2% (1 CPU/1GB RAM) Fig. 1.2.2 Horizontal scaling * Horizontal scaling affords the ability to scale wider to deal with traffic. It is the ability to connect multiple hardware or software entities, such as servers, so that they work as a single logical unit. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 1-6 2. Vertical scaling : Fundamentals of Cloud Computing © The horizontal allocation of resources is referred to = as scaling out and the horizontal releasing of =| resources is referred to as scaling in, = 1CPU/1GB RAM * Vertical scaling can essentially resize your server with no change to your code. It is the ability to SS increase the capacity of existing hardware or software by adding resources. Vertical scaling = usually means upgrade of server hardware, port eeea * Vertical scaling is limited by the fact that you can only get as big as the size of the server. Fig. 1.23 shows vertical scaling. * The replacing of an IT resource with another that has a higher capacity is referred to as scaling up and the replacing an IT resource with another that has a lower capacity is considered scaling down. 4.CPU/8 GB RAM Fig. 1.2.3 Vertical scaling * Vertical scaling is much more used in small and middle-sized companies and in applications and products of middle-range. Difference between Horizontal and Vertical Scaling Horizontal scaling Vertical scaling i In horizontal scaling, we build to the Vertical scaling is where we estimate what we minimum requirements and then use think the maximum requirements will be and monitoring and automation to scale it out. add additional capacity beyond this to cover for any potential miscalculations and future expansion. suae) i Not limited by hardware capacity. Cost migration is low. Cost migration is low. Upgrading downtime low. _ _____ Upgrading downtime is high. No coordination overhead. In horizontal scaling, resource of cluster is All resources are in single host. available, Cloud Components * Cloud computing solutions are made up of several elements. Fig. 1.2.4 shows cloud components. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge : ao| ‘Cloud Computing 1-7 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing Data centers Client computers Distributed servers Fig. 1.2.4 Cloud components 1. Clients : Mobile, terminals or regular computers. 2. Benefits : Lower hardware costs, lower IT costs, security, data security, less power consumption, ease of repair or replacement, less noise. 3. Data centers : Collection of servers where the application to subscribe is housed. It could be a large room in the basement of your building or a room full of servers on the other side of the world. 4, Virtualizing servers : Software can be installed allowing multiple instances of virtual servers to be used and a dozen virtual servers can run on one physical server. Distributed servers : Servers don't all have to be housed in the same location. It can be in geographically disparate locations. If something were to happen at one site, causing a failure, the service would still be accessed through another site. If the cloud needs more hardware, they can add them at another site. s EE] cloud Service and Consumer * Cloud service is any service made available to users on demand via the internet from a cloud computing provider's servers as opposed to being provided from a company's own on-premises servers. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeDud Computing 1-8 Fundamentals of Cloud ¢ ‘OMpUting * A cloud service can exist as a simple web-based software Program with a technica, iy Ice interface invoked via the use of a message protocol or as a remote access point a adminstrative tools or larger environments and other IT resources, *" * The organization that provides cloud-based IT resoucrs is cloud providers normally own the IT resources for lease by cloud consi also resell IT resources leased from other providers. Provider. Cloug jumers and could Cloud consumer * A cloud consumer is an organization that has a formal contract ot arrangement with a cloud provider to use IT resources made available by the cloud provider. * The cloud consumer uses'a cloud service consumer to access a cloud service, en ity 1. What is the difference between horizontal scaling and vertical scaling ? : SPPU : April-18 In Sem, May-19 End Sem, Marks 4 2. Define cloud computing. Explain different types of cloud computing. Sees ear ed 3. What is cloud computing ? Explain advantages and disacoantages of cloud computing. SPPU : March-20, In Sem, Marks-5 Goals and Benefits SS ae Pros of cloud computing : 1. Lower computer costs : Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional desktop software. 2. Improved performance : Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run | faster because they have fewer programs and processes loaded into memory. you can get most of what you need for free. 4. Instant software updates : When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version - without needing to pay for or download an upgrade. 5. Improved document format compatibility : You do not have to worry about oe i documents you create on your machine being compatible with other users | applications or operating systems. | 6. Unlimited storage capacity : Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage. | 3. Reduced software costs : Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, | | TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-trust for knowledge 1 lL SSss —-—— as SS... = =—s—’—_ Cloud Computing 1-9 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 7 Lane reliability : Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk lestroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of your data. & Universal document access : All your documents are instantly available from wherever you are. 9, Latest version availability : The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents; as long as you are connected, you are not in danger of having an outdated version. 10. Easier group collaboration : Sharing documents leads directly collaboration. to better 11. Device independence : Move to a portable device and your applications and documents are still available. Cons of cloud computing : 1. It requires a constant Internet connection : Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the Internet. 2. Features might be limited. 3, Stored data might not be secure : With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud. 4, Does not work well with low-speed co 1. Explain advantages and limitations of cloud computing in brief puting. cree mnnections. 2. Explain advantages and disadvantages of cloud co isks and Challenges ulnerabilities. | Increased Security V . Reduced Operational Governance Control. Between Cloud Providers. Limited Portability |. Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues. on : at a Fess purpose means that the responsibility over data security ee Se ud provider. Organization extends their trust ith the cl becomes shared Wi : ee eRpeNne ‘an up-thrust for knowledgea Cloud Computing 1-10 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing + Itis clear that the security issue has played the most important role in hindern cloud computing acceptance. 8 * Without doubt, putting your data, running your software on someone else's hard disk using someone else’s CPU appears daunting to many. * Well-known security issues such as data loss, phishing, pose serious threats to organization's data and software. 11.5 | Roles and Boundaries * Organizations and humans can assume different types of predefined roles depending on how they relate to and/or interact with a cloud and its hosted IT resources. The cloud computing defines these roles and identifies their main interactions. 4. Cloud provider : * A person, organization or entity responsible for making a service available to interested parties. When assuming the role of cloud provider, an organization is responsible for making cloud services available to cloud consumers, as per agreed upon Service Level Agreement (SLA) guarantees. Cloud providers have their own IT resources. * Fig. 1.5.1 shows cloud provider: Cloud service Cloud provider Fig. 1.5.1 Cloud service and cloud service consumer | y « A cloud provider would have a significant number of roles responsible for the management of its cloud resources including those responsible for selling, onboarding, configuring and supporting cloud services for its consumers. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeGloud Computing 1-11 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 2, Cloud consumer : «A person or organization that maintains a business relationship with and uses service from, cloud providers. The cloud consumer uses a cloud service consumer to access a cloud service, Anyone who purchases a cloud service is a consumer and within the consumer there could be an array of roles responsible for configuring and managing the resources from the cloud provider depending on the services obtained. 3. Cloud service owner : * The person or organization that legally owns a cloud service is called a cloud service owner. The cloud service owner can be the cloud consumer or the cloud provider that owns the cloud within which the cloud service resides. «Fig. 1.5.2 shows cloud service owner. Cloud service Cloud service consumer, Cloud service owner owner Cloud Cloud provider consumer 2 Fig, 1.5.2 Cloud service owner © The reason a cloud service owner is not called a cloud resource owner is because the cloud service owner role only applies to cloud services. 4. Resource administrator : © Cloud resource administrator is the person or organization responsible for administering a cloud-based IT resource, The cloud consumer or cloud provider or even third-party organization could be a cloud resource administrator. * For example, a cloud service owner can contract a cloud resource administrator to administer a cloud service. 5. Cloud auditor * Cloud auditor is a party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services, information system operations, performance and security of the cloud implementation. Generally, cloud auditors are categorized based on intent. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeloud Computing 1-12 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing + For the most part, their focus is on risk and compliance, especially around information security. Other auditors can provide advisory services especially tg consumers looking to cut down their bills or raise the level of efficiency in the resources consumed. 6. Cloud broker : © Cloud broker is any entity that manages the use, performance, and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. * Cloud brokers support consumers to get value for money by playing the advisory role especially for consumers who have a hybrid mix of resources from multiple providers. 7. Cloud carrier : * Cloud carrier is an intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services from cloud providers to cloud consumers. ‘© Most ISPs have taken the role of cloud carriers as they provide the requisite bandwidth needed to connect consumers with providers as well as capabilities that support the connectivity. 8. Trust boundary : ‘© Logical perimeter that typically spans beyond physical boundaries to represent the extent to which IT resources are trusted. Fig. 1.5.3 shows trust boundary. Fig. 1.5.3 Trust boundary * When analysing cloud environments, the trust boundary is most frequently associated with the trust issued by the organization acting as the cloud consumer. EEG Cloud Characteristics 1, On-demand self-service : A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed without requirin’ human interaction with each service's provider. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - en up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 1-13 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 2. Ubiquitous network access : Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms. . Location-independent resource pooling : The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve all consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. Rapid elasticity : Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned to quickly scale up, and rapidly released to quickly scale down. Pay per use : Capabilities are charged using a metered, fee-for-service or advertising-based billing model to promote optimization of resource use. Review Questions} 1. State and explain characteristics of cloud computing. Sas Caos PSC 2. Enlist and explain in brief any six characteristics of cloud computing. SU SCR Cloud Delivery Models Service models describe the type of service that the service provider is offering. The best-known service models are software as a service, platform as a service, and Infrastructure as a service. ‘The service models build on one another and define what a vendor must manage and what the client's responsibility is. Service models ; This consists of the particular types of services that you can access on a cloud computing platform. Cloud service is any service made available to users on demand via the Internet from a cloud computing provider's servers as opposed to being provided from a company's own on-premises servers. Cloud services are designed to provide easy, scalable access to applications, resources and services and are fully managed by a cloud services provider. A cloud service can exist as a simple web-based software program with a technical interface invoked via the use of a messaging protocol or as a remote access point for administrative tools or larger environments and other IT resources. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowedgeCS ES ‘Cloud Computing 1-14 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing * The — organization _that provides cloud-based IT Sem resources is the cloud ‘Web browser, mobile app, thin client, terminal provider. Cloud providers emulator, ‘normally own the IT resources for lease by cloud consumers and could also resell IT resources leased from other providers. * Cloud computing, often described as a stack, has a broad range of services built on top of one another under the name cloud. Fig. 17.1 shows computing stack. cloud Flavors of cloud computing is as follows; Infra structure Platform Application SaaS CRM, Email, virtual desktop, communication, games, PaaS Execution runtime, database, web server, development tools, ... laaS Virtual machines, servers, storage, load balancers, network, Fig. 1.7.1 Cloud computing stack 1. SaaS applications are designed for end-users, delivered over the web. 2. PaaS is the set of tools and services designed to make coding and deploying those applications quick and efficient. 3. laaS is the hardware and software that powers it all - servers, storage, networks, operating systems. via the Internet. Software as a Service (SaaS) j Model in which an application is hosted as a service to customers who access it | . j j * The provider does all the patching and upgrades as well as keeping the infrastructure running. * The traditional model of software distribution, in which software is purchased for and installed on personal computers, is referred to as product. In this model, the user, client or consumer runs an application from a cloud infrastructure. Through an interface such as a web browser, the client or user ™J access this application from a variety of devices. <— . The complete, application is offered as on demand service. This saves the cliett from having to invest in any software licenses or servers up front and can SaV fy TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge { i { oYCloud Computing 1-15 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing the provider money since they are maintaining and providing only a single application. * In this model, the client does not manage cloud infrastructure, networks or servers, storage or operating systems. Even, Microsoft, Google and Zoho offer SaaS. * The SaaS concept can be defined as providing robust "web-based, on-demand software, storage and various applications” to organizations, * The SaaS model has emerged as an alternative to traditional one-time licensing for providing and maintaining the software needed by knowledge workers within organizations. «Fig. 1.7.2 shows SaaS. Client T — Application = Internet —— — L Service provider on offering SaaS Fig 1.7.2 SaaS Characteristics of SaaS : 1. Software applications or services are stored remotely. 2. A user can then access these services or software applications via the Internet. 3. In most cases, a user does not have to install anything onto their host machine, all they require is a web browser to access these services and in some cases, a browser may require additional plug-in/add-on for certain services. 4. Network-based management and access to commercially available software from central locations rather than at each customer's site, enabling customers to access applications remotely via the Internet. 5. Application delivery from a one-to-many model, as opposed to a traditional ‘one-to- one model. Benefits of SaaS : 1. You only pay for what you use. 2. Easier administration and invoicing. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeSa SINNER CIID tetas Dota SS tN Se ee Se Cloud Computing 1-16 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 3, Automatic updates and patch management. 4, Compatibility : All users have access to the same version of software. 5. Easier collaboration. 6. It support automated update and patch management services. Platform as a Service (PaaS) « Platform as a setvice is another application delivery model and also known as dloud-ware. Supplies all the resources required to build applications and services completely from the Internet, without having to download or install software, « Services include : Application design, development, testing, deployment and hosting, team collaboration, web service integration, database integration, security, scalability, storage, state management and versioning. PaaS is closely related to SaaS but delivers a platform from which to work rather than an application to work with. ‘« This model involves software encapsulated and offered as a service, from which higher levels of service may then be built. The user, customer or client in this model is the one. building applications which then run on the providers infrastructure. This in tum provides customers and clients with the capability to deploy applications onto the cloud infrastructure using programming tools and languages, which the provider supports. « The customer still does not manage the framework, network, servers or operating system, but has control over deployed applications and sometimes over the hosting environment itself. E Some examples of Platform as a Service include Google's App Engine or Force.com PaaS consists of following components : 1. Browser based development studio. 2. Pay contrary to billing. 3, Management and supervising tools. 4, Seamless deployment to host run time environment. Characteristics of PaaS : 1. It support multi-tenant architecture. 2. It support for development of group collaboration. 3. PaaS systems can be deployed as public cloud services or as private cloud services. A TECHNICAL PUBLIGATIONS® - an upthrust for knowledge J : PESa rt ain OTC ‘Cloud Computing 1-17 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 4, Provision of runtime environments. Typically each runtime environment supports either one or a small set of programming languages and frameworks. 5. Support for custom applications. Support for the development, deployment and operation of custom applications. 6. Preconfigured capabilities. Many PaaS systems are characterized by capabilities that are preconfigured by the provider, with a minimum of configuration available to developers and customer operations staff. 7. Support for porting existing applications. While many PaaS systems are primarily designed to support "born on the cloud" applications. 8. Security is an important characteristic in PaaS. It needs to provide authentication and authorization to differentiate the access rights of different users. Benefits of Pas : 1, Scalability including rapid allocation and deallocation of resources with a pay-as-you-use model. . Reduced capital expenditure. . Reduced lead times with on-demand availability of resources. Self-service with reduced administration costs. . Reduced skill requirements. . Support of team collaboration. NaN eenp Ability to add new users quickly. Infrastructure as a Service (laa) * IaaS gives the storage room likeness to the in-house datacenter stood out from various organizations sorts. ter framework segments are capacity, servers (registering units), the * Center datacent for foundation upkeep and checking. system itself, and administration apparatuses * Each of these parts has made a different market specialty. While some little organizations have practical experience in just a single of these IaaS cloud specialties, vast cloud suppliers like Amazon or Right Scale have offerings over all TaaS territories. * Fig, 1.7.3 shows IaaS. . TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge1-18 Cloud Computing f Client Client Enterprise Data storage device Put whatever they want onto Servers, software, racks and having to pay for the datacenter space for them, the service Provider rents those resources : 1. Server space 2. Network equipment 3. Memory 4 CPU cycles 5, Storage space * Again, the customer is not managing cloud infrastructure, but in this case, the customer does contro] Operating systems, deployed applications, storage and “ometimes-certain networking components, * Examples : Amazon EC2, Rackspace Mosso, GoGrid * laa server types : 1. Physical server : Actual hardware is allocated for the customer's dedicated use 2 Dedicated virtual Server : Thy “ess a virtual server on a device other customers, Advantages of lag : es . tion of an ©xPensive and Staff-intensive data center, 2. Ease of hardware Scalability, 3. Reduced hardware cost, 4. On-demand, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® i Fundamentals of Cloud Computing—_—_—— ~~ cloud Computing 5. Reduction of IT staff. 6. Suitability for ad hoc test environments. Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 7. Allows complete system administration and management. 8. Support multiple tenants. Difference between laaS, PaaS and SaaS TaaS TaaS gives users automated and scalable environments. Amazon Web Services, for example, offers laaS through the Elastic Compute Cloud or | Bc2. In Iaas, infrastructure as a service. Virtual platform on which required operating environment and application |_ deployed. IaaS is a cloud service that provides basic computing infrastructure : Servers, storage, and networking resources. In other words, IaaS is a virtual data center. Major IaaS providers include Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure and Google Compute Engine. IaaS services are available on a pay-for-what-you-use model. PaaS: PaaS provides a framework for quickly developing and deploying applications. Google Cloud Platform provides another PaaS option in App Engine. In Paas, platform as a service. Operating environment was included. PaaS refers to cloud platforms that provide runtime environments for developing, testing and managing applications. Examples of PaaS services are Heroku and Google App Engine. PaaS solutions are available with a pay-as-you-go pricing mod Used by software developers: SaaS SaaS makes applications available through the internet. SaaS applications such as Gmail, Dropbox, Salesforce or Netflix. In SaaS, software as a service Operating environment largely irrelevant, fully functional application provided. SaaS allows people to use | cloud-based web applications. email services such as Gmail and Hotmail are examples of cloud-based SaaS services. SaaS services are usually available with a pay-as-you-go pricing model. Used by end user. . Used by IT administrator. 1 Explain any tao cloud delivery model Ie Marks 6 ‘an up-thrust for knowledge 2. Explain benefits of aaS- 3. Explain cloud delivery models with example. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® -‘ 1-20 Fundamentals of Cloud Comput Cloud Computing ‘puting 4 Compare and contrast IaaS, SaaS, PaaS related to consumer activites and provider activities USO, 5. Compare different cloud delivery models. EEX Cloud Deployment Models * Cloud deployment models are refers to the location and management of the cloud’s infrastructure. * Deployment models are defined by the ownership and control of architectural design and the degree of available customization. Cloud deployment models are private public and community clouds. * Fig. 1.8.1 shows cloud deployment model. Private cloud Public cloud 7—~ <3 (@) Private cloud = oA ~N \ (b) Public cloud Fig. 1.8.1 Cloud deployment model 1. Public cloud : * The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry Soup and is owned by an organization selling cl loud services. * Public cloud is a huge data centre that offers the same services to all its users. The services are accessible for everyone and much used for the consumer segment. * Examples of public services are Facebook, Google and Linkedin. * Public cloud benefits : | 4) Low investment hurdle : Pay for what user use. ») Good test/development environment for applications that scale to many Servers. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an upthrust for knowledgeComputing | Cloud) 1-21 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing « Public cloud risks : a) Security concerns : Multi-tenancy and transfers over the Internet. b) IT organization may react negatively to loss of control over data center function. 2. Private cloud : « The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a single organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. « Private cloud benefits : a) Fewer security concerns as existing data center security stays in place. b) IT organization retains control over data center. « Private cloud risks : a) High investment hurdle in private cloud implementation, along with purchases of new hardware and software. b) New operational processes are required; old processes not all suitable for private cloud. Organization 1 ‘Organization 2 Fig. 1.8.2 Community cloud ‘an up-thrust for knowledge TECHNICAL PUBLICA Tions® -1-22 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 3. Community cloud : «The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g. mission, security requirements, policy or compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 4, Hybrid cloud = © The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (eg,, cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). © Hybrid cloud benefits : a) Operational flexibility : Run mission critical on private cloud, dev/test on public cloud. b): Scalability : Run peak and bursty workloads on the public cloud. © Hybrid cloud risks : a) Hybrid clouds are still being developed; not many in real use b) Control of security between private and public clouds, some of same concerns as in public cloud. Difference between Public and Private Cloud Public cloud Private cloud Public cloud infrastructure is offered via web _ Private cloud infrastructure is dedicated to a applications and also as web services over single organization. Internet to the public. _ Support multiple customer. Support dedicated customer. | Full utilized of infrastructure. Does not utilize shared infrastructure. Security is low as compared to private cloud. High level of security. “High cost ‘Azure, Amazon Web Services, Google App An example of the Private Cloud is NIRDX’s | eee are a few examples of one Server with dedicated servers. DOA tSCuTy 1. Compare private cloud versits public cloud. Sa Sarin oe Er TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeting cloud Computing 1-23 Fundamentals of Cloud Compt 7 Explain diferent types of cloud deployment models. 4. Differentiate between deployment models : Private, public and hybrid Fee eed [EI Federated Cloud / Intercloud « The inter-cloud is an interconnected global “cloud of - clouds”. Intercloud ‘Architecture Framework (ICAF) provides a framework to support provisioning of cloud based project oriented infrastructures on-demand and distributed virtualized applications mobility. Each cloud should be able to work and offer its services without any dependence with other clouds. The main objective of intercloud is to create an open interface to ease the exchange of data from one cloud to another. The connections are established between one oF more clouds for this systematic exchange of data. a) Resources, services and data are shared through the intercloud architecture. b) The intercloud architecture is scalable and able to add new clouds. c) The availability of the resources, services and data should not depend on the customer’s applications. d) The architecture should be able to provide better load balancing capabilities. Need of inter-cloud The limitations of cloud are that they have limited physical resources. If a cloud has exhausted all the computational and storage resources, it cannot provide service to the clients. The inter-cloud addresses such situations where each cloud Would use the computational, storage or any kind of resource of the infrastructures of other clouds. ‘The inter-cloud environment provides benefits like diverse geographical locations, better application resilience and avoiding vendor lock-in to the cloud client Benefits for the cloud provider are expand-on-demand and better Service Level Agreements (SLA) to the cloud client. Types of inter-cloud : 1. Federation clouds * A federation cloud is an inter-cloud where a set of cloud providers willingly interconnect their cloud infrastructures in order to share resources among each other. * The doud providers in the federation voluntarily collaborate to exchange resources, This type of inter-cloud is suitable for collaboration of governmental clouds or private cloud portfolios. * Types of federation clouds are peer to peer and centralized clouds. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - en up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 1-24 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 2, multi-cloud * In a multicloud, a client or service uses multiple independent clouds, A multi-cloud environment has no volunteer interconnection and sharing of the cloud service providers’ infrastructures. Managing resource provisioning and scheduling is the responsibility of client of their representatives. This approach is used to utilize resources from both governmental clouds and private cloud portfolios. + Types of multi-cloud are services and libraries. Multiple Choice Questions Q1 Point out the wrong statement : 2) Abstraction enables the key benefit of cloud computing : Shared, ubiquitous access. [b] Virtualization assigns a logical name for a physical resource and then provides a pointer to that physical resource when a request is made. {c| All oud computing applications combine their resources into pools that can be assigned on demand to users. [d] All of the mentioned. Q2 Point out the wrong statement : [a] The massive scale of cloud computing systems was enabled by the popularization of the Internet. [b) Soft computing represents a real paradigm shift in the way in which systems are deployed. c Cloud computing makes the long-held dream of utility computing possible with 4 pay-as-you-go, infinitely scalable, universally available system. d] All of the mentioned. 23 © Which of the following is essential concept related to cloud ? al Reliability b] Productivity ¢] Abstraction : d] All of the mentioned 24° Point out the wrong statement : aj All applications benefit from deployment in the cloud. [b] With cloud computing, You can start very small and become big very fast. _\ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization Syllabus Cloud-Enabling Technology : Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture, Data Center Technology Virtualization Technology, Web Technology, Multitenant Technology, Service Technology. . Implementation Levels of Virtualization, Virtualization Structures/Tools and Mechanisms, Types of Hypervisors, Virtualization of CPU, Memory, and I/O Devices, Virtual Clusters and Resource Management, Virtualization for Data-Center Automation. Contents 2.1 Cloud - Enabling Technology . . April-18, Dec.-18,19, . May-19, March-20, -- +--+» Marks 8 . April-18, 19, s+ s+* Marks 6 2.3 Virtualization Structures/Tools and Mechanisms 2.2 Implementation Levels of Virtualization eee ee . May-18,19, April-19, pec e ence eeeneeeee March-20, +++» Marks 6 214 Hyper visors aaa eae ere eeer rece April-18, Dec.-19, +--+ +~- Marks 6 2.5 Full Virtualization voce ce eee ees Aprile, ose ee> sess Marks 4 26 Virtual Clusters and Resource Management .. May-18 +++ +--+ +--+ 5 +++ Marks 6 2.7. Virtualization for Data-Center Automation 2.8 Multiple Choice Questions (2-7)Cloud Computing 2-2 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Vitale | 2.1 | Cloud - Enabling Technology * Cloud - Enabling technologies are as follows : 1. Broadband networks and internet architecture 2. Data center technology 3. Virtualization technology 4. Web technology 5. Multitenant technology Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture * All clouds must be connected to a network. Internet's largest backbone networks, established and deployed by ISPs, are interconnected by core routers. * Cloud consumers.have the option of accessing the cloud using only private and dedicated network links in LANs, although most clouds are Internet-enabled, Cloud platform generally grow with internet connectivity and service quality. 1. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 2. Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks) 3. Router-Based Interconnectivity 4. Technical and Business Considerations. 1. Internet Service Providers * An ISP is a company that provides its customers access to the internet and other web services. In addition to maintaining a direct line to the internet, the company usually maintains web servers. Almost all ISPs offer email and web browsing capabilities. They also offer varying degrees of user support, usually in the form of | an email address or customer support hotline. Fig. 2.1.1 shows messages travel over dynamic network routes in this ISP | internetworking configuration. (See Fig. 2.1.1 on next page) | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is an non-profit | corporation that is responsible for allocating IP addresses and managing the domain name system. | Government and regulatory laws dictate the service provisioning conditions for | organizations and ISPs both within and outside of national borders. Certain real | of the internet still require the demarcation of national jurisdiction and legal | + The Internet's topology has become a dynamic and complex aggregate of ISPs that | are highly interconnected via its core protocols. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - on up-thrust for knowledge eeCloud Computing 2-3 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization Cloud consumer network IsP | 1 External user Backbone ISP Isp | Isp Cloud provider network Fig. 2.1.1 ISP * Smaller branches extend from these major nodes of interconnection, branching outwards through smaller networks until eventually reaching every internet-enabled electronic device. Worldwide connectivity is enabled through a hierarchical topology composed of Tiers 1, 2 and 3. * Large ISP's directly connected to intern Tier 1 Network connectivity without paying IP transits Connected to international gateway. “| j a] Tier 2 ~y Medium size ISP's having peers with some networks. * Pays IP transits to reach some parts of the network. '* Local ISP's buying services from Tier 1 and Tier 2 ISP’ L = | . Kkbone. LL _eNobectbone t ‘ Focused only on retail market. * The communication links and routers of the internet and ISP networks are IT resources that are distributed among countless traffic generation paths. Two fundamental components used to construct the internetworking architecture are connectionless packet switching (datagram networks) and router - based interconnectivity- 2. Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks) : © Data flow between end to end is through limited size packet. It passed through network switches and routers, then queued and forwarded from one intermediary node to the next. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an upstrust for knowledge | | eeCloud Computing 2-4 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization * Each packet carries the information, such as the Internet Protocol (IP) or Media Access Control (MAC) address, to be processed and routed at every source, intermediary, and destination node. 3. Router-Based Interconnectivity : * A router is a networking device that is connected to multiple networks through which it forwards packets. Router maintains the information like network topology, source address and destination address and other information. Using this information, it forwards the packet. ‘+ Routers also manage network traffic and select the most efficient hop for packet delivery. “e Fig. 2.1.2 shows the basic mechanics of internetworking. The depicted router receives and forwards packets from multiple data flows. Router 2 Router 4 B Fig. 2.1.2 Basic mechanics of internetworking | © The communication path that connects a cloud consumer with its cloud provider | may involve multiple ISP networks. The internet's mesh structure connects internet | hosts (endpoint systems) using multiple alternative network routes that are determined at runtime. © Communication can therefore be sustained even during simultaneous network | failures, although using multiple network paths can cause routing. | * Fig. 2.1.3 shows generic view of the internet reference model and protocol stack (Gee Fig. 2.1.3 on next page) © The internet architecture, which is also sometimes called the TCP/IP architectut® { after its two main protocols. The TCP/IP reference model is a set of protocols thet allow communication across multiple diverse networks. + Application layer : Application layer includes all process and services that use transport layer to deliver data. Protocols such as HTTP, SMTP for ena TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge ieay Comparison between On: | St. No. On-Premise IT Resources tion 2-5 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualize Host ‘Application router fe Physical network Physical network ae Physical medium Physical medium Fig, 2.1.3 Internet reference model and protocol stack Internetworking Physical network BitTorrent for P2P and SIP for IP telephony use transport layer protocols to standardize and enable specific data packet transferring methods over the internet. ‘Transport layer : Application programs send data to the transport layer protocols TCP and UDP. An application is designed to choose either TCP or UDP based on the services it needs. The transport layer provides peer entities on the source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation. Physical network : It is responsible for accepting and transmitting IP datagrams. This layer may consist of a device driver in the operating system and the terface card in the machine. IP packets are transmitted corresponding network int through underlying physical networks that connect adjacement nodes, such as Ethernet, ATM network, and the 3G mobile. -Premise and Cloud-Based IT Resources Cloud-Based IT Resources | Tnemal end-user devices access corporate Internal end-user devices access corporate Interna’ endjough the corporate network, IT services through an internet connection. ee corporate IT services Internal users access corporate IT services teugh the corporate intemet connection while roaming ih external networks aoe ee ag in external networks. through the cloud provider's internet 3 External users access corporate IT services ‘External users access corporate IT services through the corporate internet connection. through the cloud provider's internet connection. . Security is critical, and you know your Security is complex, expensive and must assets and your people. y_be maintained 24 x7. _ connection. | t iCloud Computing 2-6 Technology and Virtualization Cloud-Enabling Data Center Technology i i ear Data centers are buildings where multiple servers and communes — co-located because of their common environmental requirements = security needs and for ease of maintenance. Data centers a ete environments that safeguard company's most valuable equipment an property. Data centers support the following things : . Processing of users business transactions . Hosting of company website . Process and store intellectual property . Maintain financial records YP ene . Route electronic mails The data center infrastructure is central to the IT architecture, from which all content is sourced or passes through. Proper planning of the data center infrastructure design is critical, and Performance, resiliency, and scalability need to be carefully considered. Data center equipment's environmental conditions should fall within the ranges. Data center uses five core elements for Processing. These elements are application, database, network, storage array, operating system and server. The main purpose of a data center is running the applications that handle the core business and operational data of the organization. Data centers are the facilities that will house the equipment in order to secure, store and exchange data. 1. User Application : It is a computer program. Computation is performed in data center. Application may includes order processing, salary calculation ete. It uses operating system and data base for Processing. 2. Database : A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software package designed to define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in database. A DBMS always provides data independence. Any change in storage mechanisin and formats are performed without modifying the entire application. Software for organizing and serving data to users, managii ic 5 mea es SN6 Physical storage of media 5. Network + It provides communication between client and server. Near Tesources refer to the telecommunication networks like intranets, extranets, and ” the internet. These resources facilitate the flow of communication in. the organization. Networks consist of both physical devices such as network cand, router, hubs and cables, and software such as operating systems, web aay data servers and application servers. ¢ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgecloud Computing 2-7 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization 4, Storage Array : It is a device which stores the data persistently for later use. 5. OS and Server : OS provides platform for processing. « Fig. 2.1.4 shows example of sales order processing system. Client machine Storage network. Fig. 2.1.4 Sales order processing system On client machine, required application software is installed. Customer can place the order through this software. Client machine is connected with server by using local area network. Required database is installed on the server. DBMS uses the server operating system for reading and updating database. Database is store on the secondary storage device in the storage array. Storage network provides the communication link between the server and the storage array and transports the read or writes commands between them. The storage array, after receiving the read or write commands from the server, performs the necessary operations to store the data on physical disks. ‘A data center is a specialized IT infrastructure that houses centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases and software systems. Data center IT hardware is typically comprises of standardized commodity servers of increased computing power and storage capacity, while storage system technologies include disk arrays and storage virtualization, Technologies used to increase storage capacity include DAS, SAN, and NAS. Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and ‘components : 1. Virtualization 2. Standardization and modularity 3. Automation TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an upthrust for knowiedge t f tr t iE : F ’ feEEE (Cloud Computing 2-8 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization 4. Remote operation and management 5. High availiability 6, Security-aware design, operation and management 7. Facilities 8 Computing hardware 9. Storage hardware 10. Network hardware 11, Technical and business. considerations * Data centers requires extensive network hardwork in order to enable multiple levels of connectivity. * For networking infrastructure, the data center is down into five network subsystems : Carrier and external network interconnection, web - tier load balacing and acceleration. * Carrier and external networks innterconnection : It consists of backbone routers, firewall and VPN gateways. Backbone routers provide routing between external WAN connections and data center LAN. f * Web - tier load balancing and acclearation : It contains web acceleration device such as XML pre - processors, encryption/decryption appliances, and layer 7 switching devices that perform content - aware routing. * LAN fabric : It contains an internal LAN and provides high - performance and redundant connectivity for all of the data center's network - enabled IT resources. SAN fabric : It provide connectivity between servers and storage systems, the SAN fabric is ususally implemented with Fibre Channel (FC), Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) and InfiniBand network swicthes. NAS gateways : It supplies attachment points for NAS-based storage devices and implements protocol conversion hardware that facilitates data transmission between SAN and NAS devices. EXE Virtualization Technology * Virtualization is a broad term that refers to the abstraction of resources across many aspects of computing. For our purposes : One physical machine to support | multiple virtual machines that run in parallel. | Virtualization is a frame work or methodology of dividing the resources of computer into multiple execution environments. | * Virtualization is an abstraction layer that decouples the physical hardware from the operating system to deliver greater IT resource utilization and flexibility. | TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge |> goa comput 2-9 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization It allows multiple virtual machines, with heterogeneous operating 9) in isolation, side-by-side on the same physical machine. ystems to run «Fig. 2115 shows before and after virtualization. Host operating system Computer Hardware (a) : Before virtualization ‘Application ‘Application Guest OS Guest OS Virtual machines ‘Computer ‘Computer hardware hardware irtualization layer (Hypervisor or VMM) Hardware running the host OS (b) After virtualization Fig. 2.1.5 * Virtualization means running multiple machines on a single hardware. The "Real" hardware invisible to operating system. OS only sees an abstracted out picture. Only Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) talks to hardware. * It is “a technique for hiding the physical characteristics of computing resources from the way in which other systems, applications or end users interact with those Tesources, * This includes making a single physical resource appear to function as multipl logical resources; or it can include making multiple physical resources appear ‘I le single logical resource. a * It is divided into two main categories : 1. Platform virtualization involves the simulation of virtual machines, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Sh Tain WaiinintsCloud Computing 2-10 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization 2. Resource virtualization involves the simulation of combined, fragmented or simplified resources. * Fig, 2.1.6 shows taxonomy of virtualization. How ts done? Technique) (Vitwaization ode Emulation ] Application Croat Progamming bs Storage Mulprogramming ] Operating system Ry Network Hardware-assisted Fulvuaeaton Systm ve varvare Porevvaton Fig. 2.1.6 Taxonomy of virtualization * Virtualization is mainly used to emulate execution environment, storage and network. Execution environment classified into two types : process level and system level. * Process level is implemented on top of an existing operating system. * System level is implemented directly on hardware and do not or minimum requirement of existing operating system. Advantages and Disadvantages a) Pros 1. Data center and energy-efficiency savings : As companies reduce the size of their hardware and server footprint, they lower their energy consumption, 2. Operational expenditure savings : Once servers are virtualized, your IT staff can greatly reduce the ongoing administration and management of manual work 3. Reduced costs : It reduced cost of IT infrastructure. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgePE —— a Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization : cloud Computing 2-11 r 4, Data does not leak across virtual machine. 5, Virtual machine is completed isolated from host machine and other virtual machine. 6, Simplifies resource management by pooling and sharing resources. 7. Significantly reduce downtime. 8, Improved performance of IT resources. b) Cons 1. Not all hardware or software can be virtualized. 2. Not all servers are applications are specifically designed to be virtualization - friendly. . Web Technology « The World Wide Web (WWW) is an evolving system for publishing and accessing resources and services across the internet. Web is an open system. Its operations are based on freely published communication standards and documents standards. The Web is one with respect to the types of ‘resource’ that can be published and shared on. * Fig. 2.1.7 shows the web servers and web browsers. http://www.google.com/search http:/iwww.google.com Browser Web server ohttp:/vww.sinhagad.edu © http/wmw.wap orgiprotocols. html Fig, 2.1.7 Web servers and browsers Key feature : 1. Web provides a hypertext structure among the documents that it stores. 2. The documents contain links ie. references to other documents or resources. The structures of links can be arbitrarily complex and the set of resources that can be added is unlimited. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge a,Cloud Computing 2-12 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization ‘© The main standard components of Web : 1. HyperText Markup Language (HTML) 2. Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) 3. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ‘© HTML specifies the contents and layout of web pages. The content contains text, table, form, image, links, information for search engine, etc. The layout is in the form of text format, background and frame. HTML is also used to specify links and which resources are associated with them. URL identifies a resource to let browser find it. HTTP URL is mostly widely used today. An HTTP URL has two main jobs to do : 1. To identify which web server maintains the resource 2. To identify which of the resources at that server is required. © HTTP defines a standard rule by which browsers and any other types of client interact with web servers. Main features are - 1. Request-reply interaction 2. Content types may or may not be handled by browser-using plug-in or external helper. 3. One resource per request so several requests can be made concurrently. 4, Simple access control : Any user with network connectivity to a web server can access any of its published resources. * Three fundamental elements comprise the technology architecture of the Web : 1. Uniform Resource Locators (URL) : A standard syntax used for creating identifiers that point to web-based resources, the URL is often structured using a logical network location. 2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) : This is the primary communications protocol used to exchange content and data throughout the World Wide Web. URLs are typically transmitted via HTTP. 3. Markup Languages (HTML, XML) : Markup languages provide a lightweight means of expressing Web - centric data and metadata. The two primary markup language are HTML and XML. URL and HTTP URL : The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a standard for specifying any kind of information on the Internet. Each URL uniquely identifies a page of information by giving the name of a remote computer, a server on that computer and a specific page of information available from the server. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge‘cloud Computing 2-13 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization « Fig. 2.1.8 shows how the URL encodes the information. http:/iwww.technicalpublications.org \ Top level Protocol domain ‘Sub-domain Domain name 2.1.8 URL URL has three parts : 1. The protocol 2. DNS name of the machine where the page is located. 3. File name containing the page. «The protocol is the client-server program the computer on which the information is the port number of the server. File name gives where © The URL sends users to a specific resource online such as video, webpage, or other resources. When user search any query on Google, it will display the \ multiple URLs of the resource that are all related to your search query. The displayed URLs are the hyperlink to access the webpages. used to retrieve the document. Host is located. The URL can optionally contain the information is located. HTTP) is standard web transfer protocol. HTTP is © Hyper Text Transfer Protocol ( rmat and content of the conversation between a the set of rules governing the fo web client and server. * The HTTP protocol is a request/response based architecture where web browsers, HTTP clients and the web server acts as a server. ia types in the content-ty} d extensible data typing and type negotiation. within the accept-language and content-language fields. server is a computer that keeps copies of protocol based on the client / server - robots and search engines, etc. act like + HTTP uses internet medi pe and accept header fields in order to provide open ani © HTTP uses language tags It supports the proxy servers. A proxy responds to recent requests. 1s a request to the proxy server. The proxy server checks its © The HTTP client send: cache. If the response is not stored in the cache, the proxy server sends the request to the corresponding server. © HITP connections are of two types : Persistent HTTP and Non-persistent HTTP TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 2-14 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization Web Application : * Web application is an application that is invoked with a web browser over the internet. Web applications can be defined as applications that are accessed over a network such as the internet or an Intranet. It is utilizing web browser technologies to accomplish one or more tasks over a network, typically through a web browser. * Fig. 2.1.9 shows web application’ model. Application servers =D Database PC client Fig. 2.1.9 Web application model © Common web applications include webmail, online retail sales, online auctions, wikis and many other functions. Web applications software and database reside on a central server rather than being installed on the desktop system and is accessed over a network. * Web applications commonly use a combination of server-side script (ASP, PHP, etc.) and client-side script (HTML, Javascript, etc.) to develop the applications. * The client-side script deals with the presentation of the information while the server-side script deals with all the hard stuff like storing and retrieving the information. Web Services In 2000, the W3C accepted a submission for the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). This XML-based messaging format established a transmission framework for inter-application communication via HTTP. * As a vendor-neutral technology, SOAP provided an attractive alternative. (see Fig. 2.1.10 on next page) TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeoud Computing 2-15 Cloud-Enabling Technology and Virtualization <> | is accessed enables discovery of binds to communication between describes Fig. 2.1.10 * During the following year, the W3C published the WSDL specification. Another’ implementation of XML, this standard supplied a language for describing the interface of web services. r) Further supplemented by the Universal Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) specification that provided a standard mechanism for the dynamic discovery of services platform had been established. * Since then, Web services have been adopted by:vendors and manufacturers at a remarkable pace. Industry-wide support furthered the popularity and importance | of this platform and of service-oriented design principles. This led to the creation of a second generation of web services specifications. Web services currently provide the main enabling technique for Service Oriented “Architecture. The Web service technique can function both as a middelware and a modeling and management tool for composed business processes Web-based application that dynamically interact with other Web applications using open standards that include XML, UDDI and SOAP. ‘© Web services protocols and standards are the technology that promotes the sharing and distribution of information and business data. ed method for transmitting data through a network. There A protocol is a standa are many specialized protocols to accommodate the many kinds of data that might be transmitted. © Web services publish the details of their functions and interfaces, but they keep their implementaton detail confidential. | TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge i