3 Controlling reactions 1

A B A B ENERGY A B ENERGY A B
Ea
Bond making/breaking
A making bonds breaking bonds
EXO ENDO ∆H
releases energy requires energy
B

exothermic endothermic

Enthalpy calculations
Enthalpy changes
5.1 Enthalpy change, ∆H 3.5 Bonding and physical properties

Bonds and properties

KC KC
Enthalpies of combustion

C F C Cl C Br C I A B
bond length ∆Hrθ
∆Hfθ (A) ∆Hcθ (B)
bond energy
bond polarity combustion products

Intermolecular forces, electronegativity

3.3 and bond properties
KC 5.2 Hess’ law, including Born-Haber cycles KC

H H

Rh Pt Pd COAL
H2SO4
H C C H C O GAS
H H O
S
O H2SO3
NO x CO 2 Fuels 16
CO
HC
H2O
N2
O
N
O
OIL S
32.1

Sulfur: the formation of atmospheric

15.3 Hydrocarbons as fuels KC 13.2 sulfur dioxide, its role in acid rain
Redox

Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4 +2 +6 –2 rate of reaction

Fe + Cu2+ Cu + Fe2+ O
I

CuSO4
collisions

reduction L
R
oxidation I
G
Fe = reducing agent Cu = oxidising agent
2+ sum = 0 for neutral compounds concentration

Redox processes: electron transfer and Simple rate equations, orders of

6.1 changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)
KC 8.1 reaction and rate constants
KC

Acids
Rate

T1: room temperature T2: room temperature

enzymes denatured

Ea particles with
% of particles

T1
energy required
% of particles

% of particles

Ecat to react
particles with
energy required T2
particles with
energy required
A to react to react
∆H
with catalyst
B

energy of particles
energy of particles energy of particles

Homogenous and heterogenous Effect of temperature: on reaction rates and rate

8.3 catalysts including enzymes
KC 8.2 constants and the concept of activation energy
KC
Temperature effects
Catalysts

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Haber

process
acid base conjugate acid conjugate base

[NH3] 2p(NH3) 2 H+ A– H+ A–
strong acid H H+ H

3 Kp = p(N ) + (H )3
A

Kc =
H+ A H A
H+

[N2] × [H2]
A– A–
Pa H +

2 2 A –
H +
A–
H+ A–
weak acid H A H A H A

Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, Reversible reactions

7.1 dynamic equilibrium
KC 7.2 Ionic equilibria KC

Key: KC 1 KC 2 KC 3 KC 4 KC 5
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