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The research focuses on analyzing a comprehensive dataset of heating plants in Lombardy, Italy, to provide insights for energy planning and simulation models. The dataset includes 2.89 million plants and features various heating systems, with detailed information on their performance and efficiency. The methodology employs open data and statistical analysis using R, ensuring replicability and relevance for future updates.

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14 views4 pages

Avcn

The research focuses on analyzing a comprehensive dataset of heating plants in Lombardy, Italy, to provide insights for energy planning and simulation models. The dataset includes 2.89 million plants and features various heating systems, with detailed information on their performance and efficiency. The methodology employs open data and statistical analysis using R, ensuring replicability and relevance for future updates.

Uploaded by

baominh.taman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2. Methodology.

The research aims to provide useful insights for energy planning and input
parameters for energy simulation models.
This is achieved by analyzing an up-to-date database of real heating plants in
operation
2.1. Data Analysis.
The data analysis is based on open data from heating plants in Lombardy, Northern
Italy, chosen for its climate and data availability. With a continental climate and around
2300 Degree Days, Lombardy is comparable to other regions.
The use of open data ensures replicability and future updates. The analysis was
entirely performed using R, an open-source tool for statistical computing.
2.2. Description of the Dataset.
The dataset is based on the regional registry of heating plants in Lombardy [37]. This
registry has been developed thanks to the regional energy legislation for both new
installations and maintenance operations on existing plants.
Data are currently available for 2.89 million plants (as of November 2017),
including:

• Fossil fuels boilers (Natural Gas, diesel oil, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), other
fuels);
• Biomass boilers (wood and pellet);
• Heat pumps with output thermal power higher than 12 kW, i.e., with an electrical
load generally between 2.5 kW and 5 kW;
• Solar collectors with output thermal power higher than 12 kW, i.e., with an
equivalent surface of the array usually higher than 20 m 2 and 25 m2 in the case of
Combined Thermal and Photovoltaic (PV/T);
• Chillers with output cooling power higher than 12 kW;
• Heat exchangers for users of District Heating (DH) networks;
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or Combined Cooling Heat and Power
(CCHP) systems.
As a matter of fact, the registry does not include:

• Water heaters for single families (for domestic hot water only), such as electric
boilers installed in buildings where the heating systems are often centralized and
dedicated only to space heating (in this case, the database accounts only for the space
heating provided by the centralized boilers);
• Wood fireplaces or stoves;
• Heating plants used for industrial processes;
• Heat pumps and chillers with output power lower than 12 kW (considered as the
threshold from the regional regulations).

Each record of the dataset includes 41 different features that can be grouped into
categories:

• Location: features related to the municipality, the address and the cadastral
references (no information is available for longitude and latitude);
• Building features: the total heated volume and the cooled one, the building category,
the availability of an energy certificate and its reference number;
• Heating system features: characteristics of the heating system that are not related to
the heat generator itself, such as the control logic, the emission units, and the
availability of heat metering;
• Heat generator nominal features: generator type, fuel, date of installation, nominal
heat output, nominal efficiency, manufacturer;
• Heat generator performance test features: date of the performance test, result
(passed/failed), measured combustion efficiency.

The data distribution and some statistical summary for the most relevant features
provide useful insights for a preliminary description of the heating plants installed in the
region. Moreover, some indicators and some potential relations are described in the
following sections.
Focus on Heat Generator Performance.

This section highlights that generator efficiency is provided as both a nominal (total)
value and a measured (combustion) value from test reports. The combustion efficiency is
determined following Italian regulation UNI 10389-1:2009, which applies to boilers
using liquid or gaseous fuels. The test involves measuring air temperature, flue gas
temperature, and O₂ concentration to calculate flue gas heat losses (QS)(1):

QS = [A1/(21 − O2) + B] × (tf − ta), (1)

The parameters O₂, t f and t aare used to calculate heat losses (QS), with A1and B being
fuel-specific constants from UNI 10389-1:2009. An alternative formula uses CO₂ instead
of O₂, based on the theoretical CO₂ concentration (CO₂,th).
O2 = [1 − CO2/CO2,th] × 20.9. (2)

tf is the flue gases temperature (±2 ◦C) and ta is the ambient temperature (±1 ◦C).
The values of A1 and B are specific constants related to the fuel and are provided
by
Italian Standardized Regulation UNI 10389-1:2009 (e.g., for Natural Gas A1 =
0.66 and B = 0.010).
After the calculation of the heat losses, the combustion efficiency ηcomb can be
calculated for noncondensing boilers by using Equation (3):

ηcomb = 100 − QS. (3)

Heat generator
Máy phát nhiệt / Thiết bị tạo nhiệt
Measured efficiency
Hiệu suất đo được
Exhaust gas
Khí xả
Non-condensing boilers
Nồi hơi không ngưng tụ
Volume fraction
Phân số thể tích
Dry exhaust gas
Khí xả khô
Precision
Sai số
Analysis : phân tích
Registry : đăng kí
Availability: khả dụng
continental climate: khí hậu lục địa
entirely performed: hoàn toàn được thực hiện
Legislation: luật , pháp luật
Installations:hệ thống lắp đặt
Maintenance: bảo trì

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