LATHE

Introduction

• Metal cutting operations

– Manually – by using hand tools such as chisels, files etc.
– Machines - machine tools

• Machine tools
– A machine tool may be defined as a power driven machine which accomplishes
the cutting operations

• The fundamental machine tools that are used for most of the machining
operations are lathe, drilling, tapping, milling, grinding machines.
 LATHE

• Lathe is a machine tool employed generally to produce cylindrical objects.

• It is said to be mother of all the machine tools.

• Types of lathe
– Engine lathe
– Speed lathe
– Turret lathe
– Capstan lathe
– CNC lathe
 Engine lathe

• Is the most commonly used general purpose lathe used in engineering

workshops

• Principle of working
MAJOR PARTS O F LATHE AND THEIR FUNCIONS
MAJOR PARTS O F LATHE AND THEIR FUNCIONS
 Bed
• The bed is the main component of a lathe.

• All the major components are mounted on the lathe bed, like tail
stock, headstock, carriage, etc. Tailstock and carriage move over
the guide ways provided on top face of the bed.

• The bed material should have high compressive strength and high
wear resistance. Cast iron alloyed with nickel chromium forms a
good material for bed.
 Headstock

• Headstock is mounted on the left hand side of the lathe bed.

• The head stock accommodates gear box, which helps to vary the
spindle speed. The gear box also transmits the power to other parts like
feed rod and lead screw.

• The chuck or face plate is attached to the spindle which provides

mechanical means clutching and rotating the work piece.

• Head stock is also known as live center

 Tailstock

• The tailstock is mounted on the right hand side of the lathe bed.

• The function of the tailstock is to support the work piece, and to

accommodate different tools like drill, reaming, boring and tapping, etc.

• The tailstock moves on the guide ways over the bed, to accommodate for
different length of work piece.

• Tailstock is known as dead center.

 Carriage

• The carriage is mounted on the lathe bed, which slides on the guide
ways of the bed.

• The carriage has various other parts like, cross slide, compound rest,
and tool post.
 Saddle

• The saddle is mounted on the bed and slides along the

ways.

• The cross slide and tool post are mounted on the saddle.

• The movement of the saddle is parallel along the axis of

the lathe, it is also known as feed.
 Cross slide

• The cross slide is mounted on the top of the saddle. This moves the
tool at perpendicular to the work piece or machine axis.

• The cross slide can be moved either by rotating the cross slide hand
wheel.

• The perpendicular distance moved by the cross slide is proportional to

the amount of metal removed and it is known as depth of cut.
 Compound slide

• The compound slide (compound rest) is mounted on the top of the

cross slide.

• The rest part of the compound slide has graduations in degree.

• Compound slide is used to obtain taper on the work piece.

 Tool post

• The tool post is mounted on top of the compound slide.

• The tool post holds the tool rigidly.

 Apron

• The apron is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed.

• Apron is fitted with mechanism for both manual and powered

movement of the saddle and the carriage.

• Split nut engages the Apron with lead screw, which is used to cut
internal or external threads.
 Feed rod

• Feed rod is a long shaft extending from the feed box.

• The power is transmitted from a set of gears from headstock.

• The feed rod is used to move the carriage or cross slide for turning,
boring and facing operations.
 Lathe Operations

Different types of operations that can be carried out

1. Facing
2. Straight Turning
3. Chamfering
4. Knurling
5. Forming
6. Grooving and parting off
7. Drilling
8. Boring
9. Taper turning
10. Thread cutting
 Facing

• Facing is the process of removing metal from the end of a work piece
to produce a flat surface.

• The work piece rotates about its axis and the facing tool is fed
perpendicular to the axis of lathe.
 Straight Turning

• Turning is the removal of metal from the outer diameter of a rotating

cylindrical work piece.

• Turning is used to reduce the diameter of the work piece, usually to a

specified dimension.
 Chamfering

• It is a process of creating a slope at the end of the work

piece.
• This process is carried out for removing the unwanted
metals and burrs after turning operation.
 Knurling
• Knurling is the process of embossing a required shaped pattern
on the surface of the work piece.
• This diagram shows the knurling tool pressed against a piece
of circular work piece.
 Parting

• Parting off is the operation of cutting a work piece after it

has been finished to the desired dimension and shape.
• This operation is carried out with a narrow cutting tool
known as parting tool.
• In parting operation both feed is fixed or locked and depth
of cut is controlled properly until the work is cut off in
parts.
 Drilling

• Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole in

a work piece using a drill.
• The work piece is held in the chuck and the drill is held in
the tailstock.
• The feed is provided by means of moving the sleeve of the
tailstock. The figure shows the drilling operation.
 Boring

• Boring is the operation of enlarging the previously drilled

hole.
• The operation is carried out by using a single point cutting tool
known as boring tool.
 Taper turning

• A taper may be defined as a uniform increase or decrease in diameter

of work piece measured along its length.

• Taper surface is generated on a cylindrical work piece.

• The amount of taper in a work piece is usually specified by the

difference in diameters of the taper to its length.

• D-Large diameter of taper in mm.

• d- Small diameter of taper in mm.
• l- Length of tapered part in mm.
• α- Angle of taper or half taper angle.
 Taper Turning Methods

• The taper turning is done on a lathe by different methods.

• The selection of method depends on length of taper to be

generated on the work piece.

• The different methods of taper turning are

– Taper turning by form tool method
– Taper turning by swiveling the compound rest.
– Taper turning by offsetting the tail stock
– Taper turning by taper turning attachment.
 Taper Turning by Form Tool Method

• The form tool has a cutting edge formed at the desired angle.

• The form tool is a replica of the shape (Taper angle) to be produced on

the work piece.

• The form tool is fed against a rotating work piece; the shape of the tool
is reproduced on the work piece.

• The form tool method is restricted only for short length tapers.
 Taper Turning by Swiveling Compound Rest

• In this method of taper the half taper angle is calculated.

[The compound rest has rotating base graduated in degrees, which can
be rotated to any angle (according to the taper angle).]

• In this method the tool is advanced by rotating the compound rest and
hand wheel so that the tool moves according to set taper angle.

• This method produces taper length larger than form tool method.

Formula which is used to calculate taper angle is tan α = ( D - d) / 2L

α = Half taper angle
D= Large diameter
d= Small diameter
L= Length of taper
 Taper turning by tailstock offset method

• In a lathe the live center and dead center both lies on the same axis.

• The work is held between the live and dead center.

• The dead center (tailstock) axis is shifted (towards or away from the
operator) to the required length on the lathe bed to get taper on the
work piece.
• In tail stock off set method small taper angle is obtained for longer
length work piece.
 Taper turning by tailstock offset method

• The work piece is held between the centers and the carriage is moved on
the bed. The tool traces the lathe axis, but the work piece is offset by an
angle. Hence taper is generated on the work piece.

(D – d) L
Off set, X =
2l
X = Set over
D= Large diameter
d= Small diameter
L= Length of work piece
l = Length of taper
 Taper Turning by a Taper Turning Attachment

• A taper turning attachment is fitted on the backside of the lathe bed.

• There is a guide bar which guides the tool based on the taper required
on the work piece.

• The guide bar can be swiveled according to taper angle.

• The guide block is connected to the cross slide. The guide block guides
the tool.

• The cross slide is made free from the lead screw by removing the
binder screw.
Taper Turning by a Taper Turning Attachment
 Thread Cutting

• Thread cutting is the operation of producing helical groove on a

cylindrical surface.
• Threads may be square or v threads can be cut on a cylindrical work
piece.
• The threads of any pitch, shape and size can be cut on a lathe.
• A single point cutting tool (V-tool or square tool) is used to cut threads
on the work piece.
 Thread Cutting

• For thread cutting operation, the tool is moved automatically in

longitudinal direction.
• The longitudinal feed should be equal to the pitch of the thread to be cut
per revolution of the work.
 Specification of a Lathe

1.)The length of the bed,

2) The distance between the centers.

3)The swing diameter of work over bed,

4)The swing diameter of work over the carriage,

5) Power input

6)Lead screw details,

7) Number of spindle speeds

8) Feeds, 9) Width of bed