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Sil Equations

The document discusses Surge Impedance and Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) for power transmission lines, emphasizing that reactive power supplied equals reactive power absorbed at Surge Impedance. It explains how line length affects Surge Impedance and maximum line loading, noting that short lines are thermally limited while long lines may be stability limited. Additionally, it clarifies that line length refers to electrical length rather than physical length.

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Karim Ullah PW ELE BATCH 22
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51 views3 pages

Sil Equations

The document discusses Surge Impedance and Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) for power transmission lines, emphasizing that reactive power supplied equals reactive power absorbed at Surge Impedance. It explains how line length affects Surge Impedance and maximum line loading, noting that short lines are thermally limited while long lines may be stability limited. Additionally, it clarifies that line length refers to electrical length rather than physical length.

Uploaded by

Karim Ullah PW ELE BATCH 22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surge Impedance and Surge Impedance Loading for Power Transmission Lines

If a transmission line is terminated with it’s Surge Impedance…


The reactive power supplied by the line charging capacitance is equal to
the reactive power absorbed by the line inductance.
Another way to say it: The line would be purely resistive…
sending end reactive = receiving end reactive
First… a conceptual look:
𝑉2
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = = 𝑉 2𝐵
𝑋𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 …
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝐼 2 𝑋𝐿

Surge Impedance (Zo) is the Line’s load impedance when


reactive power supplied = reactive power absorbed.
So…

𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑:


𝑉2
= 𝐼 2 𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝑐
𝑉2
𝑉2 𝐶 𝐵 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐 = 2
𝑆𝐼𝐿 ≜ = 𝑉2 = 𝑉2 𝐼
𝑍𝑜 𝐿 𝑋 𝑉
𝑏𝑢𝑡: = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍𝑜 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑖𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: 𝐼
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑍𝑜2
2
𝐵𝑝𝑢
𝑆𝐼𝐿𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑝𝑢 𝜔𝐿 𝐿 𝑋
𝑋𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑜 = 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐 = = = (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
𝜔𝐶 𝐶 𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑝𝑢 ≈ 1.0
𝐵𝑝𝑢
𝑆𝐼𝐿𝑝𝑢 ≈ <-- This is a good approximation of SIL
𝑋𝑝𝑢 SIL = MVA when line impedance is net resistive.
Bundling conductors will dramatically increase SIL
How line length and resistance impact Surge Impedance and max line loading…
As previously shown… Surge Impedance (and SIL) is independent of line length.
series inductance and shunt capacitance determines the Surge Impedance (and SIL).
However, regarding max line loading…
If the line is a short line (length < 50mi), the line will be thermally limited.
If the line is a medium line (50mi < length < 200mi)… it could be limited to less than the
thermal limit without bundling, shunt and/or series compensation.
if you have a long line (length >200mi)… it will likely be stability limited and the limit could
actually be less than the SIL.

some transmission line theory….


understand that line length is NOT physical length.
line length is electrical length or wavelength.
from communications 101, you know that:
𝑓𝜆 = 𝑉𝑝
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚 𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝑝 ≈ 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3 ⋅ 108 𝑜𝑟 186282
𝑠 𝑠
1
∴ 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 60𝐻𝑧 𝑖𝑠 3105𝑚𝑖 5000𝑘𝑚 … 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ.
8
from the definition above:
short line < 1/64 wavelength
medium line 1/64 < wavelength < 1/16
long line > 1/16 wavelength
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