162 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Functions Exercise 1 :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
ì x , for 0 £ x £ 1 f 2 ( x ) = f 1 ( - x ), for all x 7. If f ( x ) = 2x 3 + 7 x - 9, then f -1
( 4 ) is
1. f 1 ( x ) = ïí 1, for x > 1 and f 3 ( x ) = - f 2 ( x ), for all x . (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/3 (d) non-existent
ï 0, otherwise f 4 ( x ) = f 3 ( -x ), for all x
î 8. The range of the function
2
+2
Which of the following is necessarily true? e x × log x × 5 x × ( x 2 - 7 x + 10)
(a) f 4 ( x ) = f1( x ), for all x (b) f1( x ) = - f 3( - x ), for all x f (x ) = is
2x 2 - 11x + 12
(c) f 2( - x ) = f 4 ( x ), for all x (d) f1( x ) + f 3( x ) = 0, for all x
æ3 ö æ3 ö
2. Which one of the following is an odd function? (a) ( - ¥, ¥ ) (b) [ 0, ¥ ) (c) ç , ¥ ÷ (d) ç , 4 ÷
è2 ø è2 ø
Y
10
Y
9. If x = cos -1 (cos 4 ) and y = sin -1 (sin 3), then which of the
10
following holds?
(a) X′ X (b) X′ X (a) x - y = 1 (b) x + y + 1 = 0
0 10 –10 0 10
(c) x + 2y = 2 (d) x + y = 3 p - 7
2/ 3
–10 –10 æ 2 sin x + sin 2x 1 - cos x ö
Y′ Y′ 10. Let f ( x ) = ç × ÷ ; x Î R.
Y è 2 cos x + sin 2x 1 - sin x ø
Y
10
Consider the following statements.
0
I. Domain of f is R.
(c) X′ 0 X (d) X′ X II. Range of f is R.
–10 10 –10 –5 5 10
p
–10 III. Domain of f is R - ( 4n - 1) , n Î I .
Y′ Y′ 2
p
8 8 4 4 IV. Domain of f is R - ( 4n + 1) , n Î I .
3. If f ( x ) = + and g ( x ) = + , 2
1- x 1+ x f (sin x ) f (cos x )
Which one of the following is correct?
the g ( x ) is periodic with period (a) I and II (b) II and III
p 3p
(a) (b) p (c) (d) 2p (c) III and IV (d) II, III and IV
2 2
11. If f ( x ) = e sin(x - [ x ]) cos px , where [x ] denotes the greatest
f (x )
4. Let f be a function defined by f ( xy ) = for all integer function, then f ( x ) is
y
(a) non-periodic
positive real numbers x and y. If f (30) = 20, the value of (b) periodic with no fundamental period
f ( 40) is (c) periodic with period 2
(a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 40 (d) 60 (d) periodic with period p
{e| x | sgn x } [e| x| sgn x ]
5. Let f ( x ) = e and g ( x ) = e , x Î R, where 12. The range of the function,
{x } and [x ] denote fractional part and greatest integer f ( x ) = cot -1 (log 0. 5 ( x 4 - 2x 2 + 3)) is
function, respectively. Also, h( x ) = log( f ( x )) + log( g ( x )), (a) ( 0, p)
æ 3p ù
(b) ç 0,
é 3p ö
(c) ê , p ÷
é p 3p ù
(d) ê ,
then for all real x, h( x ) is è 4 úû ë 4 ø ë 2 4 úû
(a) an odd function é ù 1 1
(b) an even function 13. Range of f ( x ) = ê ú+ , where [×]
êë log( x + e ) úû
2
(c) neither odd nor even function 1+ x2
(d) both odd as well as even function denotes greatest integer function, is
6. Which of the following function is surjective but not æ e + 1ö
(a) ç 0, ÷ È {2 } (b) ( 0, 1 )
injective? è e ø
(a) f : R ® R , f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 3 - x 2 + 1 (c) ( 0, 1 ] È {2 } (d) [ 0, 1 ) È {2 }
(b) f : R ® R , f ( x ) = x 3 + x + 1 14. The period of the function f ( x ) = sin ( x + 3 - [x + 3]),
(c) f : R ® R + , f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 where [×] denotes greatest integer function, is
(d) f : R ® R , f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 - x + 1 (a) 2 p + 3 (b) 2p (c) 1 (d) 4
 Chap 03 Functions 163

15. Which one of the following functions best represent the 22. The area between the curve 2{y } = [x ] + 1 , 0 £ y < 1 ,
graph as shown below? where {×} and [×] are the fractional part and greatest
Y integer functions, respectively and the X-axis, is
1 3
(0, 1) (a) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d)
2 2
X′
O
X 23. If f ( x ) = sin -1 x and g ( x ) = [sin (cos x )] + [cos (sin x )],
then range of f ( g ( x )) is (where, [×] denotes greatest
integer function)
Y′
ì -p p ü ì -p ü
1 1 (a) í , ý (b) í ,0ý
(a) f ( x ) = (b) f ( x ) = î 2 2þ î 2 þ
1 + x2 1 + |x|
ì pü ì p pü
(c) í 0, ý (d) í - ,0, ý
(c) f ( x ) = e - | x | (d) f ( x ) = a| x | , a > 1 î 2þ î 2 2þ
16. The solution set for [x ] { x } = 1, where {x } and [x ] denote 24. The number of solutions of the equation
fractional part and greatest integer functions, is e 2 x + e x - 2 = [{x 2 + 10x + 11}] is
+ +
(a) R - ( 0, 1 ) (b) R - {1 } (where, {x } denotes fractional part of x and [x ] denotes
ì 1 ü ì 1 ü greatest integer function)
(c) ím + ; m Î I - { 0 }ý (d) ím + ; m Î N - {1 }ý
î m þ î m þ (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
17. The domain of definition of function 1
25. Total number of values of x, of the form , n Î N in the
n
f ( x ) = log( x 2 - 5x - 24 - x - 2), is é1 1ù
interval x Î ê , ú, which satisfy the equation
(a) ( - ¥, -3 ] (b) ( - ¥ - 3 ] È [8, ¥ ) ë 25 10 û
æ - 28 ö
(c) ç -¥, ÷ (d) None of these {x } + {2x } + ... + {12x } = 78x (where, {×} represents
è 9 ø
fractional part function), is
18. If f ( x ) is a function f : R ® R , we say f ( x ) has property (a) 12 (b) 13
(c) 14 (d) 15
I. If f ( f ( x )) = x for all real numbers x.
II. If f ( - f ( x )) = - x for all real numbers x. 26. The sum of the maximum and minimum values of the
1
How many linear functions, have both property I and II? functionf ( x ) = is
(a) 0 (b) 2 1 + (2 cos x - 4 sin x ) 2
(c) 3 (d) Infinite 22 21 22 21
x rx (a) (b) (c) (d)
19. Let f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = . Let S be the set of all 21 20 20 11
1+ x 1- x 27. Let f : X ® Y , f ( x ) = sin x + cos x + 2 2 be invertible,
real numbers r, such that f ( g ( x )) = g ( f ( x )) for infinitely then X ® Y is/are
many real numbers x. The number of elements in set S is
é p 5p ù
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) ê , ú ® [ 2,3 2 ]
(c) 3 (d) 5 ë4 4 û

20. Let f ( x ) be linear functions with the properties that é p 3p ù

(b) ê - , ú ® [ 2, 3 2 ]
ë 4 4 û
f (1) £ f (2) , f (3) ³ f ( 4 ) and f (5) = 5. Which one of the
following statements is true? é 3p 3p ù
(c) ê - , ú ® [ 2, - 3 2 ]
(a) f ( 0 ) < 0 (b) f ( 0 ) = 0 ë 4 4 û
(c) f (1 ) < f ( 0 ) < f ( - 1 ) (d) f ( 0 ) = 5 é 3p p ù
(d) ê - ,- ú ® [ 2, 3 2 ]
21. Suppose R is relation whose graph is symmetric to both ë 4 4û
X -axis andY -axis and that the point (1, 2) is on the graph 28. The range of values of a, so that all the roots of the
of R. Which one of the following is not necessarily on equation 2x 3 - 3x 2 - 12x + a = 0 are real and distinct,
the graph of R? belongs to
(a) ( -1, 2 ) (b) (1, - 2 ) (a) (7, 20) (b) (–7, 20)
(c) ( - 1, - 2 ) (d) (2, 1 ) (c) (–20, 7) (d) (–7, 7)
164 Textbook of Differential Calculus

29. If f ( x ) is continuous such that | f ( x ) | £ 1, " x Î R and 36. If a function satisfies f ( x + 1) + f ( x - 1) = 2 f ( x ), then
e f (x ) - e | f (x ) | period of f ( x ) can be
g( x ) = , then range of g ( x ) is (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
e f (x )
+e | f (x ) |

é e2 + 1ù 37. If x and a are real, then the inequation

(a) [0, 1] (b) ê 0, 2 ú log 2 x + log x 2 + 2 cos a £ 0
ë e - 1û
(a) has no solution
é e2 - 1 ù é 1 - e2 ù
(c) ê 0, 2 ú (d) ê , 0ú (b) has exactly two solutions
ë e + 1û ë1 + e
2
û (c) is satisfied for any real a and any real x in (0, 1)
(d) is satisfied for any real a and any real x in (1, ¥ )
30. Let f ( x ) = | x | - {x } , where {×} denotes the fractional
|x|
38. The range of values of ‘a’ such that æç ö÷
1
part of x and X , Y and its domain and range respectively, = x 2 - a is
then è2ø
(a) f : X ® Y : y = f ( x ) is one-one function satisfied for maximum number of values of ‘x’
æ 1ù é1 ö (a) ( - ¥, - 1 ) (b) ( - ¥, ¥ ) (c) ( -1, 1 ) (d) ( -1, ¥ )
(b) X Î ç - ¥, - ú È [ 0, ¥ ) and Y Î ê , ¥ ÷
è 2û ë2 ø 39. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f ( x ) = {| cos x | },
æ 1ù where {x } represents fractional part of x. Let S be the set
(c) X Î ç - ¥, - ú È [ 0, ¥ ) and Y Î [ 0, ¥ )
è 2û containing all real values x lying in the interval [0, 2p ]
(d) None of the above for which f ( x ) ¹ | cos x |. The number of elements in the
31. If the graphs of the functions y = ln x and y = ax set S is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) infinite
intersect at exactly two points, then a must be
æ1 ö 40. The domain of the function
(a) ( 0, e ) (b) ç , 0 ÷
èe ø f ( x ) = log sin x + cos x ( | cos x | + cos x ), 0 £ x £ p is
æ 1ö æ pö
(c) ç 0, ÷ (d) None of these (a) ( 0, p ) (b) ç 0, ÷
è eø è 2ø
32. A quadratic polynomial maps from [-2, 3] onto [0, 3] and æ pö
(c) ç 0, ÷ (d) None of these
touches X -axis at x = 3, then the polynomial is è 3ø
3 2 3 2 41. If f ( x ) = ( x 2 + 2 ax + a 2 - 1)1/ 4 has its domain and
(a) ( x - 6 x + 16 ) (b) (x - 6x + 9)
16 25
3 2 3 2
range such that their union is set of real numbers, then
(c) ( x - 6 x + 16 ) (d) (x - 6x + 9) a satisfies
25 16
(a) -1 < a < 1 (b) a £ - 1
3 (c) a ³ 1 (d) a £ 1
33. The range of the function y = 2 { x } - { x } - 2
4 42. Let f : (e , ¥ ) ® R be a function defined by
(where, { × } denotes the fractional part) is
f ( x ) = log (log (log x )), the base of the logarithm being e.
é 1 1ù é 1ö
(a) ê - , ú (b) ê 0, ÷ Then,
ë 4 4û ë 2ø
é 1ù é 1 1ù (a) f is one-one and onto
(c) ê 0, ú (d) ê , ú (b) f is one-one but not onto
ë 4û ë 4 2û
(c) f is onto but not one-one
34. Let f ( x ) be a fourth differentiable function such that (d) the range of f is equal to its domain
f (2x 2 - 1) = 2xf ( x ), " x Î R, then f iv (0) is equal to 43. The expression x 2 - 4 px + q 2 > 0 for all real x and also
(where, f iv
(0) represents fourth derivative of f ( x ) at x +r
r 2 + p 2 < qr , the range of f ( x ) = is
x = 0) x + qx + p 2
2

(a) 0 (b) 1 ép qù
(c) – 1 (d) Data insufficient (a) ê , ú (b) ( 0, ¥ )
ë 2r 2r û
35. Number of solutions of the equation [y + [y ]] = 2 cos x is (c) ( - ¥, 0 ) (d) ( - ¥, ¥ )
1 x - lx - 3x 2 + 3lx
4 3
(where, y = [sin x + [sin x + [sin x ]]] and [×] denotes 44. Let f ( x ) = . If range of f ( x ) is the
3 x -l
the greatest integer function) set of entire real numbers, the true set in which l lies is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) [ -2, 2 ] (b) [ 0, 4 ]
(c) 3 (d) None of these (c) (1, 3 ) (d) None of these
 Chap 03 Functions 165

45. Let a = 31/ 224 + 1 and for all n ³ 3, 53. Let f ( x ) be a polynomial with real coefficients such that
let f (n ) = C 0 a
n n -1
- C 1a
n n -2
+ C 2a
n n -3 f ( x ) = f ¢ ( x ) ´ f ¢ ¢ ¢ ( x ). If f ( x ) = 0 is satisfied x = 1, 2, 3
only, then the value of f ¢ (1) f ¢ (2) f ¢ (3) is
+ ... + ( -1)n -1 ×n C n -1 × a 0 .
(a) positive (b) negative
If the value of f (2016) + f (2017 ) = 3 K , the value of K is (c) 0 (d) Inadequate data
(a) 6 (b) 8 54. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and f : A ® A be an into function
(c) 9 (d) 10 such that f (i ) ¹ i, " i Î A, then number of such functions
46. The area bounded by f ( x ) = sin -1 (sin x ) and f are
2 (a) 1024 (b) 904
p p2 æ pö (c) 980 (d) None of these
g( x ) = - - ç x - ÷ is
2 2 è 2ø 55. If functions f : {1, 2, . . . , n } ® {1995, 1996} satisfying
p3 p2 f (1) + f (2) + . . . + f (1996) = odd integer are formed, the
(a) sq units (b) sq units
8 8 number of such functions can be
p3 p2 (a) 2n (b) 2n/2 (c) n 2 (d) 2n - 1
(c) sq units (d) sq units
2 2
56. The range of y = sin 3 x - 6 sin 2 x + 11 sin x - 6 is
x + bx + 1
2
1 (a) [ - 24, 2 ] (b) [ - 24, 0 ]
47. If f : R ® R, f ( x ) = , (b > 1) and f ( x ) ,
x + 2x + b 2 f ( x) (c) [ 0, 24 ] (d) None of these
have the same bounded set as their range, the value of b 57. Let f ( x ) = x 2 - 2x and g ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) - 1) + f (5 - f ( x )),
is
then
(a) 2 3 - 2 (b) 2 3 + 2
(a) g( x ) < 0, "x Î R
(c) 2 2 - 2 (d) 2 2 + 2
(b) g( x ) < 0, for some x Î R
p [x ] p [x ] p [x ] g( x ) ³ 0, for some x Î R
48. The period of sin + cos + tan , where (c)
12 4 3 (d) g( x ) ³ 0, "x Î R
[x ] represents the greatest integer less than or equal to x 58. If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are non-periodic functions, then
is
(a) 12 (b) 4
h( x ) = f ( g ( x )) is
(c) 3 (d) 24 (a) non-periodic
(b) periodic
49. If f (2x + 3y, 2x - 7y ) = 20x , then f ( x , y ) equals (c) may be periodic
(a) 7 x - 3y (b) 7 x + 3y (d) always periodic, if domain of h( x ) is a proper subset of
(c) 3 x - 7y (d) x - y real numbers
50. The range of the function f ( x ) = x - 1 + 2 3 - x is 59. If f ( x ) is a real-valued function discontinuous at all
(a) [ 2, 2 2 ] (b) [ 2, 10 ] integral points lying in [0, n ] and if ( f ( x )) 2 = 1,
(c) [2 2, 10 ] (d) [1, 3 ] " x Î [0, n ], then number of functions f ( x ) are
51. The domain of the function (a) 2n + 1 (b) 6 ´ 3n (c) 2 ´ 3n - 1 (d) 3n + 1
f ( x ) = cos -1 (sec (cos -1 x )) 60. A function f from integers to integers is defined as
-1 -1
+ sin ( cosec (sin x )) is ìn + 3, n Î odd
(a) x Î R (b) x = 1, - 1 f (x ) = í
(c) -1 £ x £ 1 (d) x Î f
î n /2, n Î even
Suppose k Î odd and f ( f ( f (k ))) = 27, then the sum of
52. Let f ( x ) be a polynomial one-one function such that digits of k is
f ( x ) f (y ) + 2 = f ( x ) + f (y ) + f ( xy ), " x, y Î R - {0}, (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
f (1) ¹ 1, f ¢ (1) = 3. sin ( p {x })
x x 61. If f : R ® R and f ( x ) = , where { } is a
Let g ( x ) = ( f ( x ) + 3) - ò f ( x ) dx , then x 4 + 3x 2 + 7
4 0
fractional part of x, then
(a) g( x ) = 0 has exactly one root for x Î( 0, 1 ) (a) f is injective
(b) g( x ) = 0 has exactly two roots for x Î( 0, 1 ) (b) f is not one-one and non-constant
(c) g( x ) ¹ 0, " x Î R - { 0 } (c) f is a surjective
(d) g( x ) = 0, " x Î R - { 0 } (d) f is a zero function
166 Textbook of Differential Calculus

62. Let f : R ® R and g : R ® R be two one-one and onto 69. The sum of the maximum and minimum values of
functions, such that they are the mirror images of each other function f ( x ) = sin -1 2x + cos -1 2x + sec -1 2x is
about the line y = a. If h ( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ), then h ( x ) is
p
(a) one-one and onto (a) p (b)
2
(b) only one-one and not onto 3p
(c) only onto but not one-one (c) 2p (d)
2
(d) None of the above
70. The complete set of values of ‘a’ for which the function
63. Domain of the function f ( x ), if 3 x + 3 f (x ) = minimum of
f ( x ) = tan -1 ( x 2 - 18x + a ) > 0, " x Î R, is
f(t ), where f (t ) = min {2t 3 - 15t 2 + 36t - 25, 2 + |sin t | } (a) (81, ¥ ) (b) [81, ¥ )
is (c) ( - ¥, 81 ) (d) ( - ¥, 81 ]
(a) ( - ¥, 1 ) 71. The domain of the function
(b) ( - ¥, log 3 e ) 1 1
(c) ( 0, log 3 2 ) f ( x ) = sin -1 + is
(d) ( - ¥, log 3 2 )
| x - 1|
2
sin 2 x + sin x + 1
64. Let x be the elements of the set (a) ( - ¥, ¥ )
(b) ( - ¥, - 2 ] È [ 2, ¥ )
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,15,20,24,30,40,60,120} and
x 1 , x 2 , x 3 be positive integers and d be the number of (c) ( - ¥, - 2 ] È [ 2, ¥ ) È { 0 }
integral solutions of x 1 x 2 x 3 = x , then d is (d) None of the above
(a) 100 (b) 150 log (sin -1 x 2 + x + 1)
(c) 320 (d) 250 72. The domain of f ( x ) = is
log ( x 2 - x + 1)
65. If A > 0, c , d , u, v are non-zero constants and the graph of
(a) ( -1, 1 ) (b) ( -1, 0 ) È ( 0, 1 )
f ( x ) = Ax + c + d and g ( x ) = - Ax + u + v intersect
(c) ( -1, 0 ) È {1 } (d) None of these
exactly at two points (1, 4 ) and (3, 1), then the value of
u +c 73. The domain of f ( x ) = sin -1 (3x - 4 x 3 ) + cos -1 x is
equals
A equal to
(a) 4 (b) -4 é 3ù é 3ù é 1ù é 1ù
(c) 2 (d) -2 (a) ê -1, - ú È ê 0, ú (b) êë -1, - 2 úû È êë 0, 2 úû
ë 2 û ë 2 û
66. If f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 4 x + a sin x + b cos x , "x Î R is a
é 1ù
one-one function, then the greatest value of (a 2 + b 2 ) is (c) ê 0, ú (d) None of these
ë 2û
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 2 (d) None of these 74. The domain of the function
67. If two roots of the equation f ( x ) = 6 4 x + 8 2 / 3 (x - 2 ) - 52 - 2 2 (x - 1) is
( p - 1)( x 2 + x + 1) 2 - ( p + 1)( x 4 + x 2 + 1) = 0 are real and (a) ( 0, 1 ) (b) [3, ¥ )
1- x æ æ 1 öö (c) [1, 0 ) (d) None of these
distinct and f ( x ) = , then f ( f ( x )) + f ç f ç ÷ ÷ is
1+ x è è x øø 75. The domain of derivative of the function
equal to f ( x ) = | sin -1 (2x 2 - 1) | is
(a) p (b) -p ì 1 ü
(c) 2p (d) -2p (a) ( -1, 1 ) (b) ( -1, 1 ) ~ í 0, ± ý
î 2þ
68. Let f ( x ) = x 13 + 2x 12 + 3x 11 +... + 13x + 14 and ì 1 ü
(c) ( -1, 1 ) ~ { 0 } (d) ( -1, 1 ) ~ í ± ý
2p 2p î 2þ
a = cos + i sin . If N = f (a ) f (a 2 ).... f (a 14 ), then
15 15 76. The range of a function
(a) number of divisors of N is 144
f ( x ) = tan -1 {log 5 / 4 (5x 2 - 8x + 4 )} is
(b) number of divisors of N is 196
æ -p p ö é -p pö
(c) number of divisors of N which are perfect squares (a) ç , ÷ (b) ê , ÷
è 4 2ø ë 4 2ø
of 49
æ -p p ù é -p pù
(d) number of divisors of N which are perfect square (c) ç , (d) ê ,
è 4 2 úû ë 4 2 úû
of 12
 Functions Exercise 2 :
More Than One Option Correct Type Questions
77. Which of the following function(s) is/are transcendal? 86. Let f ( x ) = x - 1 + x - 2 + x - 3 + x - 4 , then
2 sin 3 x
(a) f ( x ) = 5 sin( x ) (b) f ( x ) = 2 (a) least value of f ( x ) is 4
x + 2x - 1 (b) least value is not attained at unique point
(c) f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 (d) f ( x ) = ( x 2 + 3 ) × 2 x (c) the number of integral solution of f ( x ) = 4 is 2
f ( p - 1 ) + f (e )
x -2 x -1 (d) the value of is 1
78. Let f ( x ) = × x , then æ 12 ö
2fç ÷
x -1 -1 è5ø
(a) domain of f ( x ) is x ³ 1 (b) domain of f ( x ) is [1, ¥ ) - {2 } 87. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A ® B is a
æ3ö
(c) f ¢(10 ) = 1 (d) f ¢ ç ÷ = - 1 function, the
è2ø
(a) number of onto functions, if n( f ( A )) = 4 is 240
p p
79. f ( x ) = cos 2 x + cos 2 æç + x ö÷ - cos x × cos æç x + ö÷ is (b) number of onto functions, if n( f ( A )) = 3 is 600
è 3 ø è ø 3 (c) number of onto functions, if n( f ( A )) = 2 is 180
(a) an odd function (b) an even function (d) number of onto functions, if n( f ( A )) = 1 is 4
(d) f ( 0 ) = f (1 ) æ 1 ö
88. If 2 f ( x ) + x f æç ö÷ - 2 f ç 2 sin p æç x + ö÷ ÷
(c) a periodic function 1
80. If the following functions are defined from [-1, 1 ] to èx ø è è 4ø ø
[- 1, 1 ], identify these which are into.
æ px ö æpö
2 = 4 cos 2 ç ÷ + x cos ç ÷, " x Î R - {0}, which of the
(a) sin(sin -1 x ) (b) × sin -1(sin x ) è 2 ø èx ø
p
(c) sgn ( x ) × log(e x ) (d) x 3sgn ( x ) following statement(s) is/are true?
æ1ö
ì x 2 - 4 x + 3, x <3 (a) f (2 ) + f ç ÷ = 1 (b) f (2 ) + f (1 ) = 0
81. Let f ( x ) = í è2ø
î x - 4, x ³3 æ1ö æ1ö
(c) f (2 ) + f (1 ) = f ç ÷ (d) f (1 ) × f ç ÷ × f (2 ) = 1
ì x - 3, x<4 è2ø è2ø
and g ( x ) = í 2 , which one of the
î x + 2x + 2, x³4 89. If f ( x ) is a differentiable function satisfying the
following is/are true? condition f (100x ) = x + f (100x - 100), " x Î R and
(a) ( f + g )(3.5 ) = 0 (b) f ( g(3 )) = 3 f (100) = 1, then f (10 4 ) is
(c) f ( g(2 )) = 1 (d) ( f - g ) ( 4 ) = 0 100 100

82. If f ( x ) = x - 2ax + a(a + 1), f : [a, ¥ ) ® [a, ¥ ). If one of

2 (a) 5049 (b) år (c) år (d) 5050
-1 r =1 r=2
the solutions of the equation f ( x ) = f ( x ) is 5049, the
other may be 90. If [x ] denotes the greatest integer function then the
(a) 5051 (b) 5048 (c) 5052 (d) 5050 extreme values of the function
83. The function g defined by f ( x ) = [1 + sin x ] + [1 + sin 2x ] + ¼ + [1 + sin nx ], n Î I + ,
g ( x ) = sin a + cos a - 1; a = sin -1 { x }, where {×} denotes x Î(0, p ) are
fractional part function, is (a) (n - 1 ) (b) n (c) (n + 1 ) (d) (n + 2 )
(a) an even function (b) periodic function 91. Which of the following is/are periodic?
(c) odd function (d) neither even nor odd
ì 1, if x is rational
84. The graph of f : R ® R defined by y = f ( x ) is symmetric (a) f ( x ) = í
î 0, if x is irrational
with respect to x = a and x = b. Which of the following
ì x - [ x ], 2n £ x < 2n + 1
is true? ï
(b) f ( x ) = í 1 , where [×]
(a) f (2a - x ) = f ( x ) (b) f (2a + x ) = f ( - x ) ïî 2 , 2n + 1 £ x < 2n + 2
(c) f (2b + x ) = f ( - x ) (d) f is periodic
denotes the greatest integer function
é 2x ù
85. Let f be the continuous and differentiable function such ê ú
(c) f ( x ) = ( -1 ) ë p û , where [×] denotes the greatest
that f ( x ) = f (2 - x ), " x Î R and g ( x ) = f (1 + x ), then
integer function
(a) g( x ) is an odd function
æpxö
(b) g( x ) is an even function (d) f ( x ) = ax - [ax + a ] + tan ç ÷ , where [×] denotes
è 2 ø
(c) f ( x ) is symmetric about x = 1
the greatest integer function
(d) None of the above
168 Textbook of Differential Calculus

92. If f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree n , such that f (0) = 0, 97. Let f ( x ) be a real valued function such that f (0) = and
1
n f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (a - y ) + f (y ) f (a - x ), 2
f (1) = 1/2, … , f (n ) = , then the value of f (n + 1) is
n +1 " x , y Î R, then for some real a,
n (a) f ( x ) is a periodic function
(a) 1, when n is even (b) , when n is odd (b) f ( x ) is a constant function
n+2
1 cos x
n (c) f ( x ) = (d) f ( x ) =
(c) 1, when n is odd (d) , when n is even 2 2
n+2
98. If f ( g ( x )) is one-one function, then
93. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by (a) g( x ) must be one-one (b) f ( x ) must be one-one
f (x ) - 5 (c) f ( x ) may not be one-one (d) g( x ) may not be one-one
f ( x + 1) = , " x Î R. Then, which of the
f (x ) - 3 99. Which of the following functions have their range equal
following statement(s) is/are true? to R (the set of real numbers)?
(a) f (2008 ) = f (2004 ) (b) f (2006 ) = f (2010 ) (a) x sin x
(c) f (2006 ) = f (2002 ) (d) f (2006 ) = f (2018 ) [x ] æ p pö
(b) × x Î ç - × ÷ - { 0 }, where [×] denotes the
tan 2 x è 4 4ø
94. Let f ( x ) = 1 - x - x 3 . Then, the real values of x greatest integer function
satisfying the inequality, x
(c)
1 - f ( x ) - f 3 ( x ) > f (1 - 5x ), are sin x
(a) ( -2, 0 ) (b) ( 0, 2 ) (d) [ x ] +{ x }, where [×] and {×}, respectively denote the
(c) (2, ¥ ) (d) ( - ¥, - 2 ) greatest integer and fractional part functions

95. If a function satisfies 100. Which of the following pairs of function are identical?
-1
( x - y ) f ( x + y ) - ( x + y ) f ( x - y ) = 2( x y - y ), and g( x ) = sec -1 x
2 3
(a) f ( x ) = e ln sec x

" x , y Î R and f (1) = 2, then (b) f ( x ) = tan (tan -1 x ) and g( x ) = cot (cot -1 x )
(a) f ( x ) must be polynomial function (c) f ( x ) = sgn ( x ) and g( x ) = sgn (sgn ( x ))
(b) f (3 ) = 12 (d) f ( x ) = cot 2 x × cos2 x and g( x ) = cot 2 x - cos2 x
(c) f (0) = 0
(d) f ( x ) may not be differentiable 101. Let f : R ® R defined by f ( x ) = cos -1 ( - {- x }), where {x }
denotes fractional part of x. Then, which of the
96. If the fundamental period of function
following is/are correct?
f ( x ) = sin x + cos ( 4 - a 2 ) x is 4p, then the value of a (a) f is many one but not even function
is/are (b) Range of f contains two prime numbers
15 15 7 7 (c) f is non-periodic
(a) (b) - (c) (d) -
2 2 2 2 (d) Graph of f does not lie below X -axis

Functions Exercise 3 :
Statements I and II Type Questions
n
Directions (Q. Nos. 102 to 112) For the following Statement II The derivative of differentiable function
questions, choose the correct answers from the codes (a), (non-periodic) is non-periodic function.
(b), (c) and (d) defined as follows : 103. Statement I The maximum value of sin 2 x + sin ax
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II cannot be 2 (where a is positive rational number).
is the correct explanation of Statement I 2
Statement II is irrational.
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II a
is not the correct explanation of Statement I e | x | - e -x
104. Let f : R ® R be a function such that f ( x ) = x .
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false e + e -x
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true Statement I f ( x ) is into function.
102. Statement I The function f ( x ) = x sin x Statement II f ( x ) is many-one function and the
many-one function is not onto.
and f ¢ ( x ) = x cos x + sin x are both non-periodic.
 Chap 03 Functions 169

105. Statement I The range of æ 1 ö

æp ö æp ö æ 2p ö
109. Statement I The range of log ç ÷ is ( - ¥, ¥ ).
f ( x ) = sin ç + x ÷ - sin ç - x ÷ - sin ç + x ÷ è1 + x ø 2
è5 ø è5 ø è5 ø
Statement II When 0 < x £ 1, log x Î ( - ¥, 0] .
æ 2p ö
+ sin ç - x ÷ is [–1, 1]. 110. Let f : X ® Y be a function defined by
è5 ø
æ pö
p 2p 1 f ( x ) = 2 sin ç x + ÷ - 2 cos x + c .
Statement II cos - cos = è 4ø
5 5 2
é p ù é 3p ù
106. Statement I The period of Statement I For set X , x Î ê0, ú È ê p, ú, f ( x ) is
1 1
f ( x ) = 2 cos ( x - p ) + 4 sin ( x - p ) is 3p. ë 2û ë 2 û
3 3 one-one function.
Statement II If T is the period of f ( x ), then the period é pù
T Statement II f ¢ ( x ) ³ 0, x Î ê0, ú
of f (ax + b ) is . ë 2û
|a|
111. Let f ( x ) = sin x
107. f is a function defined on the interval [-1, 1] such that
f (sin 2x ) = sin x + cos x . Statement I f is not a polynomial function.
é p pù Statement II nth derivative of f ( x ), w.r.t. x, is not a
Statement I If x Î ê - , ú , then f (tan 2 x ) = sec x zero function for any positive integer n.
ë 4 4û
Statement II f ( x ) = 1 + x , " x Î [-1, 1] 112. Statement I The function f : R ® R, given
108. Statement I The equation f ( x ) = 4 x 5 + 20x - 9 = 0 has f ( x ) = loga ( x + x 2 + 1 ), a > 0, a ¹ 1 is invertible.
only one real root. Statement II f is many-one and into.
Statement II f ¢ ( x ) = 20x 4 + 20 = 0 has no real root.

Functions Exercise 4 :
Passage Based Questions
Passage I (Q. Nos. 113 to 115) Passage III (Q. Nos. 118 to 120)
Let f : R ® R be a continuous function such that 1 é æ x öù +
Let f ( x ) = ê f ( xy ) + f ç ÷ ú for x , y Î R such that f (1) = 0;
æx ö æx ö 2 ë è y ø û
f ( x ) - 2f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ = x 2.
è2ø è4ø f ¢ (1) = 2.
113. f (3) is equal to 118. f ( x ) - f (y ) is equal to
(a) f ( 0 ) (b) 4 + f ( 0 ) (c) 9 + f ( 0 ) (d) 16 + f ( 0 ) æy ö æxö
(a) f ç ÷ (b) f ç ÷ (c) f (2 x ) (d) f (2y )
èxø èy ø
114. The equation f ( x ) - x - f (0) = 0 have exactly
(a) no solution (b) one solution 119. f ¢(3) is equal to
(c) two solutions (d) infinite solutions 1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 4
115. f ¢ (0) is equal to
120. f (e ) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) f ( 0 ) (d) - f ( 0 ) (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
Passage II (Q. Nos. 116 to 117) Passage IV (Q. Nos. 121 to 123)
Consider the equation x + y - [ x ][y ] = 0, where [×] is the greatest If f : R ® R and f ( x ) = g ( x ) + h ( x ), where g ( x ) is a polynomial
integer function. and h ( x ) is a continuous and differentiable bounded function on
both sides, then f ( x ) is one-one, we need to differentiate f ( x ). If
116. The number of integral solutions to the equation is f ¢( x ) changes sign in domain of f , then f , if many-one else
(a) 0 (b) 1 one-one.
(c) 2 (d) None of these 121. If f : R ® R and f ( x ) = a1 x + a 3 x 3
117. Equation of one of the lines on which the non-integral + a 5 x 5 + . . . + a 2n + 1 x 2n + 1 - cot -1 x
solution of given equation lies, is where 0 < a1 < a 3 < . . . < a 2n + 1 , then the function f ( x ) is
(a) x + y = - 1 (b) x + y = 0 (a) one-one into (b) many-one onto
(c) x + y = 1 (d) x + y = 5 (c) one-one onto (d) many-one into
170 Textbook of Differential Calculus

x ( x 4 + 1)( x + 1) + x 4 + 2 130. Numbers of real roots of P( x ) = 0 is

122. If f : R ® R and f ( x ) = , then
x2 + x +1 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2
f ( x ) is 131. The maximum value of y = P ¢ ¢ ( x ) can be obtained at x is
(a) one-one into (b) many-one onto
equal to
(c) one-one onto (d) many-one into 1 1
(a) - (b) 0 (c) (d) 1
123. If f : R ® R and f ( x ) = 2ax + sin 2 x , then the set of 3 3
values of a for which f ( x ) is one-one and onto is
132. The sum of pairwise product of all roots (real and
æ 1 1ö
(a) a Î ç - , ÷ (b) a Î ( -1, 1 ) complex) of P( x ) = 0 is
è 2 2ø
5 10
æ 1 1ö (a) - (b) - (c) 2 (d) – 5
(c) a Î R - ç - , ÷ (d) a Î R - ( -1, 1 ) 3 3
è 2 2ø
Passage VIII (Q. Nos. 133 to 135)
Passage V (Q. Nos. 124 to 126)
é1 ù é1 ù
Let g ( x ) = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 and f ( x ) = g ( x ), f ( x ) has its Consider a > 1 and f : ê ,a ú ® ê ,a ú be bijective function.
ë a û ëa û
non-zero local minimum and maximum values at - 3 and 3,
1 é1 ù
respectively. If a 3 Î the domain of the function Suppose that f -1( x ) = ; for all x Î ê ,a ú.
æ1 + x 2 ö f (x ) ëa û
h ( x ) = sin -1 ç ÷.
è 2x ø 133. f (1) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0
124. The value of a1 + a 2 is
(c) -1 (d) does’nt attain a unique value
(a) 30 (b) – 30 (c) 27 (d) – 27
134. Which of the following statements can be concluded
125. The value of a 0 is
about ( f ( x )) ?
(a) equal to 50 (b) greater than 54
é1 ù
(c) less than 54 (d) less than 50 (a) f ( x ) is discontinuous in ê , a ú
ëa û
126. f (10) is defined for é 1 ù
(a) a 0 > 830 (b) a 0 < 830 (b) f ( x ) is increasing in ê , a ú
ëa û
(c) a 0 = 830 (d) None of these
é1 ù
(c) f ( x ) is decreasing in ê , a ú
Passage VI (Q. Nos. 127 to 129) ëa û
4 2 (d) None of the above
Let f : [2, ¥ ) ® [1, ¥ ) defined by f ( x ) = 2x - 4 x and
ép ù sin x + 4 135. Which of the following statements can be concluded
g : ê , p ú ® A defined by g ( x ) = be two invertible about f ( f ( x )) ?
ë2 û sin x - 2
é1 ù
functions. (a) f ( f ( x )) is continuous in ê , a ú
ëa û
-1
127. f ( x ) is equal to é1 ù
(b) f ( f ( x )) is increasing in ê , a ú
(a) 2+ 4 - log 2 x (b) 2+ 4 + log 2 x ëa û
é1 ù
(c) 2 - 4 + log 2 x (d) None of these (c) f ( f ( x )) is decreasing in ê , a ú
ëa û
128. The set A is equal to (d) None of the above
(a) [ - 5, - 2 ] (b) [2, 5 ] (c) [ - 5, 2 ] (d) [ - 3, - 2 ]
-1 -1 Passage IX (Q. Nos. 136 to 137)
129. The domain of f g ( x ) is
é sin 1 ù Let f be a real valued function from N to N satisfying. The relation
(a) [ - 5, sin 1 ] (b) ê - 5,
ë 2 - sin 1 úû f (m + n ) = f (m ) + f (n ) for all m,n Î N .
é ( 4 + sin 1 ) ù é ( 4 + sin 1 ) ù 136. The range of f contains all the even numbers, the value
(c) ê - 5, - ú (d) ê - , - 2ú
ë 2 - sin 1 û ë 2 - sin 1 û of f (1) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 or 2 (d) 4
Passage VII (Q. Nos. 130 to 132) 137. If domain of f is first 3m natural numbers and if the
Let P ( x ) be polynomial of degree atmost 5 which leaves number of elements common in domain and range is m,
remainders – 1 and 1 upon division by ( x - 1)3 and ( x + 1)3 , then the value of f (1) is
respectively. (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) Can’t say
 Chap 03 Functions 171

Functions Exercise 5 : Matching Type Questions

138. Match the statements of Column I with values of
Column II. Column I Column II
æ 2 tan x ö
Column I Column II (B) If f ç ÷
è 1 + tan 2 x ø
(A) sin (cos x ) has domain (p) x ÎR (q) x 2 + 2x
(cos 2 x + 1 )(sec 2 x + 2 tan x )
= ,
(B) ( cos (sin x ) ) -1 has domain (q) ì pü 2
R - ín p ± ý then f ( x ) is
î 6þ
(C) tan ( p sin x ) has domain (r) æ pö (C) If f ( x + y + 1 ) = ( f ( x ) + f (y )) 2
x Î ç np , np + ÷ (r) 1 + x
è 2ø
for all x, y Î R and f ( 0 ) = 1, then f ( x )
(D) ln (tan x ) has domain (s) é p pù is
x Î ê2np - , 2np + ú
ë 2 2û éxù
(D) If 4 < x < 5 and f ( x ) = ê ú + 2 x + 2,
139. Match the statements of Column I with values of ë 4û
(s) ( x + 1 ) 2
Column II. where [y ] is the greatest integer £ y,
then f -1( x ) is
Column I Column II
(A) | 4 sin x - 1 | < 5, x Î[ 0, p ], (p) é p ù é 3p ù 141. Match the statements of Column I with values of
the domain is êë 0, 4 úû È êë 4 , p úû Column II.
(B) 4 sin 2 x - 8 (q) é 3p ù Column I Column II
sin x + 3 £ 0 , [ 0, 2p ] , the êë 2 , 2 p úû È { 0 } æ pö (p) Defined for all
(A) f ( x ) = sin 2 x + sin 2 ç x + ÷
domain is è 3ø real ‘x’
| tan x| £ 1 and x Î[ 0, p ] , é 3p ö æ pö
(C) (r) + cos x cos ç x + ÷ then f ( x ) is
the domain is êë 0, 10 ÷ø è 3ø

(D) cos x - sin x ³ 1 and [ 0, 2p ] , (s) é p 5p ù (B) g( x ) = tan (e { x } ) + [ x + a ] - 5 - x, (q) Even function
the domain is êë 6 , 6 úû where [×] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to x, then
140. Match the statements of Column I with values of g( x ) is
Column II. x x (r) Odd function
(C) h( x ) = x + + 5, then h( x ) is
5 -1 2
Column I Column II
(D) k( x ) = 2 sin 2 x - cos 2 a (s) Periodic
ì x + 1, when x < 0
(A) If f ( x ) = í 2 , the x -3 + 4 sin a × sin x cos ( x + a ) function
î x - 1, when x ³ 0 (p)
2 + cos 2 ( x + a ), a Î R,
fof ( x ) for -1 £ x < 0 is then k( x ) is

Functions Exercise 6 : Single Integer Answer Type Questions

142. A function f : R ® R is defined by 144. Let f : N ® R be such that f (1) = 1 and
f ( x + y ) - k xy = f ( x ) + 2y , " x , y Î R and f (1) = 2 ;
2
f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + ¼ + nf (n ) = n(n + 1) f (n ), for n ³ 2,
f (2) = 8, where k is some real constant, then 1
then is ……… .
æ 1 ö 2010 f (2010)
f (x + y)× f ç ÷ is …………… .
èx + yø 2010 x + 163 2010
145. If f ( x ) = , x > 0 and x ¹ , the least value
165x - 2010 165
143. If f : R ® R satisfying
æ æ 4 öö
f ( x - f (y )) = f ( f (y )) + x f (y ) + f ( x ) - 1, for all of f ( f ( x )) + f ç f ç ÷ ÷ is ………… .
è è x øø
- f (10)
x , y Î R, then is ………… .
7
172 Textbook of Differential Calculus

146. If a , b, g Î R; a + b + g = 4 and a 2 + b 2 + g 2 = 6, the 159. If a + b = 3 - cos 4q and a - b = 4 sin 2 q, then ab is

number of integers lie in the exhaustive range of a is always less than or equal to …… .
……… . 160. Let ‘n’ be the number of elements in the domain set of
the functionf ( x ) =½ ln x + 4 x C 2 x 2 + 3½and ‘Y ’ be the
147. The number of linear functions satisfying 2

f ( x + f ( x )) = x + f ( x ), " x is ………… . ½ ½
148. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, the ratio of number of global maximum value of f ( x ), then [n + [Y ]] is ………
(where [×] = greatest integer function).
one-one functions to the number of strictly monotonic
functions is ………… . 161. If f ( x ) is a function such that
149. If n( A ) = 4, n( B ) = 5 and number of functions from A to B f ( x - 1) + f ( x + 1) = 3 f ( x ) and f (5) = 10, then the sum
19
such that range contains exactly 3 elements is k,
k
is of digits of the value of å f (5 + 12r ) is .................... .
60 r=0
……… .
æx ö
150. If a and b are constants, such that 162. If 2f ( x ) = f ( xy ) + f ç ÷ for all positive values of x and
èy ø
f ( x ) = a sin x + bx cos x + 2x 2 and f (2) = 15, f ( -2) is
y, f (1) = 0 and f ¢ (1) = 1, then f (e ) is ............... .
………… .
-1
163. Let f be a function from the set of positive integers to
151. If the functions f ( x ) = x 5 + e x / 3 and g ( x ) = f ( x ), the
the set of real number such that f (1) = 1 and
value of g ¢ (1) is ……… . n

152. If f ( x ) = x - 12x + p ; p Î {1, 2, 3, …, 15} and for each ‘

3 å r f (r ) = n(n + 1) f (n ), " n ³ 2, the value of 2126
r =1
p’, the number of real roots of equation f ( x ) = 0 is f (1063) is ............... .
1
denoted by q, the Sq is equal to ……… . x4 +x2 +1
5 164. If f ( x ) = , the value of f ( wn )
x2 - x +1
153. Let f ( x ) denotes the number of zeroes in f ¢ ( x ). If
f (m ) - f (n ) = 3, the value of (where ‘w’ is the non-real root of the equation z 3 = 1 and
(m - n ) max - (m - n ) min ‘n’ is a multiple of 3), is ............... .
is ………… .
2 æ1 - x ö
165. If f 2 ( x ) × f ç ÷ = x , [x ¹ - 1, 1 and f ( x ) ¹ 0], the
3
æx 3 + y3 ö è1 + x ø
154. If x 2 + y 2 = 4, the maximum value of ç ÷ is
è x +y ø value of |[ f ( -2)]| (where [×] is the greatest integer
function), is .................... .
155. Let f (n ) denotes the square of the sum of the digits of
166. An odd function is symmetric about the vertical line
natural number n, where f 2 (n ) denotes f ( f (n )), f 3 (n ) ¥

denotes f ( f ( f (n ))) and so on. The value of x = a (a > 0) and if å [ f (1 + 4r )] r = 8, find the
r=0
f 2011
(2011) - f 2010
(2011) numerical value of 8 f (1) .
is ……… .
f 2013
(2011) - f 2012
(2011) e x - e -x 1+ x
167. Let = ln , then find x.
156. If [sin x ] + éê ùú + éê ùú =
x 2x 9x -x 1- x
, where [×] denotes the e x
+e
ë 2p û ë 5p û 10p
3x 2 + 9 x + 17
greatest integer function, the number of solutions in the 168. If the maximum value of f ( x ) = is 5k + 1,
interval (30, 40) is ……… . 3x 2 + 9 x + 7
1 1 1 the value of k is ............... .
157. The number of integral solutions of + = with x £ y
x y 6 169. The period of the function f ( x ) which satisfies the
is ‘a’. The value of ‘a - 6’ is ……… . relation f ( x ) + f ( x + 4 ) = f ( x + 2) + f ( x + 6) is ....……. .
158. If f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree 4 with leading 170. If a non-zero function f ( x ) is symmetrical about y = x ,
coefficient ‘1’ satisfying f (1) = 10, f (2) = 20 and f (3) = 30, then the value of p (constant) such that
æ f (12) + f ( - 8) ö f 2 ( x ) = ( f -1 ( x )) 2 - px × f ( x ) × f -1 ( x ) + 2x 2 f ( x ) for all
then ç ÷ is …… .
è 19840 ø x Î R + is .......…… .
 Chap 03 Functions 173

3x 2 + mx + n 172. Let f ( x ) be a monotonic polynomial of (2m - 1) degree

171. Let f : R ® R and f ( x ) = . If the range of
x 2 +1 where m Î N , then the equation
m +n
2 2 f ( x ) + f (3x ) + f (5x ) +...+ f (2m - 1) x = (2m - 1) has
this function is [-4, 3], then the value of is.... ………… . roots.
4

Functions Exercise 7 : Subjective Type Questions

173. Let x be a real number. [x] denotes the greatest integer 1 n æ1 n ö
function, {x} denotes the fractional part and ( x ) denotes (i) åf –1
(xi ) = f ç å xi ÷
çn ÷
n i =1 è i =1 ø
the least integer function, then solve the following :
n n
(i) ( x ) 2 = [x ]2 + 2x (ii) å f –1 ( x i ) = å x i , where f –1 denotes the inverse
(ii) [2x ]– 2x = [x + 1] i =1 i =1

(iii)[x 2 ] + 2 [x ] = 3x , 0 £ x £ 2 of f . Find the AM of xi ’ s.

180. Let f ( x ) = x 2 – 2x , x Î R and
(iv)y = 4 –[x ]2 and [ y ] + y = 6
g ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) – 1) + f (5 – f ( x )), show that g ( x ) ³ 0,
(v) [x ] + | x – 2 | £ 0 and –1 £ x £ 3 " x Î R.
174. Let n be a positive integer and define 181. If f is a polynomial function satisfying
f (n ) = 1 ! + 2 ! + 3 ! + ...+ n !. Find polynomials P( x ) and
2 + f ( x ) × f (y ) = f ( x ) + f (y ) + f ( xy ), " x , y Î R and if
Q( x ) such that f (n + 2) = Q (n ) f (n ) + P(n ) f (n + 1) for
f (2) = 5 , find f ( f (2)).
all n ³ 1.
2n – 1 182. If a + b + c = abc , a, b and c Î R + , prove that
ax ær ö
175. If f ( x ) = x (a > 0), evaluate å 2 f ç ÷ . a + b + c ³ 3 3.
a + a r =1
è 2n ø
ì 1
x – [x ]– , if x Ï I
176. Find the domain of the function 183. Consider the function f ( x ) = ïí 2 ,
ì 3 ü ïî0, if x Î I
f ( x ) = log í log| sin x | ( x 2 – 8x + 23) – ý.
î log 2 |sin x | þ where [×] denotes the greatest integral function and I is
177. Let S (n ) denotes the number of ordered pairs ( x , y ) the set of integers. Find g ( x ) = max {x 2 , f ( x ), | x | };
1 1 1 –2 £ x £ 2 .
satisfying + = , where n > 1 and x , y, n Î N .
x y n 184. If f ( x ) is continuous function in [0, 2p ] and f (0) = f (2p ),
(i) Find the value of S(6). then prove that there exists a point c Î(0, p ) such that
(ii) Show that, if n is prime, then S (n ) = 3, always. f (c ) = f (c + p ).
1 1 1 185. Let g (t ) = | t – 1 | – | t | + | t + 1 |, " t Î R.
178. Solve + = { x } + , where [×] denotes the greatest
[x ] [2x ] 3 3 æ –3 ö
Find f ( x ) = max {g (t ) : – £ t £ x }, " x Î ç , ¥ ÷.
integer function and { } denotes fractional part of x. 2 è2 ø
179. Let f ( x ) = x 2 + 3x – 3, x ³ 0. n points x 1 , x 2 , ....., x n are 186. Find the integral solution for n 1n 2 = 2n 1 – n 2 , where
so chosen on the X -axis that n 1 , n 2 Îinteger.
 Chap 03 Functions 177

1 x
(iii) f -1 (x) = x (iv) f -1 (x) = (e - e- x )
log 5 e
Exercise for Session 10 , x>0
-2 p p ù
1. Domain Î[ - 1, 1] and range Î é
2
êë 3 , 3 úû ì
ï x, x<1
2. Domain for f ([| x|]) Î (-3, 3) ï
(v) f -1 (x) = í x , 1 £ x £ 16
Domain for f ([ 2x + 3]) Î[ - 3, 0) ï x2 x > 16
ìïsin 2 x - sin x + 1, - 1 < x < 0 ï ,
3. h(x) = í î 64
ïî2 sin 2 x, 0< x£1 1 + 1 + 4 log2 x
2. f -1 (x) = ,x>0
ì - x, - 2 £ x £ 0 2
ï
4. g (x) = í 0, 0£ x£1 5. gof = {(x + 1)2 , - 2 £ x £ 1}
ï2(x - 1), 1 £ x £ 2 Exercise for Session 12 ì (1 - x)2 , 0£x£
1
î ï 3
2 4 ïï 1 2
Exercise for Session 11 1. 2. 17 3. 4. f (x) = í2x(1 - x), £x£
3 3 ï 3 3
-3+ 5 + 4e
x
ï x2 , 2
1. (i) f -1 (x) = 3 sin x (ii) f -1 (x) = £ x£1
2 ïî 3

Chapter Exercises
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (a)
71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (b) 77. (a,b,d) 78. (b,c,d) 79. (b,c,d) 80. (b,c,d)
81. (a, b) 82. (b, d) 83. (a,b) 84. (a,b, c, d) 85. (b, c) 86. (a, b, c, d)
87. (a, b, c, d) 88. (a,b,c) 89. (b, d) 90. (b, c) 91. (a, b, c, d) 92. (c, d) 93. (a,b, c, d)
94. (a, c) 95. (a, b, c) 96. (a, b, c, d) 97. (a, b, c) 98. (a, c)
99. (a, d) 100. (b, c, d) 101. (a,b,d) 102. (c) 103. (b) 104. (c) 105. (a)
106. (d) 107. (a) 108. (a) 109. (d) 110. (d) 111. (a) 112. (c) 113. (d) 114. (c) 115. (a)
116. (c) 117. (b) 118. (b) 119. (b) 120. (a) 121. (c) 122. (d) 123. (d) 124. (c) 125. (b)
126. (d) 127. (b) 128. (a) 129. (c) 130. (a) 131. (c) 132. (b) 133. (a) 134. (b) 135. (b)
136. (c) 137. (a)
138. (A) ® (s), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (r) 139. (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q)
140. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (p) 141. (A) ® (p,q,s), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p,q,r,s)

142. (4) 143. (7) 144. (2) 145. (4) 146. (2) 147. (2) 148. (3) 149. (6) 150. (1) 151. (3)
152. (9) 153. (9) 154. (6) 155. (1) 156. (1) 157. (4) 158. (1) 159. (1) 160. (5) 161. (2)
162. (1) 163. (2) 164. (3) 165. (2) 166. (7) 167. (0) 168. (8) 169. (8) 170. (2) 171. (4)
172. (1)
1 ì x 2, - 2 £ x £ -1
173. (i) 0, n + , where n Î Z ï
2 ï - x, -1 £ x £ -1 / 4 ì 3 / 2, - 3/ 2 < x £ - 1/ 2
ï 2 + x,
(ii) ìí- 1, - üý (iii) ìí0, 1, , üý ïï
1 4 5 1 1 ï -1 / 2 £ x < 0
183. g ( x ) = í x + , - £ x £ 0 185. f ( x ) = í
î 2þ î 3 3þ ï 2 4 ï 2, 0£ x£2
(iv) {1, - 1, ± 1 + k , where k is any positive proper fraction} ï x, 0 £ x £1 îï x, 2£x
ï 2 ï
(v) no solution 1£x£2
ïî x ,
174. P (x) = x + 3 and Q (x) = - x - 2 186. (- 3, 3), (- 2, 4), (0, 0) and (1, 1) 187. (d)
175. (2n - 1) 188. (2) 189. (d) 190. A ® p, B ® q, C ® q, D ® p
3p ö æ 3p ö p p 3p p
176. x Î (3, p ) È æç p , ÷ È ç , 5÷ 191. é - , - ùú È éê , ùú 192. (d) 193. (d)
è 2 ø è 2 ø ëê 2 10 û ë 10 2 û
177. (i) S (6) = 9 194. (a) 195. (a) 196. (b) 197. (c) 198. (d) 199. (b)
29 19 97 200. (a) 201. (c) 202. (b) 203. (a) 204. (a) 205. (d)
178. Possible solutions are , , .
12 6 24 206. (a) 207. (d) 208. (d) 209. (d)
n
179.
1
S xi = 1 181. f ( f (2)) = 26 210. (b) 211. (d) 212. (c)
n i=1
 6. (a) f ( x ) = x 4 + 2x 3 - x 2 + 1

Solutions
A polynomial of degree even will always be into.
(b) f ( x ) = x 3 + x + 1
Þ f ¢( x ) = 3 x 2 + 1, i.e. injective as well as surjective.
(c) f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 , neither injective nor surjective as
range Î [1, ¥ ).
1. Here, (d) f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 - x + 1
Y Y
Þ f ¢( x ) = 3 x 2 + 4 x - 1
y=f1(x) y=f2(x)
1 1 Þ D>0
\ f ( x ) is surjective but not injective.
X′ X X′ X
0 1 –1 0 7. Here, f ( x ) is bijective, hence f -1( 4) exists when y = 4.
Y′ Y′ \ 2x 3 + 7x - 9 = 0
Y Y Þ (2 x 2 + 2 x + 9 ) ( x - 1 ) = 0
Þ x = 1 only, as 2 x 2 + 2 x + 9 = 0 has no other root.
1 2
X′ 0 X X′ 0
X e x × log x × 5 x + 2 × ( x 2 - 7 x + 10 )
–1 8. Here, f ( x ) =
–1 –1 2 x 2 - 11 x + 12
y=f3(x) y=f4(x)=f3(–x) 2
Y′ e x × log x × 5 x + 2 × ( x - 2 ) ( x - 5 )
Y′ =
(2 x - 3 ) ( x - 4 )
Þ f1( x ) = - f 3( - x ) 3
Note that at x = and x = 4, function is not defined and in
2. Only in option (d), the graph has a symmetry w.r.t. origin. 2
4 æ3 ö
3. Here, f (x ) = open interval ç , 4 ÷ , function is continuous.
è2 ø
1 - x2
2
4 e x × log x × 5 x + 2 × ( x - 2 ) ( x - 5 )
Þ f (sin x ) = \ lim
| cos x | x®
3+ (2 x - 3 ) ( x - 4 )
2
4
and f (cos x ) = ( + ve) ( + ve) ( - ve) ( - ve)
| sin x | = =-¥
( + ve) ( - ve)
\ g( x ) = | sin x | + | cos x | 2
e x × log x × 5 x + 2 × ( x - 2 ) ( x - 5 )
p and lim
\ Period of g( x ) = x ® 4- (2 x - 3 ) ( x - 4 )
2
( + ve) ( + ve) ( - ve)
f (1 ) = =¥
4. If x = 1, we see f (y ) = for all y ( + ve) ( - ve)
y
æ3 ö
Put y = 30 In the open interval ç , 4 ÷ , the function is continuous and
è2 ø
Þ f (1 ) = 30 × f (30 ) = 30(20 ) takes up all real values from ( - ¥, ¥ ).
= 600 …(i) Hence, range of the function is ( -¥, ¥ ).
Now, let y = 40 9. As, x = cos-1 (cos 4) = cos-1(cos(2p - 4)) = 2p - 4
f (1 ) 600
Þ f ( 40 ) = = = 15 and y = sin -1 (sin 3 )
40 40
= sin -1 (sin( p - 3 )) = p - 3
{e | x | sgn x } [e | x | sgn x ]
5. h( x ) = log( f ( x ) × g( x )) = log e ×e
\ x + y = 3p - 7
e | x | sgn x
= log e = e| x | sgn x æ 2 sin x + sin 2 x 1 - cos x ö
2/ 3
10. f ( x ) = ç × ÷
\ h( x ) = e |x|
sgn x è 2 cos x + sin 2 x 1 - sin x ø
ì e , x>0 x
æ 2 sin x × (1 + cos x ) (1 - cos x ) ö
2/ 3
ï =ç × ÷
= í 0, x=0 è 2 cos x × (1 + sin x ) (1 - sin x ) ø
ï -e - x , x < 0
î For domain, sin x ¹ ± 1
Þ h ( x ) + h ( - x ) = 0 for all x ì p pü
Þ x Î R - í( 4n - 1 ) , ( 4n + 1 ) ý
\ h( x ) is odd. î 2 2þ
 Chap 03 Functions 179

æ (1 - cos2 x ) ö
2/ 3
Case II x 2 - 5 x - 24 ³ 0, x + 2 ³ 0
\ f ( x ) = ç tan x × ÷ = tan 2 x
è (1 - sin 2 x ) ø and x 2 - 5 x - 24 > ( x + 2 ) 2
Þ Range Î [ 0, ¥ ) Þ x Î ( - ¥, - 3 ] È [8, ¥ ) , x Î [ - 2, ¥ )
11. As, f ( x + 2) = e sin { x + 2} × cos p ( x + 2)
=e sin { x } × cos px
= f (x ) and x 2 - 5 x - 24 > x 2 + 4 x + 4
\ Periodic with period 2. Þ 9 x < – 28
-28
12. Here, y = x - 2x + 3 = ( x - 1) + 2 Þy min = 2
4 2 2 2
Þ x<
9
Þ log 0.5 ( x 4 - 2 x 2 + 3 ) £ log1/2 2 = - 1
\ No solution, i.e. x Î f. …(ii)
\ f ( x ) = cot -1 (log 0.5( x 4 - 2 x 2 + 3 )) ³ cot -1( -1 ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
é 3p ö x Î ( - ¥, - 3 ]
Þ Range Î ê , p ÷
ë 4 ø
18. Here, f ( f ( x )) = x
13. Here, loge ( x 2 + e ) ³ 1, for all x Î R Þ m(mx + b ) + b = x
\ 0<
1
£1 Þ m 2x + b(m + 1 ) = x
log( x 2 + e ) Þ m = ± 1, b = 0
é 1 ù ì 0, x ¹ 0 If f ( - f ( x )) = - x Þ - m(mx + b ) + b = - x
Þ ê ú =í
ë log( x + e ) û î 1 , x = 0 Þ - m 2x + b( -m + 1 ) = - x
2

ì 1 Þ m = ± 1 and b = 0
ï , x¹0
Þ f (x ) = í 1 + x 2 \Only 2 straight lines, i.e. y = ± x.
ï x=0 rx
î 2, 19. Here, f ( g( x )) = and g( f ( x )) = rx
Which is shown in figure as 1 + (r - 1 ) x
rx
Y If f ( g( x )) = g( f ( x )), then = rx
1 + (r - 1 ) x
2
Þ rx = rx(1 + (r - 1 ) x )
1
Þ r (r - 1 ) x 2 = 0
X′ X If this is to be true for infinitely many x, then
0 r (r - 1 ) = 0 Þr = 0, 1
20. Since, f is a linear function, so it has the form f ( x ) = mx + b
because f (1 ) £ f (2 ), we have m ³ 0. Similarly, f (3 ) £ f ( 4 )
Y′ Þm £ 0.
\ Range of f ( x ) Î [ 0, 1 ) È {2 }. Hence, m = 0 and f is constant function. Thus, f ( 0 ) = f (5 ) = 5
14. Let x + 3 = t 21. Suppose R is just a rectangle whose four vertices are
(1, 2 ), (1, - 2 ), ( - 1, - 2 ), ( - 1, 2 ).
\ f (t ) = sin({t }) Þ Period = 1
-| x| The X -axis and Y -axis symmetries in the problem are satisfied,
15. As, e can be shown by graphical transformation. but the point (2, 1 ) is not contained in R.
Y 22. Here, 2{y } = [ x ] + 1
(0, 1) Since, 0 £ y < 1
y=e– x \ {y } = y
X
X′
O
and 0 £ [ x ] + 1 < 2, i.e. -1 £ [ x ] < 1
When -1 £ x < 0 Þ y = 0
Y′
1
When 0 £ x < 1 Þy =
16. Here, [ x ] { x } = 1 2
1 1 1 Y
Þ { x} = or x - [ x ] = Þ x = [x ] +
[x ] [x ] [x ]
Obviously, x > 2 (0,1/2) y=1/2
1
\ x = m + , m Î N - {1 } X′ X
m –1 0 1
17. Here, x 2 - 5x - 24 > x + 2 is equivalent to the
collection of two system of inequations.
Y′
Case I x 2 - 5 x - 24 ³ 0 and x + 2 < 0
1
Þ ( x - 8 ) ( x + 3 ) ³ 0 and x < - 2 \ The required area = .
Þ x £ -3 …(i) 2
180 Textbook of Differential Calculus

23. Here, -1 £ cos x £ 1 So, the roots of f ¢( x ) = 0 are x = - 1, 2.

Þ - sin 1 £ sin(cos x ) £ sin 1 Y
Þ [sin(cos x )] = 0, - 1
Also, -1 £ sin x £ 1
Þ cos1 £ cos(sin x ) £ 1 2
X′ X
\ [cos(sin x )] = 0, 1 –1 0
ì -p p ü
\ f ( g( x )) has range í ,0, ý.
î 2 2þ
Y′
24. As we know, { f ( x )} Î [ 0, 1 )
Now, f ( x ) = 0 will have all real roots, if f ( -1 ) > 0 and
Þ [{ f ( x )}] = 0 f (2 ) < 0.
\ e 2x + e x - 2 = [{ x 2 + 10 x + 11 }] Þ -2 - 3 + 12 + a > 0 and 16 - 12 - 24 + a < 0
Þ e 2x + e x - 2 = 0 Þ -7 < a < 20
e f (x ) - e | f (x ) |
Þ (e x + 2 )(e x - 1 ) = 0 29. g( x ) = , - 1 £ f (x ) £ 1
e f (x ) + e | f (x ) |
\ e x = 1 is the only solution. For 0 £ f ( x ) £ 1,
Þ x=0 g( x ) = 0
Þ Number of solutions is 1. -1 £ f ( x ) < 0
25. We know that, { x } = x - [ x ]. e f (x ) - e - f (x ) e 2 f (x ) - 1 2
g( x ) = f ( x ) - f (x )
= 2 f (x ) = 1 - 2 f (x )
\ { x } + {2 x } + {3 x } + ...+ {12 x } = 78 x. e +e e +1 e +1
Þ x - [ x ] + 2 x - [2 x ] + 3 x - [3 x ] + ... + 12 x - [12 x ] = 78 x For -1 £ f ( x ) < 0,
Þ ( x + 2 x + 3 x + ...+12 x ) - ([ x ] + [2 x ]+ ...+ [12 x ]) = 78 x é 1 - e2 ö
g( x ) Î ê , 0÷
Þ [ x ] + [2 x ]+ ...+ [12 x ] = 0 ë1 + e
2
ø
\ 0 £ 12 x < 1
é 1 - e2 ù
1 1 1 For -1 £ f ( x ) < 1 , g( x ) Î ê , 0ú
Þ 0£x< , " £x£
ë1 + e
2
12 25 10 û
é1 1ö 30. f ( x ) = | x | - { x } ; | x | ³ { x }
\ Common values of x Î ê , ÷ .
ë 25 12 ø
Y
1
Since, x is of the form .
n
1 1 1 1 1
\ x = , , ,..., ,
25 24 23 14 13 X′ X
O
i.e. 13 solutions. Y′
26. - 20 £ 2 cos x - 4 sin x £ 20 æ 1ù
Þ X Î ç - ¥, - ú È [ 0, ¥ )
Þ 0 £ (2 cos x - 4 sin x ) 2 £ 20 è 2û
1 1 Þ Y Î [ 0, ¥ ) and f ( x ) is many-one.
min = = ; max = 1
1 + 20 21 31. Given, curves are y = ln x and y = ax.
22 Þ ln x = ax has exactly two solutions.
Þ M+m=
21 ln x ln x
Þ = a has exactly two solutions to find the range of .
æ pö x x
27. f ( x ) = 2 sin ç x + ÷ + 2 2 1
è 4ø x × - ln x
ln x dy x 1 - ln x
æ pö Let y = , x > 0; = =
or f ( x ) = 2 cos ç x - ÷ + 2 2 x dx x2 x2
è 4ø
y is increasing, if 1 - ln x > 0 or ln x < 1 Þ 0 < x < e
Þ Y = [ 2, 3 2 ]
æ 1ù ln x
é 3p p ù é p 5p ù Range of y Î ç - ¥, ú graph of y =
and X = ê- , ú or ê , è eû x
ë 4 4û ë 4 4 úû ln x
For exactly two solutions of =a
28. Let f ( x ) = 2x 3 - 3x 2 - 12x + a, then x
f ¢( x ) = 6 ( x 2 - x - 2 ) = 6 ( x + 1 )( x - 2 ) æ 1ö
Þ a Î ç 0, ÷
è eø
 Chap 03 Functions 181

32. Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c as it touches X -axis at x = 3 In this case any a will satisfy, since 2 cos a can never be more
-b than 2.
Þ =3 Thus, the inequation is satisfied for any x in (0, 1) and for any a.
2a
log x log 2
Þ b = - 6a …(i) If x Î (1, ¥ ), then log 2 x > 0 Þ + >0
Also, 9a + 3b + c = 0 …(ii) log 2 log x
4a - 2b + c = 3 …(iii) The inequation cannot be satisfied unless
3 18 27 cos a = - 1 and x = 2
Þ a = ,b = - ,c =
25 25 25 i.e. log 2 x = 1
3 2 Option (d) is wrong, since in the last case there are infinite
Þ f (x ) = (x - 6x + 9)
25 solution.
| x|
3 æ1ö
33. y = 2 { x } - { x } 2 - 38. If we draw the graph of ç ÷ and x 2 - a, then the range of
4 è2ø
3 1 3 value of a will be ( -1, ¥ ).
Þ 2 {x } - {x } - ³ 0 Þ £ {x } £
2
4 2 2 Y y = x2 + 1
1
Þ £ {x } < 1 (Q 0 £ { x } < 1)
2 (0, 1)
3 1
\ 2 { x } - { x } 2 - is increasing for £ { x } < 1.
4 2
é 1ù X′ X
Þ Range = ê 0, ú
ë 4û
34. Replace x by - x
Y′
Þ x[ f ( x ) + f ( - x )] = 0 Maximum possible solution for ‘x’ is ‘2’.
Þ f ( x ) is an odd function. 39. f ( x ) ¹ | cos x | is true only when
Þ f iv ( x ) is also odd Þ f iv ( 0 ) = 0 | cos x | = 1 Þ x = 0, p , 2 p
35. [y + [y ]] = 2 cos x Þ [y ] = cos x é pö
40. | cos x | + cos x > 0 ® x Î ê 0, ÷
Þ
1
y = [sin x + [sin x + [sin x ]]] = [sin x ] ë 2ø
3 é pö
For x Î ê 0, ÷ , 1 £ sin x + cos x £ 2
Þ[sin x ] = cos x ë 2ø
Number of solutions in [ 0, 2p ] is 0. æ pö
But sin x + cos x ¹ 1 Þ x Î ç 0, ÷
Hence, total solution is 0. è 2ø
\Both are periodic with period 2p. æ pö
Now, for x Î ç 0, ÷ ,
36. By replacing x = x + 1 and x = x - 1, we get è 2ø
f (x + 2) + f (x ) = 2 f (x + 1) …(i) log sin x + cos x ( | cos x | + cos x ) ³ 0
f (x ) + f (x - 2) = 2 f (x - 1) …(ii) 1 æ pù
Þ cos x ³ Þ x Î ç 0, ú
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), gives 2 è 3û
f (x + 2) + f (x - 2) + 2 f (x ) 41. y = (( x + a ) 2 - 1)1/4 = [( x + a - 1)( x + a + 1)]1/4
= 2 [ f ( x + 1 ) + f ( x - 1 )] ( x + a - 1 )( x + a + 1 ) ³ 0
= 2 2 f (x ) x ³ 1 - a and x £ - 1 - a for a > 0
\ f (x + 2) + f (x - 2) = 0 For a < 0, x £ 1 - a, x ³ - 1 - a
On replacing x by x + 2, we get ( x + a ) £ 1 and ( x + a ) ³ - 1
f (x + 4) + f (x ) = 0 For a £ - 1, x £ 0 and range is [ 0, ¥ ).
f ( x + 8 ) = - f ( x + 4 ) = f ( x ), " x 42. f ( x ) = log (log (log x ))
\ f ( x ) is periodic with period 8. log x > 1 when x Î (e, ¥ )
37. The equation has meaning, if x > 0, x ¹ 1. \log (log x ) > 0 and hence, log (log (log x )) is well defined and
\ Domain = ( 0, 1 ) È (1, ¥ ) uniquely.
If x Î( 0, 1 ), then log 2 x < 0 It is evidently one-one. Since, the range of log x = R, f ( x ) is
log x log 2 one-one and onto.
and log 2 x + log x 2 = +
log 2 log x 43. x 2 - 4 px + q 2 > 0, " x Î R
= sum of a negative number £ - 2 Þ 4p 2 - q 2 < 0 …(i)
r + p < qr
2 2
…(ii)
182 Textbook of Differential Calculus

x+r æ pö
2
æ pö p2
2
Let y = Þ ç x - ÷ + çy - ÷ = , i.e. circle
x + qx + p 2
2
è 2ø è 2ø 2
Þ x 2y + x(qy - 1 ) + p 2y - r = 0 …(iii) and f ( x ) = sin -1(sin x ) is shown as
x is real,
Y
Þ (q 2 - 4 p 2 ) y 2 + y ( -2q + 4r ) + 1 > 0
π
From Eq. (i) Þ Coefficient of y 2 is a positive discriminant.
π/2 (π/2,π/2)
= ( 4r - 2q ) 2 - 4(q 2 - 4 p 2 ) π
— g(x)
= 16 (r 2 + p 2 - qr ) < 0 [from Eq. (ii)] √2
X′ X f(x) X′
Hence, Eq. (iii) is true for all real y or y Î ( - ¥, ¥ ). π/2 π
O Y′
44. Here,
x 4 - lx 3 - 3 x 2 + 3 lx Y′
f (x ) =
x -l q
\ Area of shaded part = ´ pr 2
( x 3 - 3 x )( x - l ) 360°
\ f (x ) =
(x - l) 90° p2 p3
= ´p ´ = sq units
Consider, g( x ) = x 3 - 3 x that can be shown as 360° 2 8
x 2 + bx + 1
Y 47. Let y = (b > 1 )
x 2 + 2x + b
2 Þ (y - 1 ) x 2 + (2y - b ) x + (by - 1 ) = 0
Þ D ³ 0 Þ ( 4 - 4b )y 2 + 4y + (b 2 - 4 ) ³ 0 …(i)
X′ X 1
–2 –√3 –1 0 1 √3 2 Since, f ( x ) and have the same bounded set as their range.
f (x )
1
–2 Thus, ( 4 - 4b )y 2 + 4y + (b 2 - 4 ) ³ 0 have roots a and .
a
Y′ \ Product of roots = 1
Now, the range of f ( x ) is the set of entire real numbers, if b2 - 4
l Î [ -2,2 ]. Þ = 1 Þ b 2 - 4 = 4 - 4b
4(1 - b )
Because, if l > 2 or l < -2, then range of f ( x ) Ï R .
or b 2 + 4b - 8 = 0
45. We know that,
-4 ± 16 + 32 -4 ± 4 3
(a - 1 )n = nC 0an - nC1an -1 + nC 2an - 2 b= = = 2 3 -2
2 2
-...+ ( -1 )n -1 × nCn -1 . a + ( -1 )n . nCn p [ x + 24 ] p
48. Since, sin = sin (24 + [ x ])
(a - 1 )n
12 12
\ = nC 0an -1 - nC1 × an - 2 + nC 2 × an - 3
a æ p [x ]ö p [x ]
= sin ç2 p + ÷ = sin
n
Cn è 2 ø 12
+ ...+ ( -1 )n -1 × nCn -1 + ( -1 )n ×
a p [x ]
The period of sin is 24.
(a - 1 ) - ( -1 )
n n 12
Hence, f (n ) = p [x ] p [x ]
a Similarly, period of cos is 8 and period of tan = 3.
4 3
(a - 1 ) 2016 - 1 (a - 1 ) 2017 + 1
Now, f (2016 ) + f (2017 ) = + Hence, the period of the given function = LCM of
a a
1
24, 8, 3 = 24.
(a - 1 ) 2016 [1 + a - 1 ]
= = (a - 1 ) 2016, where a = 3 224 + 1 49. Let f ( x, y ) = ax + by
a
1
Then, f (2 x + 3y , 2 x - 7y )
\ f (2016 ) + f (2017 ) = (3 224 ) 2016 = 3 9 = 3 K = a(2 x + 3y ) + b(2 x - 7y ) = 20 x [given]
\ 2a + 2b = 20 and 3a - 7b = 0
Þ K =9
\ a = 7 and b = 3
46. Here,
2
\ f ( x, y ) = 7 x + 3y
p p2 æ pö
g( x ) = - - çx - ÷ 50. Domain of f ( x ) is [1, 3] and the function is continuous.
2 2 è 2ø
1 1
2 2 f ¢( x ) = - =0
æ pö p2 æ pö 2 x -1 3-x
or çy - ÷ = - çx - ÷
è 2ø 2 è 2ø Þ 3 - x = 2 x -1
 Chap 03 Functions 183

Þ 3 - x = 4x - 4 Þ x =
7 59. There are four possible functions defined in 0 £ x < 1, of them
5 2 are continuous and two are discontinuous, now for each of
7 the points (1, 2, . . ., n - 1 ), keep functions fixed from left of the
\Critical points in [1, 3] are 1, and 3. point, so there are 4 possible functions defined in between next
5
two consecutive integral points of them only one is continuous
f (1 ) = 2 2, f (3 ) = 2 and at last for x = n, there is only one possibility of
discontinuity of the function. So, total number of functions
æ7ö 2 8 = 2 ´ 3n - 1 ´ 1
and f ç ÷ = +2 = 10 , 2 2 being < 10, the range
è5ø 5 5
60. Q k Î odd
= [ 2, 10 ].
f (x ) = k + 3 [even]
51. f ( x ) = cos-1 (sec (cos-1 x )) + sin -1 ( cosec (sin -1 x )) k+3
f ( f (k )) =
Þ -1 £ sec (cos-1 x ) £ 1 2
-1 £ cosec (sin -1 x ) £ 1 k+3 k+3
and If Î odd Þ27 = +3
2 2
Þ sec (cos-1 x ) = ± 1
Þ k = 45 not possible.
and cosec (sin -1 x ) = ± 1 k+3
Now, let Î even
p p 2
Þ cos-1 x = 0, p and sin -1 x = , -
2 2 æk + 3ö k + 3
\ 27 = f ( f ( f (k ))) = f ç ÷=
Þ x = ± 1 and x = ± 1 è 2 ø 4
\ Domain is x = ± 1. \ k = 105
52. Put x = y = 1 Þ f (1) = 2 Verifying f ( f ( f (105 ))) = f ( f (108 )) = f (54 ) = 27
1 æ1ö æ1ö \ k = 105
Put y = Þ f (x ) + f ç ÷ = f (x ) f ç ÷
x èxø èxø Hence, sum of digits of k = 1 + 0 + 5 = 6
Þ f (x ) = x 3 + 1 sin( p { x })
61. f (x ) = 4
x + 3x 2 + 7
Þ g( x ) = 0, " x Î R - { 0 }
Here, f (1 / 2 ) = f ( - 1 / 2 )
53. f ( x ) = f ¢( x ) ´ f ¢¢( x ) is satisfied by only the polynomial of
degree 4. Clearly, f ( x ) is not one-one and also it is dependent on x.
Since, f ( x ) = 0 satisfies x = 1, 2, 3 only. It is clear one of the 62. Since, f ( x ) and g( x ) are one-one and onto and are also the
roots is twice repeated. mirror images of each other which respect to the line y = a. It
\ f ¢(1 ) f ¢(2 ) f ¢(3 ) = 0 clearly indicates that h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ) will be a constant
function and will always be equal to 2a.
54. Total number of functions for which f (i ) ¹ i = 4 5 and number
63. Let g(t ) = 2t 3 - 15t 2 + 36t - 25
of onto functions in which f (i ) ¹ i = 44.
\Required number of functions = 980 g ¢(t ) = 6t 2 - 30t + 36 = 6(t 2 - 5t + 6 )
55. We can send 1, 2, . . . , n - 1 anywhere and the value of f (n ) will = 6(t - 2 )(t - 3 ) = 0 Þ t = 2, 3
then be uniquely determined. For 2 £ t £ 3,
56. Put sin x = t, g(t ) min = g(3 ) = 2 ´ 27 - 15 ´ 9 + 36 ´ 3 - 25 = 2
Also, 2 + | sin t | ³ 2
y = t 3 - 6t 2 + 11t - 6, -1 £ t £ 1
Hence, minimum f(t ) = 2
f ( -1 ) = - 24, f (1 ) = 0
\ 3x + 3 f (x ) = 2
57. g( x ) = f ( x 2 - 2x - 1) + f (5 - x 2 + 2x )
Þ 3 f (x ) = 2 - 3x Q 3 f (x ) > 0
= 2 x 4 - 8 x 3 - 4 x 2 + 24 x + 18
t=2 t=3
g ¢( x ) = 8 x 3 - 24 x 2 - 8 x + 24
–∞ +ve –ve +ve ∞
g ¢( x ) = 0 Þ x = - 1, 1, 3
We observe that, Þ 2 - 3x > 0 Þ 3 x < 2 Þ x < log 3 2
g( x ) ³ min { g( -1 ), g(1 ), g(3 )} = 0
\ x Î ( - ¥, log 3 2 )
\ g( x ) ³ 0, " x Î R
64. Here, x1 x 2 x 3 = x and x be the element of A.
e-| x |
58. Let f ( x ) = [ x ], g( x ) = 120
2 \ x1 x 2 x 3 =
x4
ée-|x | ù
Þ h( x ) = ê ú = 0, " x Î R Þ x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 120 = 2 3 ´ 31 ´ 51.
ë 2 û
184 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Thus, to find number of positive integer solutions of 68. As, a15 and a is the root of x14 + x13 +...+ x + 1 = 0
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 2 3 ´ 31 ´ 51. Now, f ( x ) = x13 + 2 x12 + 3 x11 + ...+13 x + 14
i.e. a + b + g + d = 3, a + b + g + d = 1, a + b + g + d = 1 f (x ) 14
\ = x12 + 2 x11 + 3 x10 + ...+
Þ 3+ 4 -1C 4 -1×1+ 4 -1C 4 -1×1+ 4 -1C 4 -1 = 6C 3×4 C 3×4 C 3 x x
= 20 ´ 4 ´ 4 = 320 \ d = 320 On subtracting, we get
æ 1ö 14
ç1 - ÷ f ( x ) = x + x + x + ...+ x + 1 -
13 12 11
65. –u , v è xø x
—
A
æ a -1ö 14 - a15 - 14 15
g(x)=Ax+u+v g(x)=–Ax–u+v Put x = a , ç ÷ f (a) = - a - =
14
=-
è a ø a a a
y=f(x)
15
P(1, 4) Q(3, 1) \ f (a) = .
1-a
y=g(x) 1514
f(x)=–Ax–c+d f(x)=Ax+c+d Hence, N =
(1 - a )(1 - a 2 )...(1 - a14 )
–c , d
— and we know that
A
From above figure, x15 - 1 = ( x - 1 )( x - a )( x - a 2 )( x - a 3 )...( x - a14 )
4 = A + u + v, 1 = -3 A - u + v. ...(i) x15 - 1
\ ( x - a )( x - a 2 )( x - a 3 )...( x - a14 ) =
and 1 = 3 A + c + d, 4 = - A - c + d ...(ii) x -1
From Eq. (i), 3 = 4 A + 2 u ...(iii) As, x ® 1.
From Eq. (ii), -3 = 4 A + 2c ...(iv) x15 - 1
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get (1 - a )(1 - a 2 )(1 - a 3 )...(1 - a14 ) = lim = 15
x ®1 x - 1
8 A + 2u + 2c = 0
\ N = 15 3 = 313 × 513
u+c
\ = -4 Thus, number of divisors = (13 + 1 )(13 + 1 ) = 14 2 = 196.
A
ì 1 1ü
66. As, f ( x ) is one-one, if f ¢( x ) ³ 0, "x Î R. 69. Here, domain of f ( x ) Þ x Î í - , ý only
î 2 2þ
\ 3 x 2 + 2 x + 4 + a cos x - b sin x ³ 0, "x Î R.
1 æ1ö p
Þ 3 x 2 + 2 x + 4 ³ b sin x - a cos x , "x Î R \ f ( x ) is minimum when x = , i.e. f min ç ÷ =
2 è2ø 2
Þ 3 x 2 + 6 x + 4 ³ a 2 + b 2 , "x Î R 1 æ 1 ö 3p
and f ( x ) is maximum when x = - , i.e. f max ç - ÷ =
[as, b sin x - a cos x £ a + b ] 2 2 2 è 2ø 2
\Sum of maximum and minimum value of function is 2p.
Þ 3x 2 + 6x + 3 + 1 ³ a 2 + b 2 ," x Î R
70. Here, tan -1 ( x 2 - 18x + a ) > 0, " x Î R
Þ 3( x + 1 ) 2 + 1 ³ a 2 + b 2 , " x Î R
Þ x 2 - 18 x + a > 0, " x Î R
\ a 2 + b 2 £ 1 + 3( x + 1 ) 2, since 1 + 3( x + 1 ) 2 ³ 1
Þ (18 ) 2 - 4a < 0
Þ a +b £1
2 2
Þ a > 81
\ Greatest value of (a 2 + b 2 ) = 1 Þ a Î (81, ¥ )
p -1 x4 + x2 + 1 x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 - x 2 (x 2 + 1)2 - x 2 71. As, sin 2 x + sin x + 1 > 0, " x Î R.
67. Here, = 2 = = 2
p + 1 (x + x + 1)2 (x 2 + x + 1)2 (x + x + 1)2 1
\ is always exists.
( x 2 + x + 1 )( x 2 - x + 1 ) sin x + sin x + 1
2
=
(x 2 + x + 1)2
æ 1 ö
p -1 x2 - x + 1 For sin -1 ç 2 ÷ to exists,
\ = , using componendo and dividendo è | x - 1| ø
p + 1 x2 + x + 1
1
2 p 2( x 2 + 1 ) 0< £1
Þ = | x2 - 1 |
2 2x
1 Þ | x2 - 1 | ³ 1
Þ p=x+ …(i)
x Þ x 2 - 1 £ - 1 or x 2 - 1 ³ 1
1-x æ æ 1 öö 1 Þ x2 £ 0 or x 2 ³ 2
As, f ( x ) = Þ f ( f ( x )) + f ç f ç ÷ ÷ = x + ...(ii)
1+ x è è x øø x
Þ x = 0 or (x £ - 2 or x ³ 2 )
æ æ 1 öö
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get f ( f ( x )) + f ç f ç ÷ ÷ = p \ x Î ( - ¥, - 2 ] È [ 2, ¥ ) È { 0 }.
è è x øø
 Chap 03 Functions 185

72. Here, log ( x 2 - x + 1) is defined, when 77. Functions which are not algebraic, are known as transcendal
functions.
x - x + 1 > 0 and x - x + 1 ¹ 1
2 2

Þ x Î R and x ¹ 0, 1 Þ x Î R - { 0, 1 } …(i) ( x - 1)2 + 1 - 2 x - 1

78. f ( x ) = ×x
Again, log (sin -1 x 2 + x + 1 ) exists, when x -1 -1
x -1 -1 ì x, when x Î [2, ¥ )
0 < x2 + x + 1 £ 1 = ×x =í
Þ x + x £ 0 Þ x Î [ -1, 0 ]
2
…(ii) x -1 -1 î - x, when x Î [1, 2 )
x Î [ -1, 0 ) ì 1, x Î [2, ¥ )
f ¢( x ) = í
73. Here, cos-1 x is defined for x Î [ -1, 1] for sin -1 (3x - 4x 3 ) î -1, x Î [1, 2 )
for x defined 0 £ 3 x - 4 x 3 £ 1 æ3ö
\ f ¢(10 ) = 1, f ¢ ç ÷ = -1
è2ø
\ 3 x - 4 x ³ 0 and 3 x - 4 x £ 1
3 3

æ 3ù é 3ù æ 2p ö
Þ x Î ç - ¥, - 1 + cos ç + 2x ÷
ú È ê 0, ú and x Î [ -1, ¥ ) 1 + cos2 x è 3 ø
è 2 û ë 2 û 79. f ( x ) = +
2 2
é 3ù é 3ù
Þ x Î ê -1, - ú È ê 0, ú é æ pö æpö
ë 2 û ë 2 û ê cos çè2 x + ÷ø + cos çè ÷ø
-ë
3 3
74. Here, f ( x ) exists only, if 2
2
( x - 2) 1é æ 2p ö æ p ö 1ù
4x + 8 3 - 52 - 2 2( x - 1) ³ 0. = ê2 + cos2 x + cos ç + 2 x ÷ - cos ç2 x + ÷ - ú
2ë è 3 ø è 3 ø 2û
Þ 2 2x + 2 2( x - 2) - 2 2( x - 1) ³ 52
1 é3 æ pö p æ p öù 3
Þ 2 2x ³ 64 Þ x ³ 3 = ê + 2 cos ç2 x + ÷ × cos - cos ç2 x + ÷ ú =
2 ë2 è 3ø 3 è 3 øû 4
75. y = | sin -1 (2x 2 - 1) | \ f ( x ) is even function, periodic function and
3
dy | sin -1 (2 x 2 - 1 ) | 4x f ( 0 ) = f (1 ) = .
\ = -1
× 4
dx sin (2 x - 1 ) | 2 x | 1 - x 2
2

80. (a) Let f ( x ) = sin(sin -1 x ) = x, " x Î [ - 1, 1]

which would exist, if
So, f ( x ) is one-one and onto.
| 2 x | ¹ 0 , sin -1 (2 x 2 - 1 ) ¹ 0 and 1 - x 2 > 0
2 2
Þ x ¹ 0, 2 x 2 - 1 ¹ 0 (b) Let f ( x ) = sin -1(sin x ) = x
p p
1 é 2 2ù
and | x | < 1 Þ x ¹ 0, ± and | x | < 1 The range is ê - , ú .
2 ë p pû
ì 1 ü
Þ x Î ( -1, 1 ) ~ í 0, ± ý So, f ( x ) is one-one and into.
î 2þ
ì x, x > 0
76. The given function is defined for 5x 2 - 8x + 4 > 0 which is ï
(c) Let f ( x ) = sgn ( x ) × log e x = í - x , x < 0
true, " x Î R. ï 0, x = 0
î
Since, coefficient of x 2 = 5 > 0 and D = 64 - 80 = - 16 < 0
\ Range is [0, 1] for x Î [- 1, 1]
Let g( x ) = 5 x 2 - 8 x + 4 So, f ( x ) is many-one and into.
Here, a =5 > 0 ì x3, x > 0
é D ö é -16 ö é4 ö ï
\Range of g( x ) = ê - , ¥ ÷ = ê - , ¥÷ = ê , ¥÷ (d) Let f ( x ) = x × sgn ( x ) = í - x 3 , x < 0
3

ë 4a ø ë 4 ´ 5 ø ë5 ø ï 0,
î x=0
4
As, £ 5 x 2 - 8 x + 4 < ¥ So, f ( x ) is many-one and into.
5
æ 4ö 81. (a) ( f + g ) (3.5) = f (3.5) + g(3.5) = ( - 0.5) + ( 0.5) = 0
\ log 5/4 ç ÷ £ log 5/4 (5 x 2 - 8 x + 4 ) < log 5/4 ¥
è5ø (b) f ( g(3 )) = f ( 0 ) = 3
Þ -1 £ log 5/4 (5 x - 8 x + 4 ) < ¥
2 (c) f ( g (2 )) = f ( -1 ) = 8
Þ tan -1 ( -1 ) £ tan -1 {log 5/4 (5 x 2 - 8 x + 4 )} < tan -1 ( ¥ ) (d) ( f - g )( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) - g( 4 ) = 0 - 26 = - 26
p p 82. Here, f ( x ) = x 2 - 2ax + a(a + 1)
Þ - £ f (x ) <
4 2 Þ f ( x ) = ( x - a ) 2 + a, x Î [a, ¥ )
é- p pö y = f (x ) = (x - a )2 + a
\ Rf = ê , ÷ Let
ë 4 2ø
186 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Clearly, y ³ a Clearly, the least value of f ( x ) is 4.

Þ ( x - a ) 2 = (y - a ) Þ x = a + y - a The number of integral solutions of f ( x ) = 4 are two, i.e. {2, 3 }.
12
\ f - 1( x ) = a + x -a Also, p - 1, e, Î {2, 3 }
5
-1
Now, f (x ) = f (x ) f ( p - 1 ) + f (e )
\ =1
Þ (x - a ) + a = a +
2
x -a æ 12 ö
2 fç ÷
è5ø
Þ (x - a ) = x - a
2

or ( x - a ) (( x - a ) 3 - 1 ) = 0
87. (a) Number of onto functions
= 4 5 - 4 × 3 5 + 6 × 2 5 - 4 = 240
Þ x = a or a + 1
(b) Number of onto functions, whose range is 3 elements
If a = 5049, then a + 1 = 5050
= 4C 3 (3 5 - 3 × 2 5 + 3 ) = 4 ´ 150 = 600
If a + 1 = 5049, then a = 5048
(c) Number of onto functions, whose range is 2 elements
83. Here, g( x ) = sin(sin -1 { x } ) + cos (sin -1 { x } ) - 1
= 4C 2(2 5 - 2 ) = 6 ´ 30 = 180
= { x } + cos (cos-1 1 - { x } ) - 1
(d) Number of onto functions, whose range is 1 element
= x + 1 - {x } - 1 = 4C1 = 4
If x Î I , then { x } = 0 Þ g( x ) = 0 88. Replacing x by 2,
Also, g( - x ) = g( x ) Þ g( x ) is even. æ1ö
Þ 2 f (2 ) + 2 f ç ÷ - 2 f (1 ) = 4
If x Ï I , then { - x } = 1 - { x } è2ø
Þ g( - x ) = 1 - { x } + { x 2 } - 1 = g( x ) æ1ö
Þ f (2 ) + f ç ÷ = 2 + f (1 ) …(i)
Þ g( x ) is even function. è2ø
\ g( x ) = 0 , x Î I and g( x ) = g( - x ), x Ï I Replacing x by 1,
Þ g( x ) is periodic function. f (1 ) = - 1 …(ii)
84. Given, f (a + x ) = f (a - x ) 1 æ1ö 1 5
Replacing x by , 2 f ç ÷ + f (2 ) + 2 =
2 è2ø 2 2
(a)f (2a - x ) = f (a + (a - x )) = f (a - (a - x )) = f ( x )
\ f (2a - x ) = f ( x ) …(i) 1 æ1ö 1
\ 2 f (2 ) + f ç ÷= …(iii)
(b) f (2a + x ) = f (a + (a + x )) = f (a - (a + x )) = f ( - x ) 2 è2ø 2
\ f (2a + x ) = f ( - x ) …(ii) From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
(c) f (2b + x ) = f ( - x ) [from Eq. (ii)] …(iii) æ1ö
f (2 ) = 1, f ç ÷ = 0
(d) From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get è2ø
f (2a + x ) = f (2b + x ) 89. Let g( x ) = f (100x ) , g(1) = 1
\Period is (2b - 2a ) . Þ g( x + 1 ) - g( x ) = x + 1
85. Here, f (1 + x ) = f (1 - x ) Putting x = 1, 2, 3,¼, 99 and adding, we get
Þ f ( x ) is symmetric about x = 1. 100
100
g(100 ) = 5050 = år = (100 + 1 ) = 5050
\ g( x ) = f (1 + x ) Þ g( - x ) = f (1 - x ) = f (1 + x ) = g( x ) 2
r =1
Þ g( x ) is an even function.
90. We have, f ( x ) = [1 + sin x ] + [1 + sin 2x ] + ¼ + [1 + sin nx ]
ì10 - 4 x, if -¥ < x < 1
ï 8 - 2 x, if 1 < x £ 2 = n + [sin x ] + [sin 2 x ] + ¼ + [sin nx ]
ïï Q x Î( 0, p )
86. f ( x ) = í 4, if 2 < x £ 3
ï 2 x - 2, if 3 < x £ 4 Þ 0 < sin x £ 1
ï ì n, if n is even
ïî 4 x - 10, if 4 < x < ¥ Þ f (x ) = í
în + 1 , if n is odd
Could be shown as
ì 1 , if x is rational
Y 91. (a) f ( x ) = í
î 0 , if x is irrational
ì 1 , if x is rational
y=4 Þ f (x + k ) = í
î 0 , if x is irrational
X′ X
0 1 2 3 4 Þ f ( x ) is periodic but period cannot be determined.
Y′
 Chap 03 Functions 187

ì x - [ x ], 2n £ x < 2n + 1 Þ f (x + 4) = f (x )
ï
(b) f ( x ) = í 1 \ f ( x ) is periodic with period 4.
ïî 2 , 2n + 1 £ x < 2n + 2
94. f ( x ) = 1 - x - x 3
Y 1/2
Replacing x by f ( x ), f ( f ( x )) = 1 - f ( x ) - f 3( x )
1 Hence, the given equation is
X′
–2 –1 0 3 4
X f ( f ( x )) > f (1 - 5 x ), f ( x ) < 1 - 5 x
1 2
f (x ) = 1 - x - x 3
Y′ 1 - x - x 3 < 1 - 5x
\ f ( x ) is periodic with period 2. x 3 - 4x > 0
é 2x ù
ê ú
(c) f (x ) = (-1) ë pû x( x - 2 )( x + 2 ) > 0
é 2( x + p ) ù é 2x ù So, x Î ( -2, 0 ) È (2, ¥ )
ê ú ê ú
Þ f ( x + p ) = ( -1 ) ë p û
= (- 1)ë p û 95. ( x - y ) f ( x + y ) - ( x + y ) f ( x - y ) = 2y (( x - y )( x + y ))
\ f ( x ) is periodic with period p. Let x - y = u, x + y = v
æ px ö uf (v ) - vf (u ) = uv (v - u )
(d) f ( x ) = (ax + a ) - [ax + a ] + tan ç ÷
è 2 ø f (v ) f (u )
- =v -u
æ px ö v u
= {ax + a } + tan ç ÷
è 2 ø æ f (v ) ö æ f (u ) ö
Þ ç - v÷ = ç - u ÷ = constant
è v ø è u ø
ì 1 2ü
\ Period of f ( x ) is LCM of í , ý = 2 f (x )
î a 1þ Let - x = l Þ f ( x ) = ( lx + x 2 )
x
92. Here, ( x + 1) f ( x ) = x
f (1 ) = 2
Þ ( x + 1 ) f ( x ) - x = 0 is (n + 1 ) th degree
l + 1 =2 Þ l =1
Þ ( x + 1 ) f ( x ) - x = ( x - 0 ) ( x - 1 )( x - 2 ) K( x - n ) × k
f (x ) = x 2 + x
Put x = n + 1 Þ(n + 2 ) f (n + 1 ) - (n + 1 ) = (n + 1 )! (k ) …(i)
Put x = - 1 Þ1 = ( -1 )n + 1 × (n + 1 )!(k ) …(ii) 96. Period of sin x = 2p
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2p
and period of cos ( 4 - a 2 x ) = .
ì 1, when n is odd 4 - a2
(n + 1 ) + ( -1 )n + 1 ï
f (n + 1 ) = =í n æ ö
(n + 2 ) , when n is even 2p
ïî n + 2 Þ LCM ç2 p , ÷ = 4p [given]
ç 4 - a ÷ø
2
è
f (x ) - 5
93. We have, f ( x + 1) = …(i) p
f (x ) - 3 i.e. 4 - a 2 = , where p = 1, 3
2
f (x ) × f (x + 1) - 3 f (x + 1) = f (x ) - 5
3 f (x + 1) - 5 15 7 15 7
Þ f (x ) = Hence, a 2 = , ; a = ± ,±
f (x + 1) - 1 4 4 2 2
3 f (x ) - 5 97. f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (a - y ) + f (y ) f (a - x ) …(i)
On replacing x by ( x - 1 ), we have f ( x - 1 ) = …(ii) 1
f (x ) - 1 Put x = y = 0, we get f (a ) =
f (x + 1) - 5 2
Using Eq. (i), we get f ( x + 2 ) = Let y = 0
f (x + 1) - 3
Þ f ( x ) = f ( x ) f (a ) + f ( 0 ) × f (a - x )
f (x ) - 5
-5 1 1
f (x ) - 3 2 f (x ) - 5 Þ f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f (a - x )
= = …(iii) 2 2
f (x ) - 5 f (x ) - 2
-3 Þ f ( x ) = f (a - x )
f (x ) - 3
Put y = a - x in Eq. (i),
3 f (x - 1) - 5
Using Eq. (ii), we get f (x - 2) = f (a ) = ( f ( x )) 2 + ( f (a - x )) 2
f (x - 1) - 1
1
æ 3 f (x ) - 5 ö Þ ( f ( x )) 2 =
3ç ÷ -5 4
è f (x ) - 1 ø 2 f (x ) - 5 1 é 1ù
= = Þ f (x ) = ± êëQ f ( x ) ¹ - 2 úû
…(iv)
3 f (x ) - 5 f (x ) - 2 2
f (x ) - 1 1
Hence, f (x ) =
Using Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we have f ( x + 2 ) = f ( x - 2 ) 2
188 Textbook of Differential Calculus

98. Since, f ( g( x )) is one-one function. 101. We have, f ( x ) = cos-1( -{ -x })

Þ f ( g( x1 )) = f ( g( x 2 )) whenever x1 ¹ x 2 Domain of f ( x ) Î R.
Þ g( x1 ) = g( x 2 ) whenever x1 ¹ x 2 As, 0 £ { - x } < 1 for all x Î R
Þ g( x ) must be one-one. Þ -1 < - { - x } £ 0
Let f ( x ) = y is satisfied by x = x1 and x 2. ép ö
So, range of f ( x ) Î ê , p ÷ .
If g( x ) is such that its range has only one of x1 and x 2, then ë2 ø
f ( g( x )) can be one-one even, if f ( x ) is many-one. \ Range of f ( x ) contains two prime numbers 2 and 3. Graph
99. x sin x is a continuous function value of | x sin x | can be made of f ( x ) does not lie below X -axis. Clearly, f is neither even nor
as large as we like for sufficiently large values of x. odd but many-one.
[x ] \ f ( x + 1 ) = f ( x ) Þ f ( x ) is periodic.
Therefore, range of x sin x = R Þ =0
tan 2 x 102. If we take example of x + sin x, it is non-periodic whereas its
æ pö derivative 1 + cos x is periodic.
For x Î ç 0, ÷ , [ x ] = 0
è 4ø 103. The value of sin 2x + sin ax can be equal to 2, if sin 2x and
æ p ö [x ] sin ax both are equal to one but both are not equal one for any
For x Î ç - , 0 ÷ , > 0. common value of x.
è 4 ø tan 2 x
104. Clearly, f ( x ) is many-one and into function.
[x ]
Therefore, values of are never negative. p 2p
tan 2 x 105. f ( x ) = 2 cos sin x - 2 cos sin x
5 5
[x ]
Thus, range of ¹ R. é p 2p ù
tan 2 x = 2 sin x ê cos - cos
ë 5 5 úû
½ x ½ = 2 sin x [cos 36° - cos 72° ]
½ ½> 1, whenever defined.
½sin x½ = 2 sin x [cos 36° - sin 18° ]
Thus, range of
x
is not R. é 5 + 1 æ 5 - 1öù
sin x = 2 sin x ê -ç ÷ ú = sin x
ë 4 è 4 øû
|x|+ { x } is a continuous function and
\ Range is [ -1, 1 ] .
lim ([ x ] + { x } ) = ¥, 1 1 2p 2p
x®¥ 106. Period of 2 cos ( x - p ) and 4 sin ( x - p ) are ,
3 3 1 1
lim ([ x ] - { x } ) = - ¥
x ® -¥ 3 3
Thus, range of [ x ] + { x } = R. or 6 p , 6 p .
-1
\Period of their sums = 6p
100. (a) f ( x ) = e ln sec x
. g(1 ) = 0 but f (1 ) is not defined. 107. ( f (sin 2x )) 2 = sin 2 x + cos2 x + 2 sin x cos x
Thus, f and g are not identical. = 1 + sin 2 x
(b) f ( x ) = tan (tan -1 x ) = x, " x Î R Þ f ( x ) = 1 + x, " x Î [ -1, 1 ]
and g( x ) = cot (cot -1 x ) = x, " x Î R é p pù
Þ If x Î ê - , ú , then
Thus, f and g are identical. ë 4 4û
ì 1, x > 0 f (tan 2 x ) = 1 + tan 2 x = sec x
ï
(c) f ( x ) = í 0 , x = 0
ï- 1, x < 0 108. Fifth degree equation must have atleast one real root. If it had
î two real roots, f ¢( x ) = 0 must have one real root.
ì 1, x > 0 1
ï 109. Range of Î ( 0, 1 ]
g( x ) = sgn (sgn x) = sgn í 0 , x = 0 1 + x2
ï- 1, x < 0
î æ 1 ö
For domain R, log ç ÷ Î ( - ¥, 0 ]
ì 1, x > 0 è1 + x2 ø
ï
g( x ) = í 0 , x = 0
110. f ( x ) = 2 sin x + 2 cos x - 2 cos x + c = 2 sin x + c
ï- 1 , x < 0
î Þ f (0) = f (p ) = c
Thus, f and g are identical. Hence, many-one function.
cos2 x 111. If f ( x ) = a 0 + a1x + a 2x 2 + . . . + an xn , an ¹ 0.
(d) g( x ) = cot 2 x - cos2 x = - cos2 x
sin 2 x Then, f (n + 1) ( x ) = 0, for all x while any derivative of sin x is
= cot 2 x cos2 x = f ( x ), " x ¹ p never a zero function.
Thus, f and g are identical. Hence, sin x is not polynomial function.
 Chap 03 Functions 189

112. f is injective, since x ¹ y ( x, y Î R ). \ [ x ] = 3 and [y ] = 2

Þ loga { x + x + 1 } ¹ loga {y + y + 1 }
2 2 Þ [ x ] = 2 and [y ] = 3
Þ [ x ] = - 1 and [y ] = 0
Þ f ( x ) ¹ f (y )
Þ [ x ] = 0 and [y ] = - 1
f is onto because loga ( x + x2 + 1) = y \ The x + y = [ x ][y ] becomes x + y = 6 Þ x + y = 0
a y - a -y \ Non-integer solution lies on x + y = 6
Þ x=
2 Þ x+y =0
æxö æxö 1é æ x öù
113. f ( x ) - 2 f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ = x 2 118. We have, f ( x ) = ê f ( xy ) + f ç ÷ ú …(i)
è2ø è 4ø 2ë èy øû
2
æxö æxö æxö æxö Interchanging x and y , we get
\ f ç ÷ -2f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ = ç ÷
è2ø è 4ø è8ø è2ø 1é æy öù
f (y ) = ê f ( xy ) + f ç ÷ ú …(ii)
2 2ë è x øû
æxö æxö æ x ö æxö
f ç ÷ -2f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 4ø è8ø è 16 ø è 4 ø On subtracting, we get
1 ì æxö æ y öü
M M M M f ( x ) - f (y ) = í f ç ÷ - f ç ÷ý …(iii)
2 2 î èy ø è x øþ
æxö æ x ö æ x ö æxö
f ç n ÷ -2f ç n + 1 ÷ + f ç n + 2 ÷ = ç n ÷
è2 ø è2 ø è2 ø è2 ø From Eq. (i), put x = 1, we get
On adding, we get 1é æ 1 öù
f (1 ) = ê f (y ) + f ç ÷ ú …(iv)
æxö æ x ö æ x ö 2ë èy øû
f (x ) - f ç ÷ - f ç n + 1 ÷ + f ç n + 2 ÷
è2ø è2 ø è2 ø
æ1ö
æ 1 1 ö f (1 ) = 0 Þ f (y ) = - f ç ÷
= x 2 ç1 + 2 + . . . + 2n ÷ èy ø
è 2 2 ø
æxö æy ö
æ x ö 4x
2
Hence, f ç ÷=-f ç ÷
As n ® ¥, we get f ( x ) - f ç ÷ = èy ø èxø
è2ø 3
æxö
Repeating the same procedure again, we get \ From Eq. (iii) becomes f ( x ) - f (y ) = f ç ÷
èy ø
16 x 2
f (x ) - f (0) =
9 f (x + h ) - f (x )
119. f ¢( x ) = lim =
h®0
\ f (3 ) = 16 + f ( 0 ) h
Using the result in Q. No. 118.
114. f ( x ) - f ( 0) - x = 0
æ x + hö æ hö
16 x 2 9 f ç ÷ f ç1 + ÷
Þ - x = 0 Þ x = 0, è x ø è xø
9 16 lim = lim
h®0 h h®0 h
\Two solutions.
æ hö
32 x f ç1 + ÷
115. f ¢( x ) = \ f ¢( 0 ) = 0 è xø 1 1 2
9 = lim = f ¢(1 ) = × 2 =
h®0 h x x x
×x
116. For integral solution, x
x + y - [ x ][y ] = 0 Þ x + y - xy = 0 2
\ f ¢(3 ) =
Þ -1 + x + y - xy = - 1 Þ ( x - 1 )(y - 1 ) = 1 3
i.e. only possible, if 2
( x - 1 = 1, y - 1 = 1 ) or ( x - 1 = - 1, y - 1 = - 1 ) 120. From Q. No. 119, f ¢( x ) =
x
Þ x = 2, y = 2 or x = 0, y = 0 f ( x ) = 2 log x + C
\ Solutions are (0, 0) or (2, 2). Þ f (1 ) = 0 Þ C = 0
117. For non-integral solution, \ f ( x ) = 2 log x
Let x = [ x ] + f1 \ f (e ) = 2 log e = 2
and y = [y ] + f 2 121. f ( x ) = odd degree polynomial + bounded function
\ [ x ][y ] = [ x ] + f1 + [y ] + f 2
cot -1 x Î ( 0, p )
([ x ] - 1 )([y ] - 1 ) = f1 + f 2 + 1
Also, f ¢( x ) > 0
Now, 0 £ f1 + f 2 < 2
\ f ( x ) is one-one and range of f ( x ) Î R
\ f1 + f 2 = 1
\ f ( x ) is onto.
Þ ([ x ] - 1 )([y ] - 1 ) = 2
Þ f ( x ) is one-one onto.
Which is possible for
190 Textbook of Differential Calculus

1 2( x + 2 )
122. We have, f ( x ) = x 4 + 1 + Þ sin -1 ³1
x2 + x + 1 x -1
= even degree polynomial + bounded function 2( x + 2 ) p
i.e. 1 £ sin -1 £
1 æ 4ö x -1 2
Î ç 0, ÷
x + x + 1 è 3ø
2
2( x + 2 )
Þ sin 1 £ £1
4 x 3( x 2 + x + 1 ) 2 - 2 x - 1 x -1
f ¢( x ) =
(x 2 + x + 1)2 Solving this, we get
Þ f ¢( x ) = 0 has at least one root which is repeated odd ( 4 - sin 1 )
x£- or x > 1 …(ii)
number of times or it has one root which is not repeated, since 2 - sin 1
numerator of f ¢( x ) is a polynomial of degree 7. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Þ f ( x ) = 0 has a point of extreme. é ( 4 + sin 1 ) ù
\ f ( x ) is many-one into. x Î ê - 5, - ú
ë 2 - sin 1 û
123. f ( x ) = odd degree polynomial + bounded function sin 2x Þ
Sol. (Q. Nos. 130 to 132)
f ( x ) is onto.
P ( x ) + 1 = 0 has a thrice repeated root at x = 1.
f ( x ) is one-one, if f ¢( x ) ³ 0 or f ¢( x ) £ 0, " x
P ¢( x ) = 0 has a twice repeated root at x = 1.
Þ a ³ 1 È a £ - 1 Þa Î R - ( -1, 1 )
Similarly, P ¢( x ) = 0 has a twice repeated root at x = - 1.
124. Dh = { -1, 1}, as minimum occurs before maxima for f ( x ).
Þ P ¢( x ) is divisible by ( x - 1 ) 2( x + 1 ) 2
\ a3 = - 1
Q P ¢( x ) is degree at most 4.
Now, g( x ) = a 0 + a1x + a 2x 2 - x 3
Þ P ¢( x ) = a( x - 1 ) 2( x + 1 ) 2
g ¢( x ) = a1 + 2a 2x - 3 x 2
æ x5 2 3 ö
= - 3( x - 3 )( x + 3 ) = - 3 x 2 + 27 \ P (x ) = a ç - x + x÷ + c
è 5 3 ø
\ a1 = 27, a 2 = 0
\ a1 + a 2 = 27 15
Now, P(1 ) = - 1 and P( -1 ) = 1 Þ a = - and c = 0
8
125. Also, g( -3 ) > 0 and g(3 ) > 0
15 æ x 5 2 3 ö
Þ a 0 > 54 and a 0 < - 54 \ P (x ) = - ç - x + x÷
\ a 0 > 54 8 è 5 3 ø
126. Now, g( x ) = a 0 + 27 x - x 3 15 æ x 4 2 x 2 ö
=- xç - + 1÷
f ( x ) = a 0 + 27 x - x 3 8 è 5 3 ø
f (10 ) = a 0 + 270 - 1000 x 4 2x 2
has only one real root x = 0, as - + 1 has imaginary
Clearly, f (10 ) is defined for a 0 > 730. 5 3
roots.
127. Q ff -1( x ) = x 10
-1
( x )) 4 - 4 ( f -1 ( x )) 2 Also, sum of pairwise product of all roots = - .
2( f =x 3
Þ ( f -1( x )) 4 - 4( f -1( x )) 2 - log 2 x = 0 Also, P ¢¢( x ) = -
15 3
(x - x )
\ -1
( f ( x )) = 2 +2
4 + log 2 x 2
15
-1
\ Range of f ( x ) is [2, ¥ ). Let f (x ) = - (x 3 - x )
2
-1
\ f (x ) = 2 + 4 + log 2 x 15 15
f ¢( x ) = - (3 x 2 - 1 ) = - ( 3 x - 1 )( 3 x + 1 )
-1 2 2
\ f (x ) > 0
– + –
sin x + 4
128. g( x ) = 1
sin x - 2 Þ Maximum at x = .
-6 cos x é é p ùù 3
Þ g ¢( x ) = ³0 êQ x Î ê 2 , p ú ú
(sin x - 2 ) 2 ë ë ûû 130. (a) 131. (c) 132. (b)
Þ g( x ) is an increasing function, hence one-one function. Sol. (Q. Nos. 133 to 135)
1
é æpö ù Given, f - 1( x ) = …(i)
\ Range is ê g ç ÷ , g( p ) ú and lies in [ -5, - 2 ]. f (x )
ë è 2 ø û
Replace x by f ( x ).
129. x : x in domain of g -1( x ), 1 æ1ö
Þ f ( f ( x )) = Þ f -1 ç ÷ = f ( x )
g -1( x ) in domain of f -1( x ) x èxø
2( x + 2 ) æ1ö
g -1( x ) = sin -1 , " x Î [ -5, - 2 ] …(i) Þ f - 1( x ) = f ç ÷ ...(ii)
x -1 èxø
 Chap 03 Functions 191

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, p 3p

Þ - <x<
1 æ1ö æ1ö 10 10
= fç ÷ Þ f (x ) × f ç ÷ = 1 ...(iii)
f (x ) èxø èxø But x Î[ 0, p ] domain x Î[ 0, 3 p /10 ).
Putting x = 1, we get (B) 4 sin 2 x - 8 sin x + 3 £ 0, 0 £ x £ 2 p
( f (1 )) 2 = 1 Þ (2 sin x - 1 )(2 sin x - 3 ) £ 0 Þ 2 sin x - 1 ³ 0
1 é p 5p ù
133. f (1) = 1 [ as f (1 ) > 0 ] Þ sin x ³ Þ x Îê ,
2 ë 6 6 úû
134. If f ( x ) is continuous, then being bijective, it will be monotonic. (C) | tan x | £ 1; x Î [ - p , p ] , -1 £ tan x £ 1
1 p p
135. f ( f ( x )) would be increasing but f ( f ( x )) = , i.e. decreasing. np - £ x £ np +
x 4 4
Thus, contradicts the facts of f ( x ) being continuous. p p
Put n = 0, - £x£
Sol. (Q. Nos. 136 to 137) 4 4
f (m + n ) = f (m ) + f (n ) p p
Put n = 1, p- £x£p+
n = N -1 4 4
3p 5p
\ f ( N ) = f (1 ) + f ( N - 1 ) £x£
4 4
f ( N - 1 ) = f (1 ) + f ( N - 2 )
3p
f ( N - 2 ) = f (1 ) + f ( N - 3 ) But, from domain £x£p
4
M M M p p 5p 3p
Put x = - 1, - p - £ x £ - p + Þ - £x£-
f (2 ) = f (1 ) + f (1 ) 4 4 4 4
On adding all, we get 3p
But from domain - p £ x £ -
f ( N ) = Nf (1 ) 4
Now, if f (1 ) = 1 é 3p ù é p p ù é 3p ù
Finally, ê - p , - È - , È , pú
Þ f ( N ) = N , which contains even numbers ë 4 úû êë 4 4 úû êë 4 û
If f (1 ) = 2 Þ f ( N ) = 2 N , which contains even numbers é p ù é 3p ù
But, x Î[ 0, p ] \ x Î ê 0, ú È ê , p ú
\ f (1 ) is 1 or 2. ë 4û ë 4 û
136. (c) 137. (a) æ 1 sin x ö
(D) cos x - sin x ³ 1, 0 £ x £ 2 p Þ 2 ç cos x - ÷ ³1
138. (A) sin (cos x ), sin (cos x ) ³ 0 è 2 2 ø
2np £ cos x £ (2n + 1 ) p æ p pö 1
Þ ç cos x × cos - sin x × sin ÷ ³
0 £ cos x £ 1 è 4 4ø 2
é p pù æ pö 1
x Î ê2np - , 2np + ú Þ cos ç x + ÷ ³
ë 2 2û è 4ø 2
p p p
(B) ( cos (sin x ) ) -1 Þ 2np - £ x + £ 2np +
4 4 4
cos (sin x ) > 0
p
p p Þ 2np - £ x £ 2np
- < sin x < Þ x ÎR 2
2 2
On substituting suitable values of n, according to domain
(C) tan ( p sin x )
p é 3p ù
p sin x ¹ ± x Î ê , 2p ú È { 0}
2 ë 2 û
1 140. (A) When -1 £ x < 0,
sin x ¹ ±
2 f ( x ) Î [ 0, 1 ) and f ( x ) = x + 1
p ì pü
\ x ¹ np ± Þ x Î R - ín p ± ý \ f ( f ( x )) = ( x + 1 ) 2 - 1 = x 2 + 2 x
6 î 6þ
(cos 2 x + 1 )(sec 2 x + 2 tan x )
(D) ln (tan x ) (B)
p 2
tan x > 0 Þ 0 < x < æ 1 - tan 2 x ö æ 1 + tan 2 x + 2 tan x ö
2 =ç + 1 ÷ç ÷
p æ pö è 1 + tan 2 x øè 2 ø
np < x < np + Þ x Î çn p, n p + ÷
2 è 2ø
1 + tan 2 x + 2 tan x
=
139. (A) | 4 sin x - 1 | < 5 Þ - 5 < 4 sin x - 1 < 5 1 + tan 2 x
Þ 1 - 5 < 4 sin x < 1 + 5 æ 2 tan x ö 2 tan x
i.e. f ç ÷ =1 +
1- 5 1+ 5 è 1 + tan 2 x ø 1 + tan 2 x
Þ < sin x <
4 4
\ f (x ) = 1 + x
192 Textbook of Differential Calculus

(C) Put x = 0, y = 0, f (1 ) = (1 + 1 ) 2 = 2 2 Þ
1
= 2n
Put x = 0, y = 1, f (2 ) = (1 + 2 ) = 3 2 2 f (n )
1 1
By induction, f (x ) = (x + 1)2 Þ = 4020 Þ =2
f (2010 ) (2010 ) f (2010 )
éxù
(D) When 4 < x < 5, ê ú = 1 ax + b a
ë 4û 145. If f (x ) = ,x ¹
cx - a c
Þ f (x ) = 2x + 3
y -3 Then, f ( f ( x )) = x
\ y = 2x + 3 Þ x = æ æ 4 öö 4
2 \ f ( f ( x )) = x and f ç f ç ÷ ÷ =
x -3 è è x øø x
\ f - 1( x ) =
2 æ æ 4 öö 4
\ f ( f ( x )) + f ç f ç ÷ ÷ = x + ³ 4
141. (A) Simplifying the expression, we get f ( x ) = .
5 è è x øø x
4
(B) Period of tan (e { x } ) = 1, the period of
146. Here, g = 4 - ( a + b)
[ x + a ] - ( x + a ) + a - 5 is also 1, hence 1 is the period. Þ a 2 + b 2 + g 2 = a 2 + b 2 + ( 4 - ( a + b )) 2 = 6
(C) h( x ) - h( - x ) = 0, hence even function. Þ 2b 2 + 2b( a - 4 ) + (2 a 2 - 8 a + 10 ) = 0
(D) Simplifying the expression, k( x ) = 0. But, b ÎR Þ D ³ 0
142. Here, f ( x + y ) - kxy = f ( x ) + 2y 2 Þ 3a2 - 8a + 4 ³ 0
Put x = 0 Þ f (y ) = f ( 0 ) + 2y 2 Þ a Î[2 / 3, 2 ]
Þ f (x ) = 2x 2 + f (0) \Integer values of a are {1, 2}.
Now, f (1 ) = 2 + f ( 0 ) Þ f (0) = 0 147. Here, f ( x ) = ax + b
\ f (x ) = 2x 2 Þ a( x + f ( x )) + b = x + ax + b
æ 1 ö Þ a f (x ) = x
Hence, f ( x + y ) × f ç ÷=4 x
èx + yø Þ f (x ) =
a
143. Given, f ( x - f (y )) = f ( f (y )) + xf (y ) + f ( x ) - 1 …(i) x
Þ = ax + b
On putting x = 0 and f (y ) = 0, we get a
f (0) = f (0) + f (0) - 1 Þ b = 0 Þ a2 = 1
Þ f (0) = 1 …(ii) Þ a=±1
On putting x = a and f (y ) = a, we get Þ f ( x ) = ± x, i.e. 2 functions.
f ( 0 ) = f (a ) + a 2 + f (a ) - 1 148. Number of one-one functions = 5P3 = 60
a 2
x 2
Number of strictly monotonic functions = 10 + 10 = 20
Þ f (a ) = 1 - \ f (x ) = 1 -
2 2 Number of one - one functions 60
\ = =3
2 Number of strictly monotonic functions 20
(10 )
Þ - f (10 ) = - 1 + = 49
2 149. The number of different sets contains exactly 3 elements of
- f (10 ) B = 5C 3 = 10
Hence, =7
7 The number of onto functions from A to the set contains
144. Given, 3 elements = 10 [3 4 - 3(2 ) 4 + 3 ] = 360
f (1 ) + 2 f (2 ) + 3 f (3 ) + ¼ + nf (n ) = n (n + 1 ) f (n ) …(i) k
\ =6
On putting (n + 1 ) in place of n, we get 60
f (1 ) + 2 f (2 ) + ¼ + n f (n ) + (n + 1 ) f (n + 1 ) 150. Here, f (2) = a sin(2) + 2b cos(2) + 8
= (n + 1 ) (n + 2 ) f (n + 1 ) …(ii) and f ( -2 ) = - a sin(2 ) - 2b cos(2 ) + 8
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get On adding, we get
(n + 1 ) f (n + 1 ) = (n + 1 ) (n + 2 ) f (n + 1 ) - n(n + 1 ) f (n ) f (2 ) + f ( -2 ) = 16
Þ (n + 1 ) f (n + 1 ) - nf (n ) = 0 \ f ( -2 ) = 1
Þ nf (n ) = (n + 1 ) f (n + 1 ) 151. Let y = f (x ) = x 5 + e x /3
Þ 2 f (2 ) = 3 f (3 ) = ¼ = nf (n ) Then, y( 0 ) = 1
1
From Eq. (i), Also, g ¢(y ) =
f (1 ) + [n f (n ) + nf (n ) + ¼ to (n - 1 ) terms] = n(n + 1 ) f (n ) f ¢( x )
Þ f (1 ) + (n - 1 ) n f (n ) = n(n + 1 ) f (n ) 1
\ g ¢(1 ) = =3
f ¢( 0 )
Þ f (1 ) = 2n f (n ) Þ 1 = 2n f (n )
 Chap 03 Functions 193

152. f ( x ) = x 3 - 12 x + p 160. Clearly, x 2 + 4x ³ 0

Þ f ¢( x ) = 3 x 2 - 12 = 0 2x 2 + 3 ³ 0 Þ x 2 + 4x ³ 2x 2 + 3
Þ x=±2 and x is an integer.
\ f ( -2 ) = p + 16 and f (2 ) = p - 16 for all p Î {1, 2, …, 15} \ x Î {1, 2, 3 }
f ( - 2 ) > 0, f (2 ) < 0. It has 3 roots in each case. \ n =3
x2 + 4x
1 Now, maximum value C 2x 2 = 12
\ Sq = 3 ´ 15 = 45 Þ × Sq = 9 + 3
5
\ Y = | ln 12 |
153. Given, f (m ) - f (n ) = 3 \ [Y ] = 2 (ln e 2 < ln 12 < ln e 3 )
If m = 125, n = 124 Þ (m - n ) min = 1 \ [n + [Y ]] = [3 + 2 ] = 5
m = 24, n = 5
161. f ( x - 1) + f ( x + 1) = 3 f ( x )
Þ f (m ) - f (n ) = 3 Þ (m - n ) max = 19
Þ f (x ) + f (x + 2) = 3 f (x + 1)
(m - n ) max - (m - n ) min 19 - 1
\ = =9 Putting x = x + 2,
2 2
f (x + 1) + f (x + 3) = 3 f (x + 2)
154. As, x 2 + y 2 = 4
Þ x = 2 cos q, y = 2 sin q f ( x - 1 ) + 2 f ( x + 2 ) + f ( x + 3 ) = 3[ 3 f ( x + 1 )]
x + y3
3 f (x - 1) + f (x + 3) = f (x + 1)
\ = x 2 + y 2 - xy = 4 - 2 sin 2 q
x+y Again, putting x = x + 2,
f (x + 1) + f (x + 5) = f (x + 3)
æ x3 + y 3 ö
Þ ç ÷ = ( 4 - 2(sin 2 q)) max = 4 + 2 = 6 f (x - 1) + f (x + 5) = 0
è x + y ø max f (x + 5) = - f (x - 1)
155. f (2011 ) = (2 + 0 + 1 + 1 ) 2 = 16 f (x ) = - f (x + 6)
f ( x + 12 ) = f ( x )
f 2(2011 ) = (1 + 6 ) 2 = 49 19

f 3(2011 ) = ( 4 + 9 ) 2 = 169 Þ å f (5 + 12r ) = 20 f (5 ) = 20 ´ 10 = 200

r=0
f (2011 ) = (1 + 6 + 9 ) = 256
4 2
Hence, the sum of digits = 2 + 0 + 0 = 2
f 5(2011 ) = (2 + 5 + 6 ) = 169 162. Put x = 1,
æxö
2 f ( x ) = f ( xy ) + f ç ÷
M M
…(i)
f (2011 ) = 256
2n èy ø
\ f 2n + 1 (2011 ) = 169 æ1ö
2 f (1 ) = f (y ) + f ç ÷ …(ii)
f 2011(2011 ) - f 2010(2011 ) 169 - 256 èy ø
Þ = =1 æ1ö
f 2013(2011 ) - f 2012(2011 ) 169 - 256 Þ f (y ) = - f ç ÷
èy ø
x é x ù 2x é 2x ù
156. As, [sin x ] = - + -
2 p êë 2 p úû 5 p êë 5 p úû Replacing x by y and y by x in Eq. (i), we get
æy ö
ì x ü ì 2x ü 2 f (y ) = f (yx ) + f ç ÷ …(iii)
[sin x ] = í ý + í ý èxø
î 2p þ î 5p þ
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
Thus, only one solution, i.e. x = 10p.
æxö ì æ x öü æxö
157. As, xy - 6( x + y ) = 0 Þ( x - 6 ) (y - 6 ) = 36 2{ f ( x ) - f (y )} = f ç ÷ - í - f ç ÷ý = 2 f ç ÷ …(iv)
èy ø î è y øþ èy ø
\( x - 6, y - 6 ) = (1, 36 ), (2, 18 ), (3, 12 ), ( 4, 9 ),(6, 6 ),
æxö
( - 36, - 1 ),( - 18, - 2 ), ( -12, - 3 ), ( - 4, - 9 ), ( -6, - 6 ), f ( x ) - f (y ) = f ç ÷ …(v)
Q x £ y Þ a = 10 èy ø
\ (a - 6) = 4 f (1 + h ) - f (1 )
lim = f ¢(1 ) = 1
h®0 h
158. Here, f ( x ) - 10x = ( x - 1) ( x - 2) ( x - 3) ( x - a )
f (1 + h )
\ f (12 ) + f ( - 8 ) = 19840 lim = 1, as f (1 ) = 0
h®0 h
f (12 ) + f ( - 8 )
Þ =1 æ hö
19840 f ç1 + ÷
f (x + h ) - f (x ) è xø 1
3 - cos 4 q + 4 sin 2 q f ¢( x ) = lim = lim =
159. On adding, a= = (1 + sin 2 q) 2 h®0 h h®0 h x
2
f ( x ) = log | x | + c
On subtracting, b = (1 - sin 2 q) 2
f (1 ) = 0 Þ c = 0
Þ ab = cos4 2 q £ 1 f (e ) = 1
194 Textbook of Differential Calculus

163. f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + . . . + n( f (n )) = n(n + 1) f (n ) Hence, given equation is equivalent to f ( x ) = f -1( x ).
Þ f (1 ) + 2 f (2 ) + 3 f (3 ) + . . . + (n + 1 ) f (n + 1 ) Û f (x ) = x [as f is an increasing function]
= (n + 1 )(n + 2 ) f (n + 1 ) 1+x 1+x
Þ ln =x Þ = e 2x
Þ n(n + 1 ) f (n ) = (n + 1 ) 2 f (n + 1 ) 1-x 1-x
Þ nf (n ) = (n + 1 ) f (n + 1 ) 1+x
Now, draw the graph of y = and y = e 2x . They intersect
i.e. 2 f (2 ) = 3 f (3 ) = . . . = n( f (n )) 1-x
1 each other at x = 0.
i.e. f (n ) =
n 3 x 2 + 9 x + 17 10
1 168. Let y = =1 + 2
\ 2126 f (1063 ) = 2126 ´ =2 3x + 9x + 7
2
3x + 9x - 7
1063 Now, 3 x 2 + 9 x + 7 = 3( x 2 + 3 x ) + 7
x4 + x2 + 1 2
164. Now, f (x ) = 2 Þ f (x ) = x 2 + x + 1 æ 3ö 1 1
x -x+1 = 3 ç x + ÷ + ³ for all x Î R
è 2ø 4 4
Now, f ( wn ) = w2n + wn + 1 = 3 10
Maximum value of 2 is 40.
Q wn = 1, when n is a multiple of 3. 3x + 9x + 7
æ1 - x ö Maximum value of y is 1 + 40 = 41
165. f 2( x ) × f ç ÷=x
3
…(i) \ 5k + 1 = 41 Þk = 8
è1 + x ø
1-x 169. The period of the function is found as follows
Replacing x by , we get Given, f ( x ) + f ( x + 4 ) = f ( x + 2 ) + f ( x + 6 ) …(i)
1+x
3 \ Replacing x by x + 2, we get
æ1 - x ö æ1 - x ö f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) = f (x + 4) + f (x + 8)
f2ç ÷ f (x ) = ç ÷ …(ii) …(ii)
è1 + x ø è1 + x ø From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
æ1 + x ö
3 f (x ) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 4) + f (x + 8)
By using Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get f 3( x ) = x 6 ç ÷ Þ f ( x ) = f ( x + 8 ) Þ Thus, 8 is the period.
è1 - x ø
170. Since, f ( x ) is symmetric about y = x.
æ1 + x ö 8
Þ f (x ) = x 3 ç ÷ Þ f ( -2 ) = Þ f - 1( x ) = f ( x )
è1 - x ø 3
\ f 2( x ) = ( f -1( x )) 2 - px × f ( x ) f -1( x ) + 2 x 2 f ( x )
Þ [ f ( -2 )] = 2 Þ |[ f ( -2 )]| = 2
Þ f 2( x ) = f 2( x ) - px × f ( x ) × f ( x ) + 2 x 2 f ( x )
166. f (2a - x ) = f ( x )
Þ f ( x ) × {2 x 2 - px × f ( x )} = 0
Þ f (2a - x ) = - f ( x )
Q f is odd Þ f ( x + 4a ) = f ( x ) 2x 2
Þ f (x ) = [as f ( x ) ¹ 0]
Þ f is periodic with period 4a. px
Þ f (1 + 4r ) = f (1 ) 2x
Þ f (x ) = Þ p =2
¥ p
1
Now, å[ f (1 )] r = 8 Þ =8
1 - f (1 ) 3 x 2 + mx + n mx + n - 3
r=0 171. Here, f ( x ) = =3+
7 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Þ f (1 ) = Þ 8 f (1 ) = 7 mx + n - 3
8 \ y =3+
1 + x2
e x - e - x e 2x - 1 2
167. Consider, f ( x ) = -x
= 2x = 1 - 2x For y to lie in [ -4,3 ).
e +e
x
e +1 e +1 mx + n - 3 < 0,"x Î R.
4e 2x This is possible only if m = 0.
Þ f ¢( x ) = > 0, " x Î R
(e 2x + 1 ) 2 n -3
When m = 0, then y = 3 + .
Þ f ( x ) is an increasing function. 1 + x2
Þ Domain : R, Range : ( -1, 1 ) If x ® ¥ Þ y max ® 3 -
For f : R ® ( -1, 1 ), Now, y min occurs at x = 0. [ as 1 + x 2 is maximum ]
e x - e -x -x n -3
f (x ) = x , f : ( -1, 1 ) ® R y min = 3 +
=n ...(i)
e + e -x 1
Since, -4 £ y < 3
e y - e -y \ y min = -4
Þ x= ...(ii)
e y + e -y From Eqs. (i) and (ii), n = -4
1+x 1+x m 2 + n 2 16
Þ ey = Þ f -1( x ) = ln \ = =4
1-x 1-x 4 4
 Chap 03 Functions 195

172. Since, f ( x ) is monotonic. Þ(1 ! + 2 ! + K + n !) + {(n + 1 )! + (n + 2 )!} = {Q(n ) + P (n )}

Þ f ¢( x ) < 0 or f ¢( x ) > 0, "x Î R. {1 ! + 2 ! + 3 ! + K + n !} + P (n ).(n + 1 )!
Þ f ¢( px ) < 0 or f ¢( px ) > 0, "x Î R. Equating coefficients of {1 ! + 2 ! + ... + n !} and (n + 1 )! on both
Þ f ( px ) is monotonic sides, we get
Þ f ( x ) + f (3 x ) + f (5 x ) + ...+ f ((2m - 1 ) x) Q (n ) + P (n ) = 1 and P (n ) = (n + 3 )
is a monotonic polynomial of odd degree (2m - 1), so it will So, P (n ) = n + 3
attains all real values only once. or P ( x ) = x + 3 and Q( x ) = 1 – P ( x )
\ f ( x ) + f (3 x ) + f (5 x ) + ...+ f ((2m - 1 ) x) = (2m - 1 ) has only Hence, P ( x ) = x + 3 and Q( x ) = – x – 2.
one root. ax
175. Given, f ( x ) = ...(i)
173. (i) We have, a + a x

( x ) 2 = [ x ]2 + 2 x …(i) a1 – x a
Now, f (1 – x ) = 1 – x = ...(ii)
Þ (i + f ) = [i + f ]2 = [i + f ]2 + 2i + 2 f
2
a + a a + ax
[Q x = i + f , where i is integer and f is fraction] From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have f ( x ) + f (1 – x ) = 1 ...(iii)
Þ {i + f } 2 = (i ) 2 + 2i + 2 f ær ö æ 2n – r ö
Þ fç ÷+ fç ÷ =1
Þ i 2 + 2i + 1 = i 2 + 2i + 2 f è 2n ø è 2n ø
1
Þ f = Þ [ x ] = 0, ( x ) = 1
2n – 1
ær ö æ 2n – r ö
2n – 1
2 Þ å f ç ÷+ å f ç
è 2n ø r = 1 è 2 n ø
÷ = 2n – 1
r =1
Put the value of ( x ) and [ x ] in Eq. (i), we get
1
x = 0, n + , n Î Z
2n – 1
ær ö
2n – 1
æ t ö
2 Þ å f ç ÷+
è 2n ø å f ç ÷ = 2n – 1
è 2n ø
[putting 2n – r = t]
r =1 t =1
(ii) We have,
[2 x ] - 2 x = [ x + 1 ]
2n – 1
æ r ö
Þ - {2 x } = [ x ] + 1 Þ [ x ] + {2 x } = -1
Hence, å 2f ç ÷ = 2n – 1
è 2n ø
r =1
1
\ x = -1, - æ 3 ö
2 176. f ( x ) is defined if ç log| sin x| ( x 2 – 8x + 23) – ÷>0
è log 2|sin x | ø
(iii) We have, [ x ] + 2( x ) = 0, [ x ]2 = 3 x,0 £ x £ 2
2
æ x 2 – 8 x + 23 ö
For 0 £ x < 1, [ x ] = 0, [ x 2 ] = 0 Þ x = 0 Þ log| sin x| ç ÷>0
è 8 ø
1 £ x < 2, [ x ] = 1, [ x 2 ] = 1 Þ x = 1
é 3 log 28 ù
4 ê as = = log| sin x| 8 ú
2 £ x < 2, [ x ] = 1, [ x 2 ] = 2 Þ x = ë log 2 |sin x | log 2 |sin x | û
3
5 This is true, if
3 £ x < 2, [ x ] = 1, [ x 2 ] = 3 Þ x = x 2 – 8 x + 23
3 |sin x | ¹ 0, 1 and <1
8 8
x = 2, [ x ] = 2, [ x ] = 4 Þ x =
2
3 [as |sin x| < 1 Þ log| sin x | a > 0 Þa < 1]
ì 4 5ü é 8 ù x 2 – 8 x + 23
\ x Î í 0, 1, , ý <1
êëQ 3 Ï [ 0, 2 ]úû
Now,
î 3 3þ 8
Þ x 2 – 8 x + 15 < 0
(iv) We have, y = 4 - [ x ]2 and [y ] + y = 6
ì 3p ü
Now, [y ] + y = 6, Þ y = 3 Þ x Î (3, 5 ) – í p , ý
î 2þ
On substituting the value of y in y = 4 - [ x ]2
æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
Þ [ x ]2 = 1, x = ±1, ± 1 + k, where k is fraction. Hence, domain = (3, p ) È ç p , ÷ È ç , 5÷.
è 2 ø è 2 ø
(v) We have, 177. Given, nx + ny = xy
[ x ]+ | x - 2| £ 0, - 1 £ x £ 3
Þ xy – nx – ny + n 2 = n 2 Þ( x – n ) (y – n ) = n 2
For -1 £ x < 0, [ x ] = - Þ - 1 - x + 2 £ 0 x ³ 1, Not
possible. Þ( x – n ) and (y – n ) are two integral factors of n 2.
0 £ x £ 3, [ x ] and | x - 2| are positive. [as x, y , n Î N ]
Hence, no solution. Obviously, if d is one divisor of n 2, then for each such divisor,
174. Given, f (n ) = 1 ! + 2 ! + 3 ! +... + n ! there will be an ordered pair (x, y).
So, S (n ) = number of divisors of n 2.
\ f (n + 2 ) = Q (n ) f (n ) + P (n ) f (n + 1 )
Þ {1 ! + 2 ! + ... + (n + 2 )!} = Q(n ){1 ! + 2 ! + ... + n !} (i) For n = 6, we have d = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36.
+ P (n ){1 ! + 2 ! + ...+ (n + 1 )!} Thus, S (6 ) = 9
196 Textbook of Differential Calculus

(ii) If n is prime, then d = 1, n and n 2. The above result holds if and only if,
Hence, S (n ) = 3, whenever n is prime. f (x ) = 1 + xn

178. We have,
1
+
1
= {x } +
1 If f ( x ) = an xn + an – 1 xn – 1 + ...+ a 0
[ x ] [2 x ] 3
Then, consider (1 + f ( x ))(1 – f (y )) = f ( xy )– 1
Case I x Î I , [ x ] = x, [2 x ] = 2 x { x } = 0 Compare constant term on either side, we have
1 1 1 3 1 9
\ + = Þ = Þ x= 1 – a0 = a0 – 1 Þ a0 = 1
x 2x 3 2x 3 2
Comparing coefficient of xny n , we get
9
Ï I , Not possible. an2 = an Þan = 1 or otherwise polynomial would not be of
2
Case II, x Î I + f , where I is an integer and f is fraction n degree.
1 Comparing coefficient of x, x1, ..., xn –1 on either sides, we have
[ x ] = I , [2 x ] = 2 I { x } = f , 0 £ f <
2 a1 = a 2 = ... = an –1 = 0
1 1 1 3 1 Þ an = 1 and f ( x ) = xn + 1
Þ + =f + Þ f = -
I 2I 3 2I 3
Given, f (2 ) = 5, i.e. 2n + 1 = 5
3 1 1 1 3 5
Þ 0£ =- < Þ £ < Þ n =2
2I 3 2 3 2I 6
9 9 Thus, f (x ) = x 2 + 1
Þ < I £ Þ I = 2, 3, 4
5 2 Þ f ( f (2 )) = f (5 ) = 5 2 + 1 = 26
5 1 1 a +b +c
When I = 2, f = ; I = 3, f = ; I = 4, f = 182. Using AM ³ GM, we have ³ (abc )1/3
12 6 24 3
ì 29 19 97ü a +b +c
\ x Î í , , ý. Þ ³ (a + b + c )1 / 3 [Qa + b + c = abc]
î 12 6 24þ 3
n n
Þ (a + b + c ) 2/3 ³ 3
179. The condition, å f –1 (xi ) = å xi can be written as; Þ (a + b + c ) ³ 3 3
i =1 i =1
n n
1 1 183. Clearly, g( x ) =
å f –1 (xi ) = n å xi
n i =1 i =1 ì x 2, – 2 £ x £ – 1
ï
i.e. AM of y-coordinates of f –1
= AM of x-coordinates of f ï – x, – 1 £ x £ –
1
The given two conditions hold if and only if ï 4
í x + 1 , – 1 £ x < 0 as graphically if,
x 2 + 3x – 3 = x ï 2 4
Þ x 2 + 2x – 3 = 0 ï x, 0 £ x £ 1
ï 2
So, x = –3, + 1 î x , 1 £ x £ 2 can be expressed as shown in the following figure
But x ³ 0 Þ x =1 [neglecting x = –3]
1 n Y
Hence, we can write å xi = 1, which is the required result. y = |x| y = x2 y = |x|
n i =1 (1,1) 1 (1,1)
y = 1/2
180. We have, f ( x ) = x 2 – 2x ...(i)
y = f(x)
and g ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) – 1 ) + f (5 – f ( x )) ...(ii) X′ X
–2 –3/2 –1 –1/2 0 1/2 1 3/2 2
\ g ( x ) = f ( x 2 – 2 x – 1 ) + f (5 – x 2 + 2 x )
= [{ x 2 – 2 x – 1 } 2 – 2 { x 2 – 2 x – 1 }] –1

+ [(5 – x + 2 x ) – 2 { 5 – x + 2 x }]
2 2 2
Y′

Þ g ( x ) = 2 x – 8 x – 4 x + 24 x + 18
4 3 2

To show g ( x ) ³ 0, we find its range. 184. Let g( x ) = f ( x ) – f ( x + p ) ...(i)

i.e. g ¢( x ) = 8 x 3 – 24 x 2 – 8 x + 24 let g ¢( x ) = 0 Y g(0)
Þ x = –1, 1 and 3
Þ g ( x ) ³ min { g (–1 ), g (1 ), g (3 )} = 0
Hence, g ( x ) ³ 0, "x Î R. (π, 0)
181. Given, 2 + f ( x ) f (y ) = f ( x ) + f (y ) + f ( xy ) X′
O X
or 1 – f ( x ) – f (y ) + f ( x ) f (y ) = f ( xy ) – 1
Y′ g(π)
or (1 – f ( x )) (1 – f (y )) = f ( xy ) – 1
 Chap 03 Functions 197

At x = p , g( p ) = f ( p ) – f (2 p ) ...(ii) 187. PLAN

At x = 0, g( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) – f ( p ) ...(iii) (i) For such questions, we need to properly define the
Adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we have functions and then we draw their graphs.
g( 0 ) + g( p ) = f ( 0 ) – f (2 p ) = 0 (ii) From the graphs, we can examine the function for
Þ g( 0 ) = – g( p ) continuity, differentiability, one-one and onto.
Þ g ( 0 ) and g ( p ) are of opposite sign. ì - x, x < 0
f1( x ) = í x Þ f 2( x ) = x 2, x ³ 0
Þ There is a point c between 0 and p such that îe , x ³ 0
g (c ) = 0 ...(iv) ìsin x, x < 0 ì f 2( f1( x )), x<0
f 3( x ) = í Þ f 4 (x ) = í
From Eq. (i) putting x = c, we have î x , x ³ 0 î 2 1
f ( f ( x )) - 1, x³0
g (c ) = f (c ) – f ( p + c ) ...(v) ì x 2, x < 0 ì x 2, x<0
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we have Now, f 2( f1( x )) = í 2x Þ f 4 = í 2x
î e , x ³ 0 î e - 1, x³0
f (c ) – f ( p + c ) = 0
Y
Hence, f (c ) = f ( p + c ) y=f1(x) y=f2(x)
Y

185. We have, g(t ) = | t - 1 | - | t | + | t + 1|

ì -t, t < -1 X X
ït + 2, -1 £ t < 0
ï
Þ g(t ) = í
ï2 - t , 0 £ t < 1
ïî t, t ³1 y=f3(x) Y
Graph of g(t ) is y=f4(x)
Y
Y
2 X
g(t)
X

1 y=f2 of1(x)
Y
1
t′ t
− 3/2 − 1/2 O 1
X

Y′
ì -3 ü æ -3 ö
f ( x ) = maxí g(t ) : £ t £ xý x Î ç , ¥ ÷ ì2 x , x<0
î 2 þ è 2 ø As, f 4 ( x ) is continuous, f ¢4 ( x ) = í 2x
î2e , x > 0
Clearly from the graph,
-3 -1 f 4 ¢( 0 ) is not defined. Its range is [ 0, ¥ ), thus f 4 is onto.
ì
ï 3 / 2, 2 < x £ 2 Also, horizontal line (drawn parallel to X-axis) meets the curve
ï -1 more than once, thus function is not one-one.
ï
f ( x ) = í x + 2, £x<0
188. Given, g { f ( x ) } = x Þ g ¢ { f ( x ) } f ¢ ( x ) = 1
2
ï
ï 2, 0 £ x £2 If f ( x ) = 1 Þ x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1
ïî x, x ³2 Substitute x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
1
186. n1n2 = 2n1 – n2 [given] g ¢(1 ) =
2n f ¢ (0)
Þ n2(n1 + 1 ) = 2n1 Þ n2 = 1 é 1 x /2 1ù
n1 + 1 Þ g ¢ (1 ) = 2 êëQ f ¢( x ) = 3 x + 2 e Þ f ¢( 0 ) = 2 úû
2

2
Þ n2 = 2 – Alternate Solution
n1 + 1
Given, f (x ) = x 2 + e x /2
Since, n1, n2 are integers.
1
2 Þ f ¢( x ) = 3 x 2 + e x / 2
\ ÎInteger 2
n1 + 1 1
For x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1, f ¢( 0 ) = and g ( x ) = f -1 ( x )
Þ n1 + 1 = –2, – 1, 1, 2 2
Þ n1 = –3, – 2, 0, 1 Replacing x by f ( x ), we have
Þ n2 = 3, 4, 0, 1 g ( f ( x )) = x Þ g ¢( f ( x )) × f ¢( x ) = 1
Þ Integral solutions of the form (n1, n2 ) are 1
Put x = 0, we get g ¢(1 ) = =2
(–3, 3 ), (–2, 4 ), ( 0, 0 ), (1, 1 ). f ¢( 0 )
198 Textbook of Differential Calculus

1 - cos2 x 1
189. Given, F ( x ) = ò sin 2 x dx = ò dx 192. Given, fk ( x ) = (sin k x + cosk x ),
2 k
1
F ( x ) = (2 x - sin 2 x ) + C where x Î R and k > 1
4 1 1
f 4 ( x ) - f 6( x ) = (sin 4 x + cos 4 x ) - (sin 6 x + cos6 x )
Since, F ( x + p ) ¹ F ( x ) 4 6
Hence, Statement I is false. 1 1
= (1 - 2 sin x × cos x ) - (1 - 3 sin 2 x × cos2 x )
2 2

But Statement II is true, as sin 2 x is periodic with period p. 4 6

( x - 1 )( x - 5 ) 1 1 1
190. Given, f ( x ) = = - =
( x - 2 )( x - 3 ) 4 6 12
The graph of f ( x ) is shown as 193. Plan To check nature of function.
(i) One-one To check one-one, we must check whether
Y f ¢( x ) > 0 or f ¢( x ) < 0 in given domain.
(ii) Onto To check onto, we must check
y=1 Range = Codomain

X'
Description of Situation To find range in given domain
X
0 1 2 3 5 [a, b], put f ¢( x ) = 0 and find x = a1, a 2, …, an Î[a, b ]
Now, find { f (a ), f ( a1 ), f ( a 2 ), K, f ( an ), f (b )}
Y' its greatest and least values gives you range.
Now, f : [ 0, 3 ] ®[1,29 ]
A. If - 1 < x < 1 Þ 0 < f ( x ) < 1 f ( x ) = 2 x 3 - 15 x 2 + 36 x + 1
B. If 1 < x < 2 Þ f ( x ) < 0 \ f ¢( x ) = 6 x 2 - 30 x + 36 = 6 ( x 2 - 5 x + 6 )
C. If 3 < x < 5 Þ f ( x ) < 0 = 6 ( x - 2 )( x - 3 )
D. If x > 5 Þ 0 < f ( x ) < 1 + − +

1 - 2x + 5x 2
é p pù 2 3
191. Given, 2 sin t = , t Îê- , ú
3x 2 - 2x - 1 ë 2 2û For given domain [0, 3], f ( x ) is increasing as well as
decreasing Þ many-one
Put 2 sint = y Þ - 2 £ y £ 2 Now, put f ¢( x ) = 0
1 - 2x + 5x 2 Þ x = 2, 3
\ y =
3x 2 - 2x - 1 Thus, for range f ( 0 ) = 1, f (2 ) = 29, f (3 ) = 28
Þ (3y - 5 ) x 2 - 2 x(y - 1 ) - (y + 1 ) = 0 Þ Range Î[1, 29 ]
\ Hence, the function is into.
Since, x Î R - {1, - 1 / 3 }
194. f ( x ) = x 2, g( x ) = sin x
[ as, 3 x - 2 x - 1 ¹ 0 Þ( x - 1 )( x + 1 / 3 ) ¹ 0 ]
2
( gof )( x ) = sin x 2
\ D³0
go ( gof ) ( x ) = sin (sin x 2 )
Þ 4 (y - 1 ) 2 + 4 (3y - 5 ) (y + 1 ) ³ 0
( fogogof ) ( x ) = (sin (sin x 2 )) 2
Þ y -y -1 ³ 0
2
Given, ( fogogof ) ( x ) = ( gogof ) ( x )
æ 1ö 5
2
Þ (sin (sin x 2 )) 2 = sin (sin x 2 )
Þ çy - ÷ - ³ 0
è 2ø 4 Þ sin (sin x 2 ) {sin (sin x 2 ) - 1 } = 0
æ 1 5ö æ 1 5ö Þsin (sin x 2 ) = 0 or sin (sin x 2 ) = 1
Þ çy - - ÷ çy - + ÷³0
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ø p
Þ sin x 2 = 0 or sin x 2 =
1- 5 1+ 5 2
Þ y £ or y ³ \ x 2 = np [i.e. not possible as - 1 £ sin q £ 1 ]
2 2
1- 5 1+ 5 x = ± np
Þ 2 sin t £ or 2 sint ³
2 2 b-x
195. Here, f ( x ) = , where 0 < b < 1, 0 < x < 1
æ pö æ 3p ö 1 - bx
Þ sin t £ sin ç - ÷ or sin t ³ sin ç ÷
è 10 ø è 10 ø For function to be invertible, it should be one-one onto.
p 3p Check Range
Þ t£- or t ³ b-x
10 10 Let f (x ) = y Þ y =
é p p ù é 3p p ù 1 - bx
Hence, range of t is ê - , - ú È ê , ú .
ë 2 10 û ë 10 2 û Þ y - bxy = b - x Þ x (1 - by ) = b - y
 Chap 03 Functions 199

b -y p p
Þ x= , where 0 < x < 1 Thus, g { f ( x ) } is bijective, if - £ 2x £
1 - by 2 2
b -y p p
\ 0< <1 Þ - £x£
1 - by 4 4
b -y b -y p
Þ > 0 and <1 200. Here, f ( x ) = sin -1 (2x ) + , to find domain we must have,
1 - by 1 - by 6
1 p é p pù
Þ y < b or y > sin -1 (2 x ) + ³ 0 -1
êë but - 2 £ sin q £ 2 úû
b 6
(b - 1 ) (y + 1 ) 1 …(i)
and < 0 Þ -1 <y < p p æ– p ö p
1 - by b - £ sin -1 (2 x ) £ Þ sin ç ÷ £ 2 x £ sin
…(ii) 6 2 è 6 ø 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
y Î ( - 1, b ) Ì codomain –1
£ 2x £ 1
x 2
196. We have, e -x f ( x ) = 2 + ò t 4 + 1 dt, " x Î ( - 1, 1 ) –1 1
Þ £x£
0 4 2
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get é– 1 1ù
Q x Îê , ú
e - x [ f ¢ ( x ) - f ( x )] = x 4 + 1 ë 4 2û
Þ f ¢( x ) = f ( x ) + x 4 + 1 ×ex x2 + x + 2
201. Let y = f ( x ) = , x ÎR
x2 + x + 1
Q f -1 is the inverse of f .
x2 + x + 2
\ f -1 { f ( x )} = x \ y =
x2 + x + 1
Þ [ f -1 { f ( x ) }]¢ f ¢ ( x ) = 1
1
1 y =1 + 2 [i.e. y > 1]…(i)
Þ [ f -1 { f ( x ) }]¢ = x +x+1
f ¢( x )
Þ yx 2 + yx + y = x 2 + x + 2
-1 1
Þ [f { f ( x ) }]¢ = Þ x 2 (y - 1 ) + x (y - 1 ) + (y - 2 ) = 0, " x Î R
f (x ) + x4 + 1 × ex
Since, x is real, D ³ 0
At x = 0, f ( x ) = 2
1 1 Þ (y - 1 ) 2 - 4 (y - 1 ) (y - 2 ) ³ 0
Þ { f -1 (2 ) }¢ = =
2+1 3 Þ (y - 1 ) {(y - 1 ) - 4 (y - 2 )} ³ 0
Þ (y - 1 ) ( - 3y + 7 ) ³ 0
197. Since, only (c) satisfy given definition,
7
i.e. f { f -1 ( B )} = B Þ 1 £y £ …(ii)
3
Only, if B Í f (x )
æ 7ù
ì x, x Î Q From Eqs. (i) and (ii), Range Î ç1 , ú
198. Let f( x ) = f ( x ) - g( x ) = í è 3û
î - x, x Ï Q
202. Given, f : [ 0, ¥ ) ® [ 0, ¥ )
Now, to check one-one.
Here, domain is [ 0, ¥ ) and codomain is [ 0, ¥ ). Thus, to check
Take any straight line parallel to X-axis which will intersect
one-one
f( x ) only at one point.
x
Þ f( x ) is one-one. Since, f (x ) =
1+x
To check onto
1
ì x, x Î Q Þ f ¢ (x ) = > 0, " x Î [ 0, ¥ )
As, f ( x ) = í , which shows (1 + x ) 2
î - x, x Ï Q
\ f ( x ) is increasing in its domain. Thus, f ( x ) is one-one in its
y = x and y = - x for rational and irrational values
domain. To check onto (we find range)
Þ y Î real numbers. x
\ Range = Codomain Þ onto Again, y = f (x ) =
1+x
Thus, f - g is one-one and onto.
Þ y + yx = x
199. By definition of composition of function, y y
g ( f ( x ) ) = (sin x + cos x ) 2 - 1, is invertible (i.e. bijective) Þ x= Þ ³0
1 -y 1 -y
Þ g { f ( x ) } = sin 2 x is bijective. Since, x ³ 0, therefore 0 £ y < 1
é p pù i.e. Range ¹ Codomain
We know, sin x is bijective, only when x Î ê - , ú
ë 2 2û \ f ( x ) is one-one but not onto.
200 Textbook of Differential Calculus

203. Given, f ( x ) = 2 x + sin x 207. Given, f ( x ) = (1 + b 2 ) x 2 + 2bx + 1

Þ f ' ( x ) = 2 + cos x æ b ö
2
b2
Þ f ' ( x ) > 0 , "x Î R = (1 + b 2 ) ç x + ÷ +1-
è 1+b ø
2
1 + b2
which shows f ( x ) is one-one, as f ( x ) is strictly increasing.
1
Since, f ( x ) is increasing for every x Î R. m (b ) = minimum value of f ( x ) = is positive and m (b )
1 + b2
\ f ( x ) takes all intermediate values between ( -¥, ¥ ).
varies from 1 to 0, so range = ( 0, 1 ]
Range of f ( x ) Î R.
log ( x + 3 ) log 2 ( x + 3 )
Hence, f ( x ) is one-to-one and onto. 208. Given, f ( x ) = 2 2 =
(x + 3x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2)
204. The number of onto functions from
For numerator, x + 3 > 0
E = {1, 2, 3, 4 } to F = {1, 2 }
= Total number of functions which map E to F Þ x > -3 …(i)
- Number of functions for which map f ( x ) = 1 and and for denominator, ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ¹ 0
Þ x ¹ -1, -2 …(ii)
f ( x ) = 2 for all x Î E = 2 4 - 2 = 14
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
205. It is only to find the inverse. Domain is ( - 3 , ¥ ) / { - 1, - 2 }
Let y = f ( x ) = ( x + 1 ) 2 for x ³ - 1 ax
209. Given, f ( x ) =
Þ ± y = x + 1, x ³ - 1 x+1
æ ax ö
Þ y = x + 1 Þ y ³ 0, x + 1 ³ 0 aç ÷
æ ax ö è x + 1ø
Þ x = y -1 f [ f (x ) ] = f ç ÷ =
è x + 1ø ax
+1
Þ f -1
(y ) = y - 1 x+1
ax 2
-1
Þ f (x ) = x - 1 x+1 a 2x
= = = x [given] …(i)
Þ x³ 0 a x + (x + 1) (a + 1) x + 1
1 x +1
2
x+1
206. Let y = x + Þy =
x x Þ a2 x = (a + 1) x 2 + x
Þ xy = x 2 + 1 Þ x [ a2 - (a + 1) x - 1] = 0
Þ x - xy + 1 = 0
2
Þ x( a + 1 )( a - 1 - x ) = 0
y ± y -4 2 Þ a - 1 = 0 and a + 1 = 0 Þ a = - 1
Þ x= But a = 1 does not satisfy the Eq. (i).
2
y ± y2 - 4
210. ( x ) = 1 + x - [ x ] ³ 1
g
Þ f -1 (y ) = since x - [ x ] ³ 0
2
f [ g ( x )] = 1, since f ( x ) = 1 for all x > 0
x±
x2 - 4
Þ f -1 ( x ) = 211. Given, 2 x + 2 y = 2, " x , y Î R
2
Since, the range of the inverse function is [1, ¥), then But 2 x , 2 y > 0, " x , y Î R

x+ x2 - 4 Therefore, 2 x = 2 - 2 y < 2 Þ 0 < 2 x < 2

we take f -1 ( x ) =
2 Taking log on both sides with base 2, we get
x - x -4 2 log 2 0 < log 2 2 x < log 2 2 Þ - ¥ < x < 1
If we consider f -1 ( x ) = , then f -1 ( x ) > 1
2 212. It is given,
This is possible only if ( x - 2 ) 2 > x 2 - 4 f ( q) = sin q (sin q + sin 3 q)
Þ x + 4 - 4x > x - 4
2 2 = (sin q + 3 sin q - 4 sin3 q) sin q

Þ 8 > 4x = ( 4 sin q - 4 sin 3 q) sin q = sin 2 q( 4 - 4 sin 2 q )

Þ x < 2, where x > 2 = 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q = (2 sin q cos q) 2 = (sin 2 q) 2 ³ 0
Therefore, (a) is the correct answer. which is true for all q.