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total length = 12 − 4
total length = 8 cm

total length
diameter =
number of ball bearings
8
diameter =
4
diameter = 2 cm

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1 minute = 60 seconds
finish time = 60 s + 45. 10 s
finish time = 105 . 10 s

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total time = finish time − start time

total time = 105 . 10 s − 55. 10 s
total time = 50 s

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F
FV F

FH F

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F= 60 2 + 100 2

F= 13 600
F = 117 N

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opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
100
tanθ =
60
⎛ 100 ⎞⎟
θ = tan−1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 59°
⎝ 60 ⎠

F = 117 N at 59° from the horizontal

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s
v=
t

v
s
t

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distance travelled
Average speed =
time taken

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distance
speed =
time

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distance travelled
average speed =
time taken

distance travelled = average speed × time taken

2 hours = 2 × 60 × 60
2 hours = 7200 s

distance travelled = 250 × 7200

distance travelled = 1 800 000 m

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s
v=
t

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∆v
a=
∆t

a
∆v

∆t

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∆v = v − u

∆v

v
u

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u = 50 m/s
v = 42 m/s

∆v = v − u

∆ v = 42 − 50

∆ v = − 8 m/s

∆ v = − 8 m/s
∆ t = 30 s

∆v
a=
∆t

−8
a=
30
a = − 0 . 27 m/s2

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∆y
speed = gradient =
∆x

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∆y

∆x

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∆y ∆x

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s = 8 km × 1000 m = 8000 m
t = 6 min × 60 s = 360 s

∆y s
gradient = v = =
∆x t

8000
v=
360
v = 22. 2 m/s

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1
AT = bh
2

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A R = bh

AT

AR

b
h

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1
A1 = bh
2
1
A1 = × 40 × 17. 5
2
A 1 = 350 m

A 2 = bh

A 2 = 30 × 17. 5

A 2 = 525 m

1
A3 = bh
2

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1
A3 = × 20 × 7 . 5
2
A 3 = 75 m

A 4 = bh

A 4 = 20 × 17. 5

A 4 = 350 m

1
A5 = bh
2
1
A5 = × 70 × 25
2
A 5 = 875 m

total distance = A 1 + A 2 + A 3 + A 4 + A 5

total distance = 350 + 525 + 75 + 350 + 875

total distance = 2175 m

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∆y
gradient =
∆x

∆y y
∆x x

∆v
a=
∆t

a
∆v

∆t

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∆y
gradient =
∆x

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∆y
a=
∆x

5
a=
5
a = 1 m/s2

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∆y
a=
∆x

58 − 20
a=
9 . 75 − 0 . 75
38
a=
9.0
a = 4 . 2 m/s2 (2 s . f . )

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acceleration of freefall = g = 9 . 8 m/s2

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W = mg

W
m
g

W = mg

F
a=
m

a
F
m

W
a=
m

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mg
a=
m

mg
a=
m

a=g
g

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m = 4 . 5 × 1000
m = 4500 g

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W
g=
m

g
W
m

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g
g
g

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m = 42 kg
g E = 9 . 8 N/ kg

W
g=
m

W = mg

W E = mg E

W E = 42 × 9 . 8

W E = 411 . 6 N = 410 N (2 s . f . )

W M = mg M

W M = 42 × 1 . 6

W M = 67. 2 N = 67 N (2 s . f . )

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W
m=
g

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m
ρ=
V

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m
ρ=
V

73
ρ=
0 . 017
ρ = 4294

ρ = 4300

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m
ρ=
V

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ρ = 0 . 864 g/ cm3
ρ = 0 . 890 g/ cm3
ρ = 0 . 825 g/ cm3
ρ = 0 . 880 g/ cm3

0 . 825 g/ cm3 < 0 . 862 g/ cm3

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resultant force = 5 + (−5)

resulotant force = 0 N

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resultant force = 3 + 7
resultant force = 10 N

resultant force = (−7) + 3

resultant force = − 4 N

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resultant force = (−14) + 4 + 8

resultant force = ( 14) + 12
resultant force = − 2 N

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F = ma

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v = 0 m/s
u = 27 m/s
t = 3s

v−u
a=
t
27 − 0
a=
3
a = 9 m/s2

m = 900 kg
a = 9 m/s2

F = ma

F = 900 × 9
F = 8100 N

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F = ma

F
a=
m

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F
x

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W = mg

W
m
g

extension = final length − original length

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F = kx

F
k
x

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F
k=
x

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1
k

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F = kx

x = final length − original length

x = 40 − 33 = 7 cm

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x
7
x= = 0 . 07 m
100

F = 4900 × 0 . 07
F = 343 N

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Revision Notes IGCSE Physics Cambridge (CIE) Revision Not

1. Motion, Forces & Energy

Moments
9 Topics · 40 Revision Notes
(Cambridge (CIE)
IGCSE Physics)
Revision Note Download

Written by: Katie M

Reviewed by: Caroline Carroll
Updated on 1 October 2024

Did this video help you? Yes No

Download notes on Moments

Moments
The moment of a force is the turning e!ect
produced when a force is exerted on an
object

Examples of the turning e!ect of a force

are:
A child on a see-saw
Turning the handle of a spanner
A door opening and closing
 Using a crane to move building supplies
Using a screwdriver to open a tin of
paint
Turning a tap on and o!
Picking up a wheelbarrow
Using scissors

Forces can cause the rotation of an object

about a fixed pivot
This rotation can be
clockwise or anticlockwise

Clockwise and anti-clockwise

rotation

Consider the hands of a clock when deciding if

an object will rotate in a clockwise or anti-
clockwise direction

A force applied on one side of the pivot will

cause the object to rotate

Turning e!ect of a force about

a pivot
 The force applied will cause the object to
rotate clockwise about the pivot

The moment equation

A moment is defined as:

The turning e!ect of a force about a pivot

The size of a moment is defined by the

equation:

The forces should be perpendicular to the

distance from the pivot
For example, on a horizontal beam, the
forces which will cause a moment are
those directed upwards or downwards

The turning e!ect of a force

exerted on a spanner

The moment depends on the force and

perpendicular distance to the pivot

Increasing the distance at which a force is

applied from a pivot decreases the force
required
If you try to push open a door right next
to the hinge, it is very di#cult, as it
requires a lot of force
If you push the door open at the side
furthest from the hinge, then it is much
easier, as less force is required
Forces required to open a door

A greater force is required to push open a door

next to the hinges than at the door handle

Worked Example
A carpenter attempts to loosen a bolt that has
rusted. To turn the bolt, they exert a force of 22
N using a spanner of length 20 cm. The force is
exerted 5 cm from the end of the spanner.

Calculate the turning e!ect of the force.

Answer:

Step 1: List the known quantities

Force,
Length of spanner,

Step 2: Determine the distance from the pivot

The force is exerted 5 cm from the end of

the spanner
Therefore, the distance from the force to
the pivot is

Convert cm to m
Step 3: Write out the equation for moments

Step 4: Substitute in the known values to

calculate

Examiner Tips and Tricks

The moment of a force is measured in newton
metres (N m), but can also be newton
centimetres (N cm) if the distance is measured
in cm instead.

If your IGCSE moments exam question doesn't

ask for a specific unit, always convert the
distance into metres

Principle of moments
(core)
The principle of moments states that:

If an object is balanced, the total clockwise

moment about a pivot equals the total
anticlockwise moment about that pivot

The principle of moments means that for a

balanced object, the moments on both
sides of the pivot are equal

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

Principle of moments

Imagine holding the beam about the pivot and

applying just one of the forces. If the beam
moves clockwise then the force applied is
clockwise. This is the principle of moments

Worked Example
A parent and child are at opposite ends of a
playground see-saw.

The weight force acting on the parent is 690 N

and the weight force acting on the child is 140 N.

The adult sits at a distance of 0.3 m from the

pivot.

Calculate the distance the child must sit from

the pivot for the see-saw to be balanced.

Use the principle of moments in your

calculation.
Answer:

Step 1: List the known quantities

Clockwise force (child),

Anticlockwise force (adult),
Distance of adult from the pivot,

Step 2: Write down the moment equation and

the principle of moments

Moment equation:

Principle of moments:

Step 3: Calculate the total clockwise moments

The clockwise moment is from the child

Step 4: Calculate the total anticlockwise

moments

The anticlockwise moment is from the adult

Step 5: Substitute into the principle of

moments equation
Step 6: Rearrange for the distance of the child
from the pivot

The child must sit 1.5 m from the pivot to

balance the see-saw

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Make sure that all the distances are in the same
units and that you’re considering the correct
forces as clockwise or anticlockwise

If you are studying the core tier for IGCSE

Physics, you will only be expected to apply the
principle of moments to a situation where one
force acts on either side of the pivot

Principle of moments
(extended)
Extended tier only

In the example below, the forces and

distances of the objects on the beam are
di!erent, but they are arranged in a way that
balances the whole system

Using the principle of moments

The clockwise and anticlockwise moments
acting on a beam are balanced

In the above diagram:

Force causes an anticlockwise
moment of about the pivot
Force causes a clockwise
moment of about the pivot
Force causes an anticlockwise
moment of about the pivot

Collecting the clockwise and anticlockwise

moments:
Sum of the clockwise moments =

Sum of the anticlockwise moments =

Using the principle of moments, the beam is

balanced when:

sum of the clockwise moments = sum of the

anticlockwise moments
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momentum = mass × velocity

p = mv

p
m
v

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p = mv
p = 0 . 06 × 75
p = 4 . 5 kg m/s

p = mv
p = 3 × 1.5
p = 4 . 5 kg m/s

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total momentum before = total momentum after

p = mv

p = 990 × 10
p = 9900 kg m/s

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p before = 9900 + 0 = 9900 kg m/s

p = 990 × 2
p = 1980 kg m/s

p = 4200 × v

p after = 1980 + 4200v

p before = p after

9900 = 1980 + 4200v

9900 − 1980 = 4200v
9900 − 1980
v=
4200
v = 1 . 9 m/s

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impulse = F ∆ t

F
∆t

impulse = F ∆ t = ∆ p

∆ p = ∆ ( mv )

∆ p = mv − mu

∆p

m
v

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impulse = F ∆ t = ∆ p = mv − mu

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u = 30 m/s
v = − 20 m/s
m = 58 g = 58 × 10−3 kg

impulse = F ∆ t = ∆ p = mv − mu

impulse = m (v − u )
impulse = 58 × 10−3 (−20 − 30)
impulse = − 2 . 9 N s

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F = ma

p = mv

∆p
F=
∆t

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∆p
F=
∆t

0.5
F=
2
F = 0 . 25 N

∆p
F=
∆t

0.5
F=
0.1
F = 5.0 N

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1
Ek = mv 2
2

Ek

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m
v

Ek ∝ m

Ek ∝ v2

m = 1200 kg
v = 27 m/s

1
Ek = mv 2
2

1
Ek = × 1200 × ( 27) 2
2
E k = 437 400 J

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E k = 440 000 J (2 s . f . )

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∆ E p = mg ∆ h

∆E p

m
g

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∆h

m = 72 kg
g = 9 . 8 N/ kg
∆h = 3.0 m

∆ E p = mg ∆ h

∆ E p = 72 × 9 . 8 × 3 . 0

∆ E p = 2116 . 8 J

∆ E p = 2100 J (2 s . f . )

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→ → →

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→Δ →Δ →

→Δ → →Δ

Δ → → →Δ

Δ → →Δ →

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total energy in = useful energy out + wasted energy

wasted energy = total energy in − useful energy out

wasted energy = 500 − 120

wasted energy = 380 J

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W = Fd = ∆ E

W
F
d
∆E

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work done = energy transferred

1Nm = 1J

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d = 23 m
F = 500 N

W = Fd

W = 500 × 23
W = 11 500 J

W = 10 000 N (1 s . f . )

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W
P=
t

∆E
P=
t

P
W
t

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∆E

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P = 2000 W
t = 5 minutes

1 min = 60 s
5 min × 60 s = 300 s

∆E
P=
t
Δ

∆ E = Pt

∆ E = 2000 × 300

∆ E = 600 000 J

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useful energy output

efficiency = ( × 100% )
total energy input

useful power output

efficiency = ( × 100% )
total power input

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useful power output

e fficiency = ( × 100% )
total power input

power output power output × 100

power input = power input =
efficiency ÷ 100 efficiency

∆E
power output =
t
∆E
∆ E P = mg ∆ h

∆EP = 7.2 × 9.8 × 5

∆ E P = 352 . 8 J

352 . 8
power output =
3
power output = 117 . 6 W

117 . 6 117 . 6 × 100

power input = power input =
0 . 35 35

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power input = 336 W

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force
pressure =
area
F
p=
A

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F
p=
A

F=p×A

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F = (5 . 28 × 105) × (2 . 73 × 10−2) = 14 414 . 4

F = 14 400 N = 14. 4 kN (3 s . f)

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Δp = ρg Δh

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Δp = 20 kPa
ρ = 1000 kg/ m3
g = 9 . 8 N/ kg

Δp = ρg Δh
Δ

Δp
Δh =
ρg

20 kPa = 20 000 Pa

20 000
Δh =
1000 × 9 . 8
Δh = 2 . 0408 = 2 . 0 m

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