05 Analysis Design of Flexural Members
05 Analysis Design of Flexural Members
Members
Based on NSCP 2015
Definition of Terms
• Flexure
• Bending Moment
𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝑓 = =
𝐼 𝑆
• Section Modulus
𝐼
𝑆=
𝑐
This expression is applicable only when the maximum computed stress in the beam is below the elastic limit.
Bending Stresses due to Increasing Moments
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Analyses Procedures
Elastic design is carried out by assuming that at design loads,
structures behave in a linearly elastic manner. The members were
designed so that the computed bending stresses for service loads did
not exceed the yield stress divided by a safety factor.
For safety, the applied loads are increased by load factors dictated by
appropriate codes. This design is based on the yield property of steel.
Stress Diagram of Elastic and Plastic Section
Elastic Plastic
𝑑
𝐶=𝐹 𝑏
2
𝑑
𝑇=𝐹 𝑏
2
Steel Properties
• Elastic Calculations:
• Area
• Elastic centroid (neutral axis)
• Elastic Section Modulus, 𝑆 = 𝐼/𝑐
My
(Moment at Minor Axis)
Fy
(Shear at Y)
Fx
(Shear at X)
Mx
Fz (Moment at Major Axis)
(Tension/Compression)
z Mz
(Torsion)
y
Fy
(Shear at Y)
My
(Moment at Minor Axis)
Fx
(Tension/Compression)
Mx
(Torsion)
Fz
Mz
(Shear at Z)
(Moment at Major
Axis)
z
Flexural Members
• Flexural members are structural members that support transverse
loads and are therefore subjected to flexure (or bending).
• The most common beam section used is the rolled shape W section.
Although W sections are also used for axial members, and for
columns subjected to combined axial and bending forces.
See PDF for formula of Max moments of beams with various loads.
Failure on Flexural Members
• Yielding
• Local Buckling
• Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Yielding failure – the section reaches its ultimate limit when all fibers of
the section are stressed to the yield stress. (The section reached its
nominal moment capacity).
The section under bending will not reach its moment capacity if it fails
prematurely from either local or lateral-torsional buckling.
Design of Flexural Members
Design of Flexural Members
Doubly Symmetric Compact I-
Shaped Members and Channels
Bent about Major Axis
Based on NSCP 2015 Section 506.2
Compact Sections of I-shaped sections
• W sections in the AISC tables are proportioned such that the flanges
(and webs) are compact.
• Compact sections mean that these are thick enough such that they do
not fail prematurely, such that they are able to reach their theoretical
limit strength (yield stress) and able to undergo plastic deformations.
• Compact sections have web and flanges with their b/t ratios less than
the plastic width to thickness ratio limit, λp.
Compact Sections of I-shaped sections
Compact Sections of I-shaped sections
𝐹 = 𝐶 (0.7𝐹𝑦)
Procedure in Analysis of a Flexural Member
for Doubly Symmetric Members
Step 1: Check if member is Compact.
Step 2: Determine Lb, Lr and Lp (of each segment if bracing is present).
Step 3: Calculate Mn on one segment (shall be the lower of Mny and MnLTB).
For Yielding: 𝑴𝒏(𝒚) = 𝑭𝒚 𝒁𝒙
For Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
• If Lb≤ Lp, limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply.
• If Lp< Lb≤ Lr, 𝑴𝒏 𝑳𝑻𝑩 = 𝑪𝒃 𝑴𝒑 − (𝑴𝒑 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙 𝑳𝒃 𝑳𝒑 ] ≤ 𝑴𝒑
𝑳𝒓 𝑳𝒑
5.0 m 5.0 m
Problem 1
Using A-50 steel and LRFD, determine the largest load Pu that a
W21x62 section could carry. Braces are at supports and midspan only.
Neglect the beam weight in determining Cb.
Weight = 92 kg/m Pu
5.0 m 5.0 m
Problem 2
An 8-meter simply supported beam is to be loaded, in addition to its
selfweight, a triangular distributed load that linearly increases from
zero at the left end to 20 kN/m (dead) + 35 kN/m (live) at the right end.
It is braced laterally at the end supports and at midspan. Use LRFD
Provisions of NSCP 2015. (W530x150, A50)
• Which segment of the beam will likely govern its moment capacity, and what is the corresponding
lateral-torsional buckling modification factor, Cb?
• What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam, in kN-m?
• What is the maximum safe service load intensity (DL+LL), in kN/m, of the triangular load that the
beam could carry, assuming LL = 3DL?